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1、The Sinews of Peace（丘吉尔的铁幕演说1946.3。5）Westminster College， Fulton， MissouriI am glad to come to Westminster College this afternoon， and am complimented that you should give me a degree。 The name Westminster” is somehow familiar to me. I seem to have heard of it before。 Indeed， it was at Westminster t
2、hat I received a very large part of my education in politics, dialectic， rhetoric, and one or two other things。 In fact we have both been educated at the same， or similar, or， at any rate, kindred establishments.It is also an honour， perhaps almost unique, for a private visitor to be introduced to a
3、n academic audience by the President of the United States. Amid his heavy burdens, duties, and responsibilities - unsought but not recoiled from the President has travelled a thousand miles to dignify and magnify our meeting here to-day and to give me an opportunity of addressing this kindred nation
4、， as well as my own countrymen across the ocean， and perhaps some other countries too. The President has told you that it is his wish, as I am sure it is yours, that I should have full liberty to give my true and faithful counsel in these anxious and baffling times. I shall certainly avail myself of
5、 this freedom， and feel the more right to do so because any private ambitions I may have cherished in my younger days have been satisfied beyond my wildest dreams。 Let me， however, make it clear that I have no official mission or status of any kind, and that I speak only for myself. There is nothing
6、 here but what you see.I can therefore allow my mind， with the experience of a lifetime, to play over the problems which beset us on the morrow of our absolute victory in arms, and to try to make sure with what strength I have that what has been gained with so much sacrifice and suffering shall be p
7、reserved for the future glory and safety of mankind。The United States stands at this time at the pinnacle of world power。 It is a solemn moment for the American Democracy. For with primacy in power is also joined an awe-inspiring accountability to the future. If you look around you, you must feel no
8、t only the sense of duty done but also you must feel anxiety lest you fall below the level of achievement。 Opportunity is here now， clear and shining for both our countries。 To reject it or ignore it or fritter it away will bring upon us all the long reproaches of the after-time。 It is necessary tha
9、t constancy of mind, persistency of purpose， and the grand simplicity of decision shall guide and rule the conduct of the Englishspeaking peoples in peace as they did in war. We must, and I believe we shall, prove ourselves equal to this severe requirement。 When American military men approach some s
10、erious situation they are wont to write at the head of their directive the words over-all strategic concept.” There is wisdom in this, as it leads to clarity of thought. What then is the over-all strategic concept which we should inscribe today? It is nothing less than the safety and welfare, the fr
11、eedom and progress, of all the homes and families of all the men and women in all the lands。 And here I speak particularly of the myriad cottage or apartment homes where the wageearner strives amid the accidents and difficulties of life to guard his wife and children from privation and bring the fam
12、ily up in the fear of the Lord, or upon ethical conceptions which often play their potent part.To give security to these countless homes, they must be shielded from the two giant marauders， war and tyranny. We all know the frightful disturbances in which the ordinary family is plunged when the curse
13、 of war swoops down upon the bread-winner and those for whom he works and contrives. The awful ruin of Europe, with all its vanished glories, and of large parts of Asia glares us in the eyes。 When the designs of wicked men or the aggressive urge of mighty States dissolve over large areas the frame o
14、f civilised society, humble folk are confronted with difficulties with which they cannot cope. For them all is distorted， all is broken, even ground to pulp。 When I stand here this quiet afternoon I shudder to visualise what is actually happening to millions now and what is going to happen in this p
15、eriod when famine stalks the earth. None can compute what has been called ”the unestimated sum of human pain. Our supreme task and duty is to guard the homes of the common people from the horrors and miseries of another war。 We are all agreed on that。Our American military colleagues， after having pr
16、oclaimed their ”over-all strategic concept and computed available resources， always proceed to the next step - namely, the method. Here again there is widespread agreement. A world organisation has already been erected for the prime purpose of preventing war, UNO， the successor of the League of Nati
17、ons， with the decisive addition of the United States and all that that means， is already at work。 We must make sure that its work is fruitful, that it is a reality and not a sham， that it is a force for action， and not merely a frothing of words， that it is a true temple of peace in which the shield
18、s of many nations can some day be hung up， and not merely a cockpit in a Tower of Babel。 Before we cast away the solid assurances of national armaments for selfpreservation we must be certain that our temple is built， not upon shifting sands or quagmires， but upon the rock。 Anyone can see with his e
19、yes open that our path will be difficult and also long, but if we persevere together as we did in the two world wars - though not, alas, in the interval between them - I cannot doubt that we shall achieve our common purpose in the end。I have， however, a definite and practical proposal to make for ac
20、tion. Courts and magistrates may be set up but they cannot function without sheriffs and constables. The United Nations Organisation must immediately begin to be equipped with an international armed force。 In such a matter we can only go step by step， but we must begin now. I propose that each of th
21、e Powers and States should be invited to delegate a certain number of air squadrons to the service of the world organisation. These squadrons would be trained and prepared in their own countries, but would move around in rotation from one country to another。 They would wear the uniform of their own
22、countries but with different badges。 They would not be required to act against their own nation， but in other respects they would be directed by the world organisation. This might be started on a modest scale and would grow as confidence grew。 I wished to see this done after the first world war， and
23、 I devoutly trust it may be done forthwith。It would nevertheless be wrong and imprudent to entrust the secret knowledge or experience of the atomic bomb, which the United States, Great Britain, and Canada now share， to the world organisation， while it is still in its infancy. It would be criminal ma
24、dness to cast it adrift in this still agitated and ununited world。 No one in any country has slept less well in their beds because this knowledge and the method and the raw materials to apply it， are at present largely retained in American hands. I do not believe we should all have slept so soundly
25、had the positions been reversed and if some Communist or neoFascist State monopolised for the time being these dread agencies。 The fear of them alone might easily have been used to enforce totalitarian systems upon the free democratic world, with consequences appalling to human imagination。 God has
26、willed that this shall not be and we have at least a breathing space to set our house in order before this peril has to be encountered： and even then, if no effort is spared, we should still possess so formidable a superiority as to impose effective deterrents upon its employment, or threat of emplo
27、yment， by others。 Ultimately， when the essential brotherhood of man is truly embodied and expressed in a world organisation with all the necessary practical safeguards to make it effective， these powers would naturally be confided to that world organisation.Now I come to the second danger of these t
28、wo marauders which threatens the cottage, the home， and the ordinary people namely， tyranny。 We cannot be blind to the fact that the liberties enjoyed by individual citizens throughout the British Empire are not valid in a considerable number of countries， some of which are very powerful。 In these S
29、tates control is enforced upon the common people by various kinds of allembracing police governments. The power of the State is exercised without restraint， either by dictators or by compact oligarchies operating through a privileged party and a political police. It is not our duty at this time when
30、 difficulties are so numerous to interfere forcibly in the internal affairs of countries which we have not conquered in war。 But we must never cease to proclaim in fearless tones the great principles of freedom and the rights of man which are the joint inheritance of the English-speaking world and w
31、hich through Magna Carta, the Bill of Rights, the Habeas Corpus， trial by jury, and the English common law find their most famous expression in the American Declaration of Independence。All this means that the people of any country have the right， and should have the power by constitutional action， b
32、y free unfettered elections， with secret ballot, to choose or change the character or form of government under which they dwell; that freedom of speech and thought should reign; that courts of justice, independent of the executive, unbiased by any party, should administer laws which have received th
33、e broad assent of large majorities or are consecrated by time and custom. Here are the title deeds of freedom which should lie in every cottage home. Here is the message of the British and American peoples to mankind. Let us preach what we practise let us practise what we preach.I have now stated th
34、e two great dangers which menace the homes of the people： War and Tyranny. I have not yet spoken of poverty and privation which are in many cases the prevailing anxiety. But if the dangers of war and tyranny are removed, there is no doubt that science and co-operation can bring in the next few years
35、 to the world， certainly in the next few decades newly taught in the sharpening school of war, an expansion of material wellbeing beyond anything that has yet occurred in human experience。 Now， at this sad and breathless moment， we are plunged in the hunger and distress which are the aftermath of ou
36、r stupendous struggle; but this will pass and may pass quickly, and there is no reason except human folly of sub-human crime which should deny to all the nations the inauguration and enjoyment of an age of plenty。 I have often used words which I learned fifty years ago from a great IrishAmerican ora
37、tor， a friend of mine, Mr。 Bourke Cockran。 ”There is enough for all。 The earth is a generous mother； she will provide in plentiful abundance food for all her children if they will but cultivate her soil in justice and in peace.” So far I feel that we are in full agreement.Now, while still pursuing t
38、he method of realising our overall strategic concept, I come to the crux of what I have travelled here to say. Neither the sure prevention of war, nor the continuous rise of world organisation will be gained without what I have called the fraternal association of the English-speaking peoples。 This m
39、eans a special relationship between the British Commonwealth and Empire and the United States. This is no time for generalities， and I will venture to be precise。 Fraternal association requires not only the growing friendship and mutual understanding between our two vast but kindred systems of socie
40、ty, but the continuance of the intimate relationship between our military advisers, leading to common study of potential dangers， the similarity of weapons and manuals of instructions, and to the interchange of officers and cadets at technical colleges。 It should carry with it the continuance of the
41、 present facilities for mutual security by the joint use of all Naval and Air Force bases in the possession of either country all over the world。 This would perhaps double the mobility of the American Navy and Air Force。 It would greatly expand that of the British Empire Forces and it might well lea
42、d, if and as the world calms down, to important financial savings. Already we use together a large number of islands; more may well be entrusted to our joint care in the near future.The United States has already a Permanent Defence Agreement with the Dominion of Canada, which is so devotedly attache
43、d to the British Commonwealth and Empire. This Agreement is more effective than many of those which have often been made under formal alliances. This principle should be extended to all British Commonwealths with full reciprocity. Thus, whatever happens， and thus only， shall we be secure ourselves a
44、nd able to work together for the high and simple causes that are dear to us and bode no ill to any. Eventually there may come I feel eventually there will come - the principle of common citizenship, but that we may be content to leave to destiny， whose outstretched arm many of us can already clearly
45、 see。There is however an important question we must ask ourselves. Would a special relationship between the United States and the British Commonwealth be inconsistent with our overriding loyalties to the World Organisation? I reply that, on the contrary， it is probably the only means by which that o
46、rganisation will achieve its full stature and strength. There are already the special United States relations with Canada which I have just mentioned， and there are the special relations between the United States and the South American Republics. We British have our twenty years Treaty of Collaborat
47、ion and Mutual Assistance with Soviet Russia. I agree with Mr。 Bevin， the Foreign Secretary of Great Britain, that it might well be a fifty years Treaty so far as we are concerned. We aim at nothing but mutual assistance and collaboration。 The British have an alliance with Portugal unbroken since 13
48、84, and which produced fruitful results at critical moments in the late war. None of these clash with the general interest of a world agreement, or a world organisation; on the contrary they help it. ”In my fathers house are many mansions.” Special associations between members of the United Nations
49、which have no aggressive point against any other country， which harbour no design incompatible with the Charter of the United Nations， far from being harmful， are beneficial and, as I believe, indispensable。 I spoke earlier of the Temple of Peace。 Workmen from all countries must build that temple。 If two of the workm