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1、名 词,2022高考复习之语法透析,知识导图,考点精析,考点一名词的分类,名词的分类,专有名词：表示洲、国、地、人名等的名词；表示团体、机构、组织、节日、报刊、朝代等的名称,可数名词,不可数名词,个体名词:表示单个人或物的名词,集体名词:表示若干个人或物的名词,物质名词：表示无法分为个体的物质、材料的名词,抽象名词：表示性质、状态、行为、情感、心理等抽象概念的名词,普通名词,考点精析,考点二名词的数,(1)可数名词复数的规则变化,一般情况下在词尾直接加s,以s、x、ch、sh结尾的名词在词尾加es,以“辅音字母加y”结尾的名词，变y为i再加es,以o结尾的名词,一般在词尾加s,有些在词尾加es
2、,以f、fe结尾的名词,一般要变f或fe为v加es,少数直接加s,mouthmouths househouses,glassglasses matchmatches,countrycountries factoryfactories,pianopianos photophotos,heroheroes potatopotatoes,selfselves wolfwolves,roofroofs beliefbeliefs,考点精析,(2)可数名词复数的不规则变化,单复数同形,词形变化,合成名词的复数,名词前有man/woman修饰,deer、sheep、Chinese、means、series
3、、species,manmen、womanwomen、childchildren、 toothteeth、 footfeet、mousemice,将主体名词变为复数：passer-bypassers-by、looker-onlookers-on,无主体名词时通常在最后一个词后加复数词尾：grownupgrownups、standbystandbys,man/woman和中心词都要变为复数形式：woman doctorwomen doctors man waitermen waiters,考点精析,(1)常以复数形式出现的名词：thanks、congratulations、wishes、gree
4、tings、shoes、trousers、works(著作、工厂)、 manners(礼貌)、 instructions(操作说明)、 directions (用法说明)、 papers(试卷、文件)、 times(时代)等。(2)一些固定短语中的名词只用复数形式，常见的有：take turns to do sth.、 in high spirits、 make friends with、 shake hands with、 make preparations for、 make both ends meet、take pains to do sth.等。,重点记忆,考点精析,不可数名词(1)
5、常考的不可数名词一般来说，物质名词和抽象名词是不可数的，因此没有复数形式，一般也不能用a或an修饰。通常只用作不可数名词的有milk、music、homework、housework、weather、news、butter、information、bread、advice、progress、equipment、fun、luggage、luck、work(工作)、traffic、 furniture、 wealth、 word(消息)、 room(空间)、 man(人类)等。word意为“消息”，room意为“空间”，man意为“人类”时通常不带任何修饰词。,重点记忆,考点精析,(2)抽象名词的
6、具体化抽象名词可以表示具有某种特性、状态、感情情绪的人或事。,考点精析,抽象名词与a(n)连用，淡化了抽象概念，转化为可以体验到的动作、行为或类别。A knowledge of English is a must in international trade.在国际贸易中，英语知识是必需的。Would you like to have a walk with me?你愿意和我一起散步吗？,考点精析,(3)有些物质名词是不可数名词，但表示数量或种类时，可以用作可数名词。some coffee一些咖啡 a coffee一杯咖啡 three coffees三杯咖啡 some drink一些饮料 a
7、drink一杯饮料 three drinks三杯饮料 his hair他的头发 a few grey hairs几根白发glass玻璃 a glass一个玻璃杯。,考点精析,考点三名词所有格,1s所有格(1)主要用于表示有生命的人或物的名词，其变化方法如下：,考点精析,(2)s所有格的特殊表示形式有：用于表示人的名词或表示集体、机构的名词后，如Toms home、the doctors、the companys new factory等；用于表示时间、距离、价格、重量等的名词后，如todays newspaper、five minutes walk/drive、five pounds weig
8、ht、ten dollars worth of coffee；用于表示国家、世界、城市等地方的名词后，如the worlds population、Chinas industry、New Yorks parks。,考点精析,2of所有格表示无生命的事物的名词通常用of所有格表示所有关系；名词短语或有定语修饰的有生命的名词也常用of所有格。the title of the article文章的标题the name of the girl over there 那边那位女孩的名字,考点精析,3双重所有格双重所有格的构成为：“名词of名词s”或“名词of名词性物主代词”。表示“其中之一”或“其中一部
9、分”，名词前可用a、any、some、a few、two、this、that、these、those 等修饰，但不能用the。a picture of my mothers 我母亲的一张照片this little cat of your sisters 你妹妹的这只小猫,考点精析,4所有格的句法功能(1)表所有关系：Jacks brother(2)表主谓关系：Mr. Wangs praise(3)表动宾关系：the famous stars admirers(4)表修饰关系：a doctors degree(5)表同位关系(只用of所有格)：the city of Beijing,考点精析,表
10、示店铺或某人的家时，名词所有格之后的shop、office、house、home 等常省去。at the doctors (office) 在(医生的)诊所里at Mr.Greens (house) 在格林先生家,重点记忆,考点精析,名词作定语可以用来修饰另一个名词，表示材料、类别、用途等，作定语的名词有以下三种形式：(1)一般用单数形式如：a stone bridge一座石桥a meeting room一间会议室morning exercise早操London Airport伦敦机场a story book一本故事书a shoe shop一个鞋店,考点四 名词作定语,考点精析,(2)man/
11、woman要与所修饰的名词的数保持一致如：a woman teacher一位女教师two women teachers两位女教师(3)sports、sales、clothes、goods、arts、customs等一般用复数形式，如：a sports meet一场运动会a goods train一辆货运列车a customs officer一位海关官员a sales manager一位销售部经理,方法解读,1判断是否应该填名词(1)根据设空前的限定词判断词性：冠词、代词、数词、量词、形容词和介词后应接名词形式。(2)根据句法结构判断词性：如果所填词在句中作主语、宾语、同位语时，一般用所给词的名
12、词形式。,方法解读,2确定名词单复数(1)不定冠词a、an后用名词单数形式；(2)名词前有these、those、several、many、all、both、a pair of、a variety of、different、one of、among或数词等修饰时用名词复数形式。(3)根据谓语动词确定名词的单复数形式。名词作主语时，如果一般现在时的谓语动词是动词原形或are，要考虑用名词的复数形式。(4)根据常识和句意确定名词的单复数形式。表示两个(或两个以上)的可数名词及并列名词时，名词需用复数形式。,演练提升,单句语法填空1It is calculated by dividing a _(p
13、erson) weight in kg by their height in meters squared.2Later，they learned to work with the _(season)，planting at the right time.3Next I broke the eggs into a bowl and beat them quickly with_(chopstick)4Filled with _(curious)，the artist packed his bags and left.,persons seasonschopsticks curiosity,演练
14、提升,5Two of the authors of the review also made a study published in 2014 which showed a mere five to 10 minutes a day of running reduced the risk of heart disease and early deaths from all _(cause)6This switch has decreased _(pollute) in the countrys major lakes and reservoirs and made drinking wate
15、r safer for people.,causes pollution,演练提升,7But you dont have to be an activist to make a differencein fact there are many tiny everyday _(effort) you can make to help the planet.8My parents experienced the _ (convenient) of a Eurail Pass as they traveled through eight countries in three weeks.9They
16、are good runners and can run for several hours in cold weather conditions, so they can sometimes escape from _ (wolf), their main predators (捕食者), easily.10The US is always among the favorites in international basketball events, thanks to the high level of _ (compete) in its professional league.,eff
17、orts convenience wolves competition,演练提升,11Not only have the fables themselves lived for nearly 1，500 years, but _ (express) from them have entered various languages.12The painting is highly detailed and features shops of all kinds and different economic _ (activity) in and out of the city.13Sometim
18、es theres so much work for you to deal with and you feel its beyond your ability to fulfil it.Actually, you can take _ (measure) to help yourself.14The structure was finally completed last year and _ (journalist)were subsequently given rides over the bridge.,expressions activities measures journalists,演练提升,15Different stages of sleep actually give you different types of brain and body _ (benefit)16How can students manage _ (anxious) and stress during exam time and still get the grades they need?,benefits anxiety,Thank You！,