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1、关于常见焊接缺陷及检验方法第一张，PPT共九十四页，创作于2022年6月Volvo Construction Equipment2010-1-11一、焊接缺陷一、焊接缺陷定义：在焊接过程中，在焊接接头中产生的不符合标准要求的缺陷，称为焊接缺陷。分类；依据GB641786,可将缺陷分为以下六类：裂纹 孔穴 固体夹杂 未熔合和未焊透 形状缺陷 其他缺陷。第二张，PPT共九十四页，创作于2022年6月Volvo Construction Equipment2010-1-11焊接缺陷的特征及分布焊接缺陷的特征及分布一、裂纹依照裂纹产生的温度范围划分：热裂纹：可分为 结晶裂纹 液化裂纹 高温失塑裂纹 （
2、原因分析）冷裂纹：主要产生于焊接热影响区 （氢的作用）在热裂纹：工件焊接后再次被加热 到一定温度下 （消应力热处理 多层焊 服役期）第三张，PPT共九十四页，创作于2022年6月Volvo Construction Equipment42010-1-11母材中的夹层导致的裂纹母材中的夹层导致的裂纹由于板材在轧制过程中出现夹层，导致在焊接过程中出现裂纹：层状撕裂第四张，PPT共九十四页，创作于2022年6月Volvo Construction Equipment52010-1-11层状撕裂层状撕裂焊接工艺的调整 接头形式的改善第五张，PPT共九十四页，创作于2022年6月Volvo Constr
3、uction Equipment62010-1-11二、气孔二、气孔定义：焊接熔池中的气泡在凝固时未能 及时溢出，而留下来所形成的孔穴。分类：依形状分 球形 条虫形 依分布分 孤立 均布 依来源分 析出型 (分析原因)反应型（产生部位 原因）C+O=CO Fe+C=Fe+CO SiO2+2C=Si+2CO 防止措施：1 限制熔池中气体的溶入或产生。（具体措施）2 排除熔池中已溶入的气体。（具体措施）第六张，PPT共九十四页，创作于2022年6月Volvo Construction Equipment72010-1-11三三、固体夹杂、固体夹杂1 夹渣 焊后残留在焊缝中的熔渣 形状 复杂 一般呈
4、线状、长条状、颗粒状及其他形式。部位 主要发生在坡口边缘和每层焊道之间非圆滑过渡的部位。横焊、立焊或仰焊比平焊多。2 夹钨 钨极氩弧焊时，若钨极不慎与熔池接触，使钨的颗粒进入焊缝金属中。在焊接镍铁合金时，形成钨合金，射线探伤很难发现。第七张，PPT共九十四页，创作于2022年6月Volvo Construction Equipment82010-1-11四四、未焊透和未熔合、未焊透和未熔合1 未焊透 焊接时母材金属之间应该熔合而未焊上的部分。部位：单面焊的坡口根部、双面焊的坡口钝边。危害：较大的应力集中，在其末端产生裂纹。2 未熔合 焊缝金属与母材、焊缝金属与焊道金属之间未完全熔化结合的部分。
5、第八张，PPT共九十四页，创作于2022年6月Volvo Construction Equipment92010-1-11五、形状缺陷五、形状缺陷形状缺陷包括：1 错边、角变形 2 咬边 3 焊瘤 4 烧穿和下塌 5 焊缝尺寸、形状不合要求 6 其他缺陷 第九张，PPT共九十四页，创作于2022年6月Volvo Construction Equipment2010-1-11错边错边定义：由于两个焊件没有对正而造成板的中心线平行偏差成因成因:粗心.不同厚度的母材焊接 厚度过渡预防预防:改善工艺.改变厚度过渡的过度角度。修补修补:打磨.在错边不严重时可采用打磨的方法来处理（板材）.管材内部错边较难
6、处理.第十张，PPT共九十四页，创作于2022年6月Volvo Construction Equipment2010-1-11咬边定义定义:由于焊接参数选择或操作不当，沿焊趾的母材部位产生的沟槽或凹陷成因成因:电流过大、电流过大、焊条角度不合适、电弧过长。预防措施预防措施:清除焊缝两侧铁锈 焊接位置 立焊 仰焊时较易出现咬边的情况修补修补:选用较小的焊条、最好是打磨或挖凿后用低氢 焊条来补焊.第十一张，PPT共九十四页，创作于2022年6月Volvo Construction Equipment2010-1-11焊瘤焊瘤定义:焊接过程中，熔化金属流淌到焊缝之外未熔化的 母材上所形成的金属瘤。（
7、图）位置:焊瘤存在于焊缝表面，在其下面往往伴随着未熔 合、未焊透等缺陷。危害:由于金属的堆积使焊缝的几何形状发生变化，造 成应力集中。第十二张，PPT共九十四页，创作于2022年6月Volvo Construction Equipment132010-1-11烧穿和下塌烧穿和下塌定义：焊接过程中，熔化金属自坡口背面流出，形成穿孔的缺陷。烧穿易发生在第一道焊道及薄板对接焊缝或管子对接焊缝中。烧穿的周围常伴有气孔、夹渣焊瘤及未焊透等缺陷。下塌：穿过单层焊缝根部，或在多层焊接接头中穿 过前道熔敷金属塌落的过量焊缝金属。（图）第十三张，PPT共九十四页，创作于2022年6月Volvo Construc
8、tion Equipment142010-1-11不规则的焊缝尺寸、形状不规则的焊缝尺寸、形状Concavity 凹陷凹陷第十四张，PPT共九十四页，创作于2022年6月Volvo Construction Equipment152010-1-11Convexity 凸出凸出第十五张，PPT共九十四页，创作于2022年6月Volvo Construction Equipment2010-1-11其他缺陷其他缺陷1 电弧擦伤 2 飞溅第十六张，PPT共九十四页，创作于2022年6月Volvo Construction Equipment172010-1-11第十七张，PPT共九十四页，创作于20
9、22年6月Volvo Construction Equipment2010-1-11二、焊接检验二、焊接检验1 焊接检验的分类：2 3 （1）破坏性检验4 5 （2）非破坏性检验6 7 （3）声发射检测第十八张，PPT共九十四页，创作于2022年6月Volvo Construction Equipment192010-1-11无损检验无损检验射线检测超声检测磁粉检测渗透检测涡流检测第十九张，PPT共九十四页，创作于2022年6月Volvo Construction Equipment202010-1-11射线检测射线检测射线探伤的实质 根据被检工件与其内部缺陷介质对射线的衰减不同，而引起的射线
10、透照之后到达底片上的强度不同，从而造成底片“感光”程度不同将缺陷在底片上反映出来。Some examples (药皮、药渣、厚度方向缺陷不灵敏）第二十张，PPT共九十四页，创作于2022年6月Volvo Construction Equipment212010-1-11射线的本质射线的本质X射线 射线 高频电磁波（光子）第二十一张，PPT共九十四页，创作于2022年6月Volvo Construction Equipment222010-1-11超声波检测超声波检测超声波检测：是利用超声波在物体中的传播、反射和衰减等物理特性来发现缺陷的一种探伤方式。声波（人类的听觉）次声波（地震、核武器）超声
11、波（0.510MHz）（图 Example）探头 （45 平）耦合剂 （探头不接触工件表面）第二十二张，PPT共九十四页，创作于2022年6月Volvo Construction Equipment232010-1-11渗透检测渗透检测渗透检测：利用带有荧光染料或红色染料渗透剂的渗透作用，显示缺陷痕迹的无损检验方法。用途：用于各种金属材料和非金属材料构件表面开口缺陷的检验。第二十三张，PPT共九十四页，创作于2022年6月Volvo Construction Equipment242010-1-11渗透检验的原理渗透检验的原理1 毛细作用2 两平行板间的毛细现象第二十四张，PPT共九十四页，创
12、作于2022年6月Volvo Construction Equipment252010-1-11声发射探伤技术声发射探伤技术第二十五张，PPT共九十四页，创作于2022年6月Volvo Construction Equipment2010-1-11第二十六张，PPT共九十四页，创作于2022年6月Volvo Construction Equipment2010-1-11第二十七张，PPT共九十四页，创作于2022年6月Volvo Construction Equipment2010-1-11Removing a root pass by grinding1.Recreate the groov
13、e geometry as closely as possible.2.Use a saw or die grinder and 1.5mm/1/16”3.0mm/1/8”cut off wheel to recreate root opening.Remember repairs are sometimes required to be made with a smaller electrode.3.Open the groove angle.Be careful to leave the proper root face dimension.4.Feather the start and
14、stop to blend smoothly into and out of the existing weld.第二十八张，PPT共九十四页，创作于2022年6月Volvo Construction Equipment2010-1-11第二十九张，PPT共九十四页，创作于2022年6月Volvo Construction Equipment2010-1-11Excessive Concavity or ConvexityDefinition:Concavity or convexity of a fillet weld which exceeds the specified allowabl
15、e limits Cause:Amperage and travel speedPrevention:Observe proper parameters and techniques.Repair:Grind off or weld on.Must blend smoothly into the base metal.第三十张，PPT共九十四页，创作于2022年6月Volvo Construction Equipment2010-1-11Concavity第三十一张，PPT共九十四页，创作于2022年6月Volvo Construction Equipment2010-1-11Convexit
16、y第三十二张，PPT共九十四页，创作于2022年6月Volvo Construction Equipment2010-1-11ReinforcementExcessive Insufficient Improper contourFace ReinforcementRoot ReinforcementThe amount of a groove weld which extends beyond the surface of the plate第三十三张，PPT共九十四页，创作于2022年6月Volvo Construction Equipment2010-1-11Excessive Rein
17、forcementDefinition:Specifically defined by the standard.Typically,Reinforcement should be flush to 1.5mm/1/16”(pipe)or flush to 3.0mm/1/8”(plate or structural shapes).Cause:Travel speed too slow,amperage too lowPrevention:Set amperage and travel speed on scrap plate.Repair:Remove excessive reinforc
18、ement and feather the weld toes to a smooth transition to the base plate.第三十四张，PPT共九十四页，创作于2022年6月Volvo Construction Equipment2010-1-11Definition:Specifically defined by the standard.Typically,Underfill may be up to 5%of metal thickness not to exceed 0.80mm/1/32”as long as the thickness is made up i
19、n the opposite reinforcement.Not applied to fillet welds.Cause:On root reinforcement-Too little filler metal will cause thinning of the filler metal.In OH position,too hot or too wide will cause drooping of the open root puddle.Prevention:Use proper welding technique.Use backing or consumable insert
20、s.Use back weld or backing.Repair:Possibly simply increase the face reinforcement.If backwelding is not possible,must remove and reweld.Insufficient Reinforcement第三十五张，PPT共九十四页，创作于2022年6月Volvo Construction Equipment2010-1-11Definition:When the weld exhibits less than a 1350 transition angle at the w
21、eld toe.Cause:Poor welding techniquePrevention:Use proper techniques.A weave or whip motion can often eliminate the problem.Repair:The weld face must be feathered into the base plate.1350Improper Weld Contour第三十六张，PPT共九十四页，创作于2022年6月Volvo Construction Equipment2010-1-11OverlapDefinition:When the fac
22、e of the weld extends beyond the toe of the weldCause:Improper welding technique.Typically,electrode angles and travel speed.Prevention:Overlap is a contour problem.Proper welding technique will prevent this problem.Repair:Overlap must be removed to blend smoothly into the base metal.Be careful of d
23、eep grind marks that run transverse to the load.Also be careful of fusion discontinuities hidden by grinding.Use NDT to be sure.第三十七张，PPT共九十四页，创作于2022年6月Volvo Construction Equipment2010-1-11OverlapOverlap is measured with a square edge such as a 152.4mm/6”rule.No amount of overlap is typically allow
24、ed.Amount of overlap not determined by codes.第三十八张，PPT共九十四页，创作于2022年6月Volvo Construction Equipment2010-1-11Burn-through(non-standard)Definition:When an undesirable open hole has been completely melted through the base metal.The hole may or may not be left open.Cause:Excessive heat input.Prevention:R
25、educe heat input by increasing travel speed,use of a heat sink,or by reducing welding parameters.Repair:Will be defined by standards.Filling may suffice.Otherwise,removal and rewelding may be required.Some standards may require special filler metal and/or PWHT.第三十九张，PPT共九十四页，创作于2022年6月Volvo Construc
26、tion Equipment2010-1-11Incomplete or Insufficient PenetrationDefinition:When the weld metal does not extend to the required depth into the joint rootCause:Low amperage,low preheat,tight root opening,fast travel speed,short arc length.Prevention:Correct the contributing factor(s).Repair:Back gouge an
27、d back weld or remove and reweld.第四十张，PPT共九十四页，创作于2022年6月Volvo Construction Equipment2010-1-11Incomplete FusionDefinition:Where weld metal does not form a cohesive bond with the base metal.Cause:Low amperage,steep electrode angles,fast travel speed,short arc gap,lack of preheat,electrode too small,u
28、nclean base metal,arc off seam.Prevention:Eliminate the potential causes.Repair:remove and reweld,being careful to completely remove the defective area.This is sometimes extremely difficult to find.第四十一张，PPT共九十四页，创作于2022年6月Volvo Construction Equipment2010-1-11Arc StrikeDefinition:A localized coalesc
29、ence outside the weld zone.In laymens language.An area where an electric arc scarred the base metal caused by electrode arc or electric cable being pulled across base metal.Cause:CarelessnessPrevention:In difficult areas,adjacent areas can be protected using fire blankets.Repair:Where applicable,arc
30、 strikes must be ground smooth and tested for cracks.If found,they must be remove and repaired using a qualified repair procedure and inspected as any other weld.第四十二张，PPT共九十四页，创作于2022年6月Volvo Construction Equipment2010-1-11InclusionsSlagWagontracks lines of slag along one or both sides of bevel Tun
31、gsten 第四十三张，PPT共九十四页，创作于2022年6月Volvo Construction Equipment2010-1-11Definition:Slag entrapped within the weldCause:Low amperage,improper technique,Trying to weld in an area that is too tight.Slow travel in Vertical Down or not positioning electrode correctly in either up or downhand positions.Preven
32、tion:Increase amperage or preheat,grind out tight areas to gain access to bottom of joint,position electrode correctly.Repair:Remove by grinding.Reweld.Slag Inclusion第四十四张，PPT共九十四页，创作于2022年6月Volvo Construction Equipment2010-1-11Definition:Slang term for a groove left at the toe of a root pass which
33、becomes filled with slag and is trapped in the weld.Cause:The contour of the root pass is too high,or the weld toe is not bonded to the base metalPrevention:Use proper technique to deposit the weld root.Repair:Best repaired before applying the hot pass.Carefully grind the root pass face flat.be care
34、ful not to gouge other areas on the weldment.Wagon Tracks(non-standard)第四十五张，PPT共九十四页，创作于2022年6月Volvo Construction Equipment2010-1-11Definition:A tungsten particle embedded in a weld.(Typically GTAW only)Cause:Tungsten electrode too small,amperage too high,AC balance on+,Upslope too high,electrode t
35、ip not properly ground,electrode dipped into the weld pool or touched with the fill rod,electrode split.Prevention:Eliminate the causeRepair:Grind out and reweldTungsten Inclusion第四十六张，PPT共九十四页，创作于2022年6月Volvo Construction Equipment2010-1-11InclusionsFix when you see it.Otherwise grind out&fix when
36、found to be unacceptable by non-destructive examinations.第四十七张，PPT共九十四页，创作于2022年6月Volvo Construction Equipment2010-1-11Whiskers,Grapes,or Excessive Push ThroughUnsightlyInhibits material flow in pipingAre inclusionsCan break off in pipes and damage equipment downline第四十八张，PPT共九十四页，创作于2022年6月Volvo Co
37、nstruction Equipment2010-1-11SpatterDefinition:Small particles of weld metal expelled from the welding operation which adhere to the base metal surface.Cause:Long arc length,severe electrode angles,high amperages.Prevention:Correct the cause.Base metal can be protected with coverings or hi-temp pain
38、ts or other means.Repair:Remove by grinding or sanding.第四十九张，PPT共九十四页，创作于2022年6月Volvo Construction Equipment2010-1-11Arc CratersDefinition:A depression left at the termination of the weld where the weld pool is left unfilled.Cause:Improper weld termination techniquesPrevention:Pause at this point an
39、d allow to fill prior to breaking arc.Repair:If no cracks exist,simply fill in the crater.Generally welding from beyond the crater back into the crater.第五十张，PPT共九十四页，创作于2022年6月Volvo Construction Equipment2010-1-11CracksLongitudinalTransverseCraterThroatToeRootUnderbead and Heat-affected zoneHotCold
40、or delayed第五十一张，PPT共九十四页，创作于2022年6月Volvo Construction Equipment2010-1-11Definition:A crack running in the direction of the weld axis.May be found in the weld or base metal.Cause:Preheat or fast cooling problem.Also caused by shrinkage stresses in high constraint areas.Prevention:Weld toward areas of
41、 less constraint.Also preheat to even out the cooling rates.Repair:Remove and reweldLongitudinal Crack第五十二张，PPT共九十四页，创作于2022年6月Volvo Construction Equipment2010-1-11Definition:A crack running into or inside a weld,transverse to the weld axis direction.Cause:Weld metal hardness problemPrevention:Repai
42、r:Transverse Crack第五十三张，PPT共九十四页，创作于2022年6月Volvo Construction Equipment2010-1-11Definition:A crack,generally in the shape of an“X”which is found in a crater.Crater cracks are hot cracks.Cause:The center of the weld pool becomes solid before the outside of the weld pool,pulling the center apart durin
43、g coolingof the outside.Prevention:Use crater fill,fill the crater at weld termination and/or preheat to even out the cooling of the puddleRepair:Crater Crack第五十四张，PPT共九十四页，创作于2022年6月Volvo Construction Equipment2010-1-11Definition:A longitudinal crack located in the weld throat area.Cause:Transverse
44、 Stresses,probably from shrinkage.Indicates inadequate filler metal selection or welding procedure.May be due to crater crack propagation.Prevention:Correct initial cause.Increasing preheat may prevent it.be sure not to leave a crater.Use a more ductile filler material.Repair:Remove and reweld using
45、 appropriate procedure.Be sure to correct initial problem first.Throat Crack第五十五张，PPT共九十四页，创作于2022年6月Volvo Construction Equipment2010-1-11Definition:A crack in the base metal beginning at the toe of the weldCause:Transverse shrinkage stresses.Indicates a HAZ brittleness problem.Prevention:Increase p
46、reheat if possible,or use a more ductile filler material.Repair:Toe Crack第五十六张，PPT共九十四页，创作于2022年6月Volvo Construction Equipment2010-1-11Definition:A crack in the weld at the weld root.Cause:Transverse shrinkage stresses.Same as a throat crack.Prevention:Same as a throat crackRepair:Root Crack第五十七张，PP
47、T共九十四页，创作于2022年6月Volvo Construction Equipment2010-1-11Definition:A crack in the unmelted parent metal of the HAZ.Cause:Hydrogen embrittlementPrevention:Use Lo/Hi electrodes and/or preheatRepair:(only found using NDT).Remove and reweld.Underbead Crack第五十八张，PPT共九十四页，创作于2022年6月Volvo Construction Equipm
48、ent2010-1-11Definition:A crack in the weld that occurs during solidification.Cause:Micro stresses from weld metal shrinkage pulling apart weld metal as it cools from liquid to solid temp.Prevention:Preheat or use a low tensil filler material.Repair:Hot Crack第五十九张，PPT共九十四页，创作于2022年6月Volvo Constructio
49、n Equipment2010-1-11Definition:A crack that occurs after the metal has completely solidifiedCause:Shrinkage,Highly restrained welds,DiscontinuitiesPrevention:Preheat,weld toward areas of less constraint,use a more ductile weld metalRepair:Remove and reweld,correct problem first,preheat may be necess
50、ary.Cold Crack第六十张，PPT共九十四页，创作于2022年6月Volvo Construction Equipment2010-1-11Repairs to CracksDetermine the causeCorrect the problemTake precautions to prevent reoccurrenceGenerally required to repair using a smaller electrode第六十一张，PPT共九十四页，创作于2022年6月Volvo Construction Equipment2010-1-11Base Metal Dis