《考研英语(一)模拟试卷21(题后含答案及解析).doc》由会员分享，可在线阅读，更多相关《考研英语(一)模拟试卷21(题后含答案及解析).doc（21页珍藏版）》请在taowenge.com淘文阁网|工程机械CAD图纸|机械工程制图|CAD装配图下载|SolidWorks_CaTia_CAD_UG_PROE_设计图分享下载上搜索。
1、考研英语（一）模拟试卷21 (题后含答案及解析)题型有：1. Use of English 2. Reading Comprehension 3. Writing Section I Use of EnglishDirections: Read the following text. Choose the best word(s) for each numbered blank and mark A, B, C or D. (10 points) It is much clear that our diets are unhealthy. Now, an increasing number o
2、f scientists and physicians wonder if our【C1】_for unhealthy, obesity-inducing eating might be【C2】_to the food choices made during our first weeks and months of life.【C3】_, the latest research indicates that what we learn to like as infants【C4】_what we eat as adults. If 【C5】_, we might be able to【C6】
3、_the obesity epidemic in a new and more promising way, one that【C7】_the very first spoonful. Today, 【C8】_, most of those early loving spoonfuls contain more sugar and salt than is nutritionally【C9】_. A recent study in the Journal of Public Health found that 53 percent of processed baby and toddler f
4、oods lining supermarket shelves have a(n) 【C10】_number of calories from simple sugars, and 12 percent of them have too much sodium. The authors,【C11】_how overindulgence【C12】_both of these nutrients is linked to cardiovascular disease and diabetes, suggest that early【C13】_to overly sweet or salty mea
5、ls could promote a taste for these unhealthy【C14】_in the future. 【C15】_focus on limiting the unhealthful aspects of diet, Gary Beauchamp, a biopsychologist and a leading expert on chemosensory science, prefers to study the【C16】_of good-for-you foods. Based on data he has collected in the past 40 yea
6、rs, Beauchamp thinks “that complex multisensory flavor profiles are influenced by our【C17】_during the first few months of life. “ And if parents【C18】_healthful tastes and flavors, such as carrots or broccoli,【C19】_, an infant will not only rapidly adapt, but will also develop a(n)【C20】_for these fla
7、vors that could persist for a lifetime. 279 words 1 【C1】 ApreparationBinclinationCcompensationDsuggestion正确答案：B解析：本题考查上下文语义。 2 【C2】 AsuitedBstuckClimitedDtied正确答案：D解析：本题考查上下文语义+动词短语。 3 【C3】 AIndeedBHoweverCAnywayDInstead正确答案：A解析：本题考查全文主旨+上下文逻辑。 4 【C4】 Agoes contrary toBkeeps track ofCpaves the way f
8、orDtakes the place of正确答案：C解析：本题考查上下文语义+动词短语。 5 【C5】 AnecessaryBanythingCtrueDnot正确答案：C解析：本题考查上下文语义+省略句。 6 【C6】 AtackleBidentifyCstimulateDdiscard正确答案：A解析：本题考查上下文语义+动词辨析。 7 【C7】 Afits withBstarts withCsteps inDbrings in正确答案：B解析：本题考查上下文语义+动词短语。 8 【C8】 AobviouslyBunfortunatelyChopefullyDinterestingly正
9、确答案：B解析：本题考查上下文逻辑语义。 9 【C9】 AaffordableBavailableCwiseDrich正确答案：C解析：本题考查上下文语义+形容词辨析。 10 【C10】 AconstantBdeficientCmoderateDexcessive正确答案：D解析：本题考杏上下文语义。 11 【C11】 AassumingBadmittingCnotingDclaiming正确答案：C解析：本题考查句内语义+动词辨析。 12 【C12】 AbyBaboutCforDon正确答案：D解析：本题考查介词用法。 13 【C13】 AexposureBrestrictionCattra
10、ctionDresistance正确答案：A解析：本题考查上下文语义。 14 【C14】 AhabitsBinterestsCingredientsDfactors正确答案：C解析：本题考查上下文语义+代词指代。 15 【C15】 ARather thanBBound toCLikely toDOther than正确答案：A解析：本题考查句内逻辑语义。 16 【C16】 ApromotionBproductionCconservationDcontribution正确答案：A解析：本题考查句内语义。 17 【C17】 AsentimentsBdecisionsCexpectationsDex
11、periences正确答案：D解析：本题考查上下文语义。 18 【C18】 AsupplementBintroduceCpreserveDdistinguish正确答案：B解析：本题考查上下文语义。 19 【C19】 Aas usualBat lengthCso farDearly on正确答案：D解析：本题考查上下文语义。 20 【C20】 AawarenessBdistasteCpreferenceDimpression正确答案：C解析：本题考查上下文语义。 Section II Reading ComprehensionPart ADirections: Read the followi
12、ng four texts. Answer the questions below each text by choosing A, B, C or D. (40 points) If you lock a bunch of high-IQ people in a room and tell them to get on with a task, what will they emerge with? Lower IQs, for one thing. A study done by Virginia Tech tried to replicate how people think under
13、 social pressure. Subjects with an average IQ of 126 were clustered into problem-solving groups and exposed to judgments about their work. A pecking order formed. The low performers showed high responses in the part of the brain that regulates fear. The scientists concluded that “ individuals expres
14、s diminished cognitive capacity in groups, an effect that is worsened by perceived lower status”. This is the first ill word any scientist has had for the way groups think in a very long time. Over the past decade or two, story after story has spoken glowingly of “hive mind” and the “wisdom of crowd
15、s”. Are these profound new insights or are they a cognitive-science trend on which the tide is now receding? They are both. There is certainly something measurable that can be called collective intelligence. A fascinating study of its operation was published in the magazine Science two years ago. Th
16、ey asked small groups to do a variety of mental tests and then play a game of draughts. A collective equivalent of general intelligence is just what they found. Moreover, it was not just an artefact of the individual intelligences that made up the groups. The correlation of group thinking with the a
17、verage intelligence of the group, or with the intelligence of the groups smartest member, was weak. Strong correlations were with the “average social sensitivity of group members and the equality in distribution of conversation turn-taking”. Office bullies and those who cant shut up drive down produ
18、ctivity. These two findingsthat there is such a thing as collective intelligence and that working in groups makes individuals a bit dullerare not necessarily contradictory. A human being probably loses a bit of thinking capacity in subordinating himself to a group, no matter what feats the collectiv
19、e is able to carry out. Whether this trade-off is worthwhile depends on what the groups are doing. If western culture as it existed until two decades ago stood for any one thing, it was the defence of the individual against the herd. Individuals produced King Lear and the Discourse on the Method. Th
20、e “wisdom of crowds” produces a few retail fads at best, book-burnings and pogroms at worst. Our own time thinks itself different. It is marked by integration of markets and innovations in networking and sales. Crowd-sourced Wikipedia (flawed, quick and free) helped drive Britannica (authoritative,
21、labour-intensive and dear) out of the paper encyclopedia business. No one has the time to read King Lear, let alone write it. Anybody who can spark a retail fad is acclaimed a genius. The wisdom of crowds, in fact, may be just an updated version of the age-old wisdom of retail; when it comes to what
22、 the crowd wants, the crowd is all-knowing. 494 words 21 The first paragraph intends to tell us that_. AIQ is not a reliable indicator of ones abilityBhigh IQ people tend to possess less self-confidenceCpeople tend to lose some thinking ability when working in groupsDseveral high IQ individuals does
23、 not necessarily produce a highly cognitive group正确答案：C解析：本题考查段落主旨+写作目的。 22 A groups collective intelligence may be enhanced significantly when it is joined by someone of_. Ahigh intelligenceBhigh prestigeChigh operating abilityDhigh coordination ability正确答案：D解析：本题考查推理引申。 23 The two findings introdu
24、ced in paragraphs 1 and 3 can be used to justify the statement that_. Aevery coin has two sidesBeverything is evolutionaryCscientific findings might be contradictoryDscience is culturally defined正确答案：A解析：本题考查段落主旨+概括推理。 24 The authors attitude to the current “wisdom of crowds” culture is one of_. Ace
25、lebrationBacceptanceCregretDindifference正确答案：C解析：本题考查作者态度。 25 Which of the following is closest to the message the text tries to convey? AGroupthink is a major source of innovation.BGroupthink is no match for solo genius.CCollective wisdom is culturally defined.DCollective wisdom is nothing new, but
26、 an age-old wisdom.正确答案：B解析：本题考查文章主旨。 The outcry over internet firms habit of surreptitiously tracking web surfers activities has clearly resonated inside the White House. The Obama administration announced that it intends to work with Congress to produce “a privacy bill of rights” giving American c
27、onsumers greater control over how their information is collected and used by digital marketers. Those who have been lobbying for change agree with, but are unsympathetic to, internet firms worries that such a law could dent their advertising-driven business models, which rely on tracking and targeti
28、ng consumers to maximise revenues. “This is dimming the prospects of Google, Facebook and other digital ad companies,” says Jeffrey Chester of the Centre for Digital Democracy. Quite how dark things get for them will depend on the details of the bill. It will seek to lay down the basic principles of
29、 internet privacy rights, broadly following recommendations published last December by the Department of Commerce. The departments report said consumers should be told more about why data are being collected about them and how they are used; and it called for stricter limits on what companies can do
30、 with information they collect. Whatever legislation finally emerges is likely to give a broader role to the Federal Trade Commission (FTC), which will almost certainly be charged with deciding how those principles are translated into practice and with policing their implementation. Among other thin
31、gs, the FTC is known to be keen on a formal “do not track” system, which would allow users to block certain sites from monitoring their online activities. Keen to avoid this, the online-advertising industry has been working overtime to convince policymakers that it can police itself using systems su
32、ch as icons on web pages that show surfers when they are being tracked. And it is telling anyone who will listen that consumers will suffer if tough do-not-track rules hit ad revenues, forcing web firms to charge for more content. With Mr Obama throwing his weight behind internet privacy, this rearg
33、uard action is less likely to be successful. Some ad firms have started talking of creating a do-not-track system of their own, that would limit the damage to their digital activities. Although all this may dent their revenues, Americas internet giants could also benefit from the legislation if it h
34、elps them in their dealings with the European Union. The EUs already fairly strict rules on privacywhich it considers a fundamental human rightare being tightened further. The time-consuming and expensive legal hoops the EU makes American internet firms jump through, to be allowed to handle European
35、s online data, will become more demanding. If by passing its own online-privacy “bill of rights” America can convince the EU to ease this legal burden, then it will be an important win for American companies, says Joel Reidenberg, a professor at Fordham Universitys law school. Google, Facebook and o
36、thers will no doubt be trackingboth online and offlinethe progress of EU-American talks on this matter very closely. 496 words 26 The privacy bill of rights is meant to_. Aclamp down web surfers dishonest behavioursBrestrict internet firms control over informationCgive American government control ov
37、er informationDease the tension between digital marketers and web users正确答案：B解析：本题考查事实细节。 27 What is the biggest concern of internet firms with the privacy bill? Adownsizing ad revenuesBdecreasing digital dataCever-growing user baseDincreasingly demanding users正确答案：A解析：本题考查事实细节。 28 Whats the respons
38、e of the online-advertising industry towards the formal “do not rack system”? AA gentle persuasion.BA stiff resistance.CA forced surrender.DA combination of tough and soft.正确答案：D解析：本题考查推理引申。 29 The author suggests in the last paragraph that the privacy bill could_. Abe harmful to Europeans privacy r
39、ightsBbe desirable for American internet firmsCbe helpful with the EU-American relationshipDbe questionable in dealing with privacy problems正确答案：B解析：本题考查事实细节。 30 According to the text, who will most fancy the privacy bill? AEU.BFTC.CWeb consumers.DThe Centre for Digital Democracy.正确答案：C解析：本题考查观点态度。
40、Once I formed an opinion on a subject, it became a belief, subject to a host of cognitive biases to ensure its trueness. Am I being irrational? Possibly. In fact, this is how most belief systems work for most of us most of the time. We form our beliefs for a variety of subjective, emotional and psyc
41、hological reasons in the context of environments created by family, friends, culture and society at large. After forming our beliefs, we then defend, justify and rationalize them with a host of intellectual reasons, persuasive arguments and rational explanations. Beliefs come first; explanations for
42、 beliefs follow. I call this process, wherein our perceptions about reality are dependent on the beliefs that we hold about it, belief-dependent realism. Reality exists independent of human minds, but our understanding of it depends on the beliefs we hold at any given time. I patterned belief-depend
43、ent realism after model-dependent realism, presented by physicists Stephen Hawking and Leonard Mlodinow in their book The Grand Design. There they argue that because no one model is adequate to explain reality, “one cannot be said to be more real than the other. “ When these models are coupled to th
44、eories, they form entire worldviews. Once we form beliefs and make commitments to them, we maintain and reinforce them through a number of powerful cognitive biases that distort our percepts to fit belief concepts. On the top of all these biases, there is the in-group bias, in which we place more va
45、lue on the beliefs of those whom we perceive to be fellow members of our group and less on the beliefs of those from different groups. This is a result of our evolved tribal brains leading us not only to place such value judgment on beliefs but also to dismiss them as nonsense or evil, or both. Beli
46、ef-dependent realism is driven even deeper by a meta-bias called the bias blind spot, or the tendency to recognize the power of cognitive biases in other people but to be blind to their influence on our own beliefs. Even scientists are not immune, subject to experimenter-expectation bias, or the tendency for observers to select and publish data that agree with their expectations for the outcome of an experiment and to disbelieve data that do not. This dependency on belief and its