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1、专题十三 阅读理解20152011年各省市高考题考点一主旨大意与写作意图题Passage 1(2015新课标全国)话题：房间与身材词数：316Your house may have an effect on your figure.Experts say the way you design your home could play a role in whether you pack on the pounds or keep them off.You can make your environment work for you instead of against you.Here are
2、 some ways to turn your home into part of your diet plan.Open the curtains and turn up the lights.Dark environments are more likely to encourage overeating，for people are often less selfconscious(难为情)when theyre in poorly lit placesand so more likely to eat lots of food.If your home doesnt have enou
3、gh window light，get more lamps and flood the place with brightness.Mind the colors.Research suggests warm colors fuel our appetites.In one study，people who ate meals in a blue room consumed 33 percent less than those in a yellow or red room.Warm colors like yellow make food appear more appetizing，wh
4、ile cold colors make us feel less hungry.So when its time to repaint，go blue.Dont forget the clockor the radio.People who eat slowly tend to consume about 70 fewer calories(卡路里) per meal than those who rush through their meals.Begin keeping track of the time，and try to make dinner last at least 30 m
5、inutes.And while youre at it，actually sit down to eat.If you need some help slowing down，turn on relaxing music.It makes you less likely to rush through a meal.Downsize the dishes.Big serving bowls and plates can easily make us fat.We eat about 22 percent more when using a 12inch plate instead of a
6、10inch plate.When we choose a large spoon over a smaller one，total intake(摄入) jumps by 14 percent.And well pour about 30 percent more liquid into a short，wide glass than a tall，skinny glass.【语篇导读】这是一篇科普说明文。短文主要说明了人的食量与房子粉刷的颜色、灯光的明暗等有着密切的关系。它们对人的身材会产生一定的影响。1.The text is especially helpful for those w
7、ho care about .A.their home comfortsB.their body shapeC.house buyingD.healthy diets解析推理判断题。短文主要说明了饮食与室内光线、墙壁的颜色、餐具的尺寸及进餐的速度等有着密切的关系。显然这对于那些注重体型的人是有所帮助的。故答案为B。答案B2.A home environment in blue can help people .A.digest food betterB.reduce food intakeC.burn more caloriesD.regain their appetites解析事实细节题。根
8、据第三段“.people who ate meals in a blue room consumed 33 percent less than those in a yellow or red room.”可知，蓝色的用餐环境有助于减少食物摄入量。因此B项正确。答案B3.What are people advised to do at mealtimes?A.Eat quickly.B.Play fast music.C.Use smaller spoons.D.Turn down the lights.解析事实细节题。由第四段第二句可知，进餐快的人比进餐慢的人每顿饭多消耗70卡路里的热量。由
9、此可知A项错误。由第四段倒数第二句中的“turn on relaxing music”可知B项不对。而由第二段首句中的“turn up the lights”可知D项也是错误的。根据最后一段“when we choose a large spoon over a smaller one，total intake jumps by 14 percent.”也可直接推知答案为C。答案C4.What can be a suitable title for the text?A.Is Your House Making You Fat?B.Ways of Serving DinnerC.Effects
10、 of SelfConsciousnessD.Is Your Home Environment Relaxing?解析标题归纳题。短文首句即为主题句：房子可能影响住户的身材。接下来从房子的颜色、室内灯光等方面说明了对饮食的影响。用A项作标题，既能总括全文，又能吸引读者。答案APassage 2(2015安徽)话题：家庭团结词数：304When her five daughters were young, Helene An always told them that there was strength in unity (团结). To show this, she held up one
11、chopstick, representing one person. Then she easily broke it into two pieces. Next, she tied several chopsticks together, representing a family. She showed the girls it was hard to break the tied chopsticks. This lesson about family unity stayed with the daughters as they grew up.Helene An and her f
12、amily own a large restaurant business in California. However, when Helene and her husband Danny left their home in Vietnam in 1975, they didnt have much money. They moved their family to San Francisco. There they joined Dannys mother, Diana, who owned a small Italian sandwich shop. Soon afterwards,
13、Helene and Diana changed the sandwich shop into a small Vietnamese restaurant. The five daughters helped in the restaurant when they were young. However, Helene did not want her daughters to always work in the family business because she thought it was too hard.Eventually the girls all graduated fro
14、m college and went away to work for themselves, but one by one, the daughters returned to work in the family business. They opened new restaurants in San Francisco and Los Angeles. Even though family members sometimes disagreed with each other, they worked together to make the business successful. D
15、aughter Elisabeth explains, “Our mother taught us that to succeed we must have unity, and to have unity we must have peace. Without the strength of the family, there is no business.”Their expanding business became a large corporation in 1996, with three generations of Ans working together. Now the A
16、ns corporation makes more than $20 million each year. Although they began with a small restaurant, they had big dreams, and they worked together. Now they are a big success.【语篇导读】文章通过讲述家庭企业的发展历程来强调家庭团结的重要性。介绍了Helene An和她的丈夫离开越南时，他们并不富有。Helene An以筷子为例教育孩子在家庭及事业中要团结起来，只要有梦想，一定会成功。1.Helene tied several
17、 chopsticks together to show .A.the strength of family unityB.the difficulty of growing upC.the advantage of chopsticksD.the best way of giving a lesson解析句意：海琳把几支筷子绑在一起来显示家庭团结的力量。考查细节理解。由第一段Helene An always told them that there was strength in unity与B项意思相近。答案A2.We can learn from Paragraph 2 that the
18、 An family .A.started a business in 1975B.left Vietnam without much moneyC.bought a restaurant in San FranciscoD.opened a sandwich shop in Los Angeles解析考查细节理解。由they didnt have much money与B项意思相近。答案B3.What can we infer about the An daughters?A.They did not finish their college education.B.They could n
19、ot bear to work in the family business.C.They were influenced by what Helene taught them.D.They were troubled by disagreement among family members.解析考查推理判断。由第三段Our mother taught us that to succeed we must have unity可知。答案C4.Which of the following can be the best title for the passage?A.How to Run a C
20、orporationB.Strength Comes from PeaceC.How to Achieve a Big DreamD.Family Unity Builds Success解析考查主旨大意。由文章最后一段可知文章主要讲的是家庭团结对取得成功的重要性。文章没有讲怎样经营一家大型公司，也没有提到怎样实现伟大梦想。答案DPassage 3(2015安徽)话题：互联网与记忆词数：288As Internet users become more dependent on the Internet to store information, are people remembering l
21、ess? If you know your computer will save information, why store it in your own personal memory, your brain? Experts are wondering if the Internet is changing what we remember and how.In a recent study, Professor Betsy Sparrow conducted some experiments. She and her research team wanted to know how t
22、he Internet is changing memory. In the first experiment, they gave people 40 unimportant facts to type into a computer. The first group of people understood that the computer would save the information. The second group understood that the computer would not save it. Later, the second group remember
23、ed the information better. People in the first group knew they could find the information again, so they did not try to remember it.In another experiment, the researchers gave people facts to remember, and told them where to find the information on the computer. The information was in a specific com
24、puter folder (文件夹). Surprisingly, people later remembered the folder location (位置) better than the facts. When people use the Internet, they do not remember the information. Rather, they remember how to find it. This is called “transactive memory (交互记忆)”According to Sparrow, we are not becoming peop
25、le with poor memories as a result of the Internet. Instead, computer users are developing stronger transactive memories; that is, people are learning how to organize huge quantities of information so that they are able to access it at a later date. This doesnt mean we are becoming either more or les
26、s intelligent, but there is no doubt that the way we use memory is changing.【语篇导读】该篇介绍了专家们通过实验了解了互联网是如何改变我们记忆内容以及方式的，但这并不意味着我们是否能变得聪明，但毫无疑问的是，我们记忆的方式正在改变。1.The passage begins with two questions to .A.introduce the main topicB.show the authors altitudeC.describe how to use the Internet. D.explain how
27、 to store information解析考查写作意图。由第一段可知作者使用两个问题是为了引出要讨论的话题。答案A2.What can we learn about the first experiment?A.The Sparrows team typed the information into a computer. B.The two groups remembered the information equally well.C.The first group did not try to remember the information. D.The second group
28、did not understand the information.解析考查细节理解。由第二段so they did not try to remember it可知。答案C3.In transactive memory, people .A.keep the information in mindB.change the quantity of information C.organize information like a computerD.remember how to find the information解析考查细节理解。由第三段Rather, they remember h
29、ow to find it可知在交互记忆里，人们记得如何找到信息。答案D4.What is the effect of the Internet according to Sparrows research? A.We are using memory differently.B.We are becoming more intelligent.C.We have poorer memories than before.D.We need a better way to access information.解析考查推理判断。由第四段but there is no doubt that the
30、 way we use memory is changing可知。答案APassage 4(2015四川)话题：金字塔词数：436No one is sure how the ancient Egyptians built the pyramids near Cairo.But a new study suggests they used a little rocknroll.Longago builders could have attached wooden poles to the stones and rolled then across the sand, the scientist
31、s say.“Technically, I think what theyre proposing is possible，” physicist Daniel Bonn said.People have long puzzled over how the Egyptians moved such huge rocks.And theres no obvious answer.On average, each of the two million big stones weighed about as much as a large pickup truck.The Egyptians som
32、ehow moved the stone blocks to the pyramid site from about one kilometer away.The most popular view is that Egyptian workers slid the blocks along smooth paths.Many scientists suspect workers first would have put the blocks on sleds(滑板).Then they would have dragged them along paths.To make the work
33、easier, workers may have lubricated the paths either with wet clay or with the fat from cattle.Bonn has now tested this idea by building small sleds and dragging heavy objects over sand.Evidence from the sand supports this idea.Researchers found small amounts of fat, as well as a large amount of sto
34、ne and the remains of paths.However, physicist Joseph West thinks there might have been a simpler way, who led the new study .West said, “I was inspired while watching a television program showing how sleds might have helped with pyramid construction.I thought, Why dont they just try rolling the thi
35、ngs？ ” A square could be turned into a rough sort of wheel by attaching wooden poles to its sides, he realized.That, he notes, should make a block of stone “a lot easier to roll than a square”.So he tried it.He and his students tied some poles to each of four sides of a 30kilogram stone block.That a
36、ction turned the block into somewhat a wheel.Then they placed the block on the ground.They wrapped one end of a rope around the block and pulled.The researchers found they could easily roll the block along different kinds of paths.They calculated that rolling the block required about as much force a
37、s moving it along a slippery(滑的)path.West hasnt tested his idea on larger blocks，but he thinks rolling has clear advantages over sliding.At least，workers wouldnt have needed to carry cattle fat or water to smooth the paths.【语篇导读】本文主要讲述的是关于金字塔的建造，不同的专家有着不同的见解。这篇文章主要讲述了两种看法。1.Its widely believed that
38、the stone blocks were moved to the pyramid site by .A.rolling them on roadsB.pushing them over the sandC.sliding them on smooth pathsD.dragging them on some poles解析细节理解题。根据文章第四段的 The most popular view is that Egyptian workers slid the blocks along smooth paths，可知选择C。答案C2.The underlined part “lubrica
39、ted the paths” in Paragraph 4 means .A.made the paths wetB.made the paths hardC.made the paths wideD.made the paths slippery解析词义猜测题。根据第四段的To make the work easier以及下文的either with wet clay or with the fat from cattle可知，这样做是为了让路更加平滑，故选择D。答案D3.What does the underlined word “it”in Paragraph 7 refer to?A.
40、Rolling the blocks with poles attached.B.Rolling the blocks on wooden wheels.C.Rolling poles to move the blocks.D.Rolling the blocks with fat.解析代词指代题。由于是指代词，可知内容应该在上文，根据第六段的内容可知工人把木料绑在石块上，然后滚动石块。答案A4.Why is rolling better than sliding according to West?A.Because more force is needed for sliding.B.Be
41、cause rolling work can be done by fewer cattle.C.Because sliding on smooth roads is more dangerous.D.Because less preparation on paths is needed for rolling.解析细节理解题。根据文章最后一段的 workers wouldnt have needed to carry cattle fat or water to smooth the paths.可知，滚动石块不需要有准备工作，故选择D。答案D5.What is the text mainl
42、y about?A.An experiment on ways of moving blocks to the pyramid site.B.An application of the method of moving blocks to the pyramid site.C.An argument about different methods of moving blocks to the pyramid site.D.An introduction to a possible new way of moving blocks to the pyramid site.解析主旨大意题。根据文
43、章内容可知，文章主要讲述了一种新的把石块移动到金字塔地址的方法，故选择D。答案DPassage 5(2015天津)话题：社会机器人词数：309Whether in the home or the workplace, social robots are going to become a lot more common in the next few years.Social robots are about to bring technology to the everyday world in a more humanized way, said Cynthia Breazeal, chi
44、ef scientist at the robot company Jibo.While household robots today do the normal housework, social robots will be much more like companions than mere tools.For example, these robots will be able to distinguish when someone is happy or sad.This allows them to respond more appropriately to the user.T
45、he Jibo robot, arranged to ship later this year, is designed to be a personalized assistant.You can talk to the robot, ask it questions, and make requests for it to perform different tasks.The robot doesnt just deliver general answers to questions; it responds based on what it learns about each indi
46、vidual in the household.It can do things such as reminding an elderly family member to take medicine or taking family photos.Social robots are not just finding their way into the home.They have potential applications in everything from education to health care and are already finding their way into
47、some of these spaces.Fellow Robots is one company bringing social robots to the market.The companys “Oshbot” robot is built to assist customers in a store, which can help the customers find items and help guide them to the products location in the store.It can also speak different languages and make
48、 recommendations for different items based on what the customer is shopping for.The more interaction the robot has with humans, the more it learns.But Oshbot, like other social robots, is not intended to replace workers, but to work alongside other employees.“We have technologies to train social robots to do things not for us, but with us，” said Breazeal.【语篇导读】本文是一篇说明文，主要介绍的是社交机器人未