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1、关于常见焊接缺陷及检验方法第一页，讲稿共九十四页哦Volvo Construction Equipment2010-1-11一、焊接缺陷一、焊接缺陷 定义：在焊接过程中，在焊接接头中产生的不符合标准要求的缺陷，称为焊接缺陷。分类；依据GB641786,可将缺陷分为以下六类：裂纹 孔穴 固体夹杂 未熔合和未焊透 形状缺陷 其他缺陷。第二页，讲稿共九十四页哦Volvo Construction Equipment2010-1-11焊接缺陷的特征及分布焊接缺陷的特征及分布一、裂纹 依照裂纹产生的温度范围划分：热裂纹：可分为 结晶裂纹 液化裂纹 高温失塑裂纹 （原因分析）冷裂纹：主要产生于焊接热影响区
2、 （氢的作用）在热裂纹：工件焊接后再次被加热 到一定温度下 （消应力热处理 多层焊 服役期）第三页，讲稿共九十四页哦Volvo Construction Equipment42010-1-11母材中的夹层导致的裂纹母材中的夹层导致的裂纹 由于板材在轧制过程中出现夹层，导致在焊接过程中出现裂纹：层状撕裂第四页，讲稿共九十四页哦Volvo Construction Equipment52010-1-11层状撕裂层状撕裂 焊接工艺的调整 接头形式的改善第五页，讲稿共九十四页哦Volvo Construction Equipment62010-1-11二、气孔二、气孔定义：焊接熔池中的气泡在凝固时未能
3、 及时溢出，而留下来所形成的孔穴。分类：依形状分 球形 条虫形 依分布分 孤立 均布 依来源分 析出型 (分析原因)反应型（产生部位 原因）C+O=CO Fe+C=Fe+CO SiO2+2C=Si+2CO 防止措施：1 限制熔池中气体的溶入或产生。（具体措施）2 排除熔池中已溶入的气体。（具体措施）第六页，讲稿共九十四页哦Volvo Construction Equipment72010-1-11三三、固体夹杂、固体夹杂 1 夹渣 焊后残留在焊缝中的熔渣 形状 复杂 一般呈线状、长条状、颗粒状及其他形式。部位 主要发生在坡口边缘和每层焊道之间非圆滑过渡的部位。横焊、立焊或仰焊比平焊多。2 夹钨
4、 钨极氩弧焊时，若钨极不慎与熔池接触，使钨的颗粒进入焊缝金属中。在焊接镍铁合金时，形成钨合金，射线探伤很难发现。第七页，讲稿共九十四页哦Volvo Construction Equipment82010-1-11四四、未焊透和未熔合、未焊透和未熔合 1 未焊透 焊接时母材金属之间应该熔合而未焊上的部分。部位：单面焊的坡口根部、双面焊的坡口钝边。危害：较大的应力集中，在其末端产生裂纹。2 未熔合 焊缝金属与母材、焊缝金属与焊道金属之间未完全熔化结合的部分。第八页，讲稿共九十四页哦Volvo Construction Equipment92010-1-11五、形状缺陷五、形状缺陷 形状缺陷包括：1
5、 错边、角变形 2 咬边 3 焊瘤 4 烧穿和下塌 5 焊缝尺寸、形状不合要求 6 其他缺陷 第九页，讲稿共九十四页哦Volvo Construction Equipment2010-1-11错边错边 定义：由于两个焊件没有对正而造成板的中心线平行偏差 成因成因:粗心.不同厚度的母材焊接 厚度过渡 预防预防:改善工艺.改变厚度过渡的过度角度。修补修补:打磨.在错边不严重时可采用打磨的方法来处理（板材）.管材内部错边较难处理.第十页，讲稿共九十四页哦Volvo Construction Equipment2010-1-11咬边 定义定义:由于焊接参数选择或操作不当，沿焊趾的母材部位产生的沟槽或凹
6、陷 成因成因:电流过大、电流过大、焊条角度不合适、电弧过长。预防措施预防措施:清除焊缝两侧铁锈 焊接位置 立焊 仰焊时较易出现咬边的情况 修补修补:选用较小的焊条、最好是打磨或挖凿后用低氢 焊条来补焊.第十一页，讲稿共九十四页哦Volvo Construction Equipment2010-1-11焊瘤焊瘤 定义:焊接过程中，熔化金属流淌到焊缝之外未熔化的 母材上所形成的金属瘤。（图）位置:焊瘤存在于焊缝表面，在其下面往往伴随着未熔 合、未焊透等缺陷。危害:由于金属的堆积使焊缝的几何形状发生变化，造 成应力集中。第十二页，讲稿共九十四页哦Volvo Construction Equipmen
7、t132010-1-11烧穿和下塌烧穿和下塌 定义：焊接过程中，熔化金属自坡口背面流出，形成穿孔的缺陷。烧穿易发生在第一道焊道及薄板对接焊缝或管子对接焊缝中。烧穿的周围常伴有气孔、夹渣焊瘤及未焊透等缺陷。下塌：穿过单层焊缝根部，或在多层焊接接头中穿 过前道熔敷金属塌落的过量焊缝金属。（图）第十三页，讲稿共九十四页哦Volvo Construction Equipment142010-1-11不规则的焊缝尺寸、形状不规则的焊缝尺寸、形状Concavity 凹陷凹陷第十四页，讲稿共九十四页哦Volvo Construction Equipment152010-1-11Convexity 凸出凸出第
8、十五页，讲稿共九十四页哦Volvo Construction Equipment2010-1-11其他缺陷其他缺陷 1 电弧擦伤 2 飞溅第十六页，讲稿共九十四页哦Volvo Construction Equipment172010-1-11第十七页，讲稿共九十四页哦Volvo Construction Equipment2010-1-11二、焊接检验二、焊接检验 焊接检验的分类：（1）破坏性检验 （2）非破坏性检验 （3）声发射检测第十八页，讲稿共九十四页哦Volvo Construction Equipment192010-1-11无损检验无损检验 射线检测 超声检测 磁粉检测 渗透检测
9、涡流检测第十九页，讲稿共九十四页哦Volvo Construction Equipment202010-1-11射线检测射线检测 射线探伤的实质 根据被检工件与其内部缺陷介质对射线的衰减不同，而引起的射线透照之后到达底片上的强度不同，从而造成底片“感光”程度不同将缺陷在底片上反映出来。Some examples (药皮、药渣、厚度方向缺陷不灵敏）第二十页，讲稿共九十四页哦Volvo Construction Equipment212010-1-11射线的本质射线的本质 X射线 射线 高频电磁波（光子）第二十一页，讲稿共九十四页哦Volvo Construction Equipment22201
10、0-1-11超声波检测超声波检测 超声波检测：是利用超声波在物体中的传播、反射和衰减等物理特性来发现缺陷的一种探伤方式。声波（人类的听觉）次声波（地震、核武器）超声波（0.510MHz）（图 Example）探头 （45 平）耦合剂 （探头不接触工件表面）第二十二页，讲稿共九十四页哦Volvo Construction Equipment232010-1-11渗透检测渗透检测 渗透检测：利用带有荧光染料或红色染料渗透剂的渗透作用，显示缺陷痕迹的无损检验方法。用途：用于各种金属材料和非金属材料构件表面开口缺陷的检验。第二十三页，讲稿共九十四页哦Volvo Construction Equipme
11、nt242010-1-11渗透检验的原理渗透检验的原理 1 毛细作用 2 两平行板间的毛细现象第二十四页，讲稿共九十四页哦Volvo Construction Equipment252010-1-11声发射探伤技术声发射探伤技术第二十五页，讲稿共九十四页哦Volvo Construction Equipment2010-1-11第二十六页，讲稿共九十四页哦Volvo Construction Equipment2010-1-11第二十七页，讲稿共九十四页哦Volvo Construction Equipment2010-1-11Removing a root pass by grinding1
12、.Recreate the groove geometry as closely as possible.2.Use a saw or die grinder and 1.5mm/1/16”3.0mm/1/8”cut off wheel to recreate root opening.Remember repairs are sometimes required to be made with a smaller electrode.3.Open the groove angle.Be careful to leave the proper root face dimension.4.Fea
13、ther the start and stop to blend smoothly into and out of the existing weld.第二十八页，讲稿共九十四页哦Volvo Construction Equipment2010-1-11第二十九页，讲稿共九十四页哦Volvo Construction Equipment2010-1-11Excessive Concavity or ConvexityDefinition:Concavity or convexity of a fillet weld which exceeds the specified allowable l
14、imits Cause:Amperage and travel speed Prevention:Observe proper parameters and techniques.Repair:Grind off or weld on.Must blend smoothly into the base metal.第三十页，讲稿共九十四页哦Volvo Construction Equipment2010-1-11Concavity第三十一页，讲稿共九十四页哦Volvo Construction Equipment2010-1-11Convexity第三十二页，讲稿共九十四页哦Volvo Con
15、struction Equipment2010-1-11Reinforcement Excessive Insufficient Improper contourFace ReinforcementRoot ReinforcementThe amount of a groove weld which extends beyond the surface of the plate第三十三页，讲稿共九十四页哦Volvo Construction Equipment2010-1-11Excessive Reinforcement Definition:Specifically defined by
16、the standard.Typically,Reinforcement should be flush to 1.5mm/1/16”(pipe)or flush to 3.0mm/1/8”(plate or structural shapes).Cause:Travel speed too slow,amperage too low Prevention:Set amperage and travel speed on scrap plate.Repair:Remove excessive reinforcement and feather the weld toes to a smooth
17、 transition to the base plate.第三十四页，讲稿共九十四页哦Volvo Construction Equipment2010-1-11 Definition:Specifically defined by the standard.Typically,Underfill may be up to 5%of metal thickness not to exceed 0.80mm/1/32”as long as the thickness is made up in the opposite reinforcement.Not applied to fillet we
18、lds.Cause:On root reinforcement-Too little filler metal will cause thinning of the filler metal.In OH position,too hot or too wide will cause drooping of the open root puddle.Prevention:Use proper welding technique.Use backing or consumable inserts.Use back weld or backing.Repair:Possibly simply inc
19、rease the face reinforcement.If backwelding is not possible,must remove and reweld.Insufficient Reinforcement第三十五页，讲稿共九十四页哦Volvo Construction Equipment2010-1-11 Definition:When the weld exhibits less than a 1350 transition angle at the weld toe.Cause:Poor welding technique Prevention:Use proper tech
20、niques.A weave or whip motion can often eliminate the problem.Repair:The weld face must be feathered into the base plate.1350Improper Weld Contour第三十六页，讲稿共九十四页哦Volvo Construction Equipment2010-1-11Overlap Definition:When the face of the weld extends beyond the toe of the weld Cause:Improper welding
21、technique.Typically,electrode angles and travel speed.Prevention:Overlap is a contour problem.Proper welding technique will prevent this problem.Repair:Overlap must be removed to blend smoothly into the base metal.Be careful of deep grind marks that run transverse to the load.Also be careful of fusi
22、on discontinuities hidden by grinding.Use NDT to be sure.第三十七页，讲稿共九十四页哦Volvo Construction Equipment2010-1-11OverlapOverlap is measured with a square edge such as a 152.4mm/6”rule.No amount of overlap is typically allowed.Amount of overlap not determined by codes.第三十八页，讲稿共九十四页哦Volvo Construction Equi
23、pment2010-1-11Burn-through(non-standard)Definition:When an undesirable open hole has been completely melted through the base metal.The hole may or may not be left open.Cause:Excessive heat input.Prevention:Reduce heat input by increasing travel speed,use of a heat sink,or by reducing welding paramet
24、ers.Repair:Will be defined by standards.Filling may suffice.Otherwise,removal and rewelding may be required.Some standards may require special filler metal and/or PWHT.第三十九页，讲稿共九十四页哦Volvo Construction Equipment2010-1-11Incomplete or Insufficient Penetration Definition:When the weld metal does not ex
25、tend to the required depth into the joint root Cause:Low amperage,low preheat,tight root opening,fast travel speed,short arc length.Prevention:Correct the contributing factor(s).Repair:Back gouge and back weld or remove and reweld.第四十页，讲稿共九十四页哦Volvo Construction Equipment2010-1-11Incomplete Fusion D
26、efinition:Where weld metal does not form a cohesive bond with the base metal.Cause:Low amperage,steep electrode angles,fast travel speed,short arc gap,lack of preheat,electrode too small,unclean base metal,arc off seam.Prevention:Eliminate the potential causes.Repair:remove and reweld,being careful
27、to completely remove the defective area.This is sometimes extremely difficult to find.第四十一页，讲稿共九十四页哦Volvo Construction Equipment2010-1-11Arc Strike Definition:A localized coalescence outside the weld zone.In laymens language.An area where an electric arc scarred the base metal caused by electrode ar
28、c or electric cable being pulled across base metal.Cause:Carelessness Prevention:In difficult areas,adjacent areas can be protected using fire blankets.Repair:Where applicable,arc strikes must be ground smooth and tested for cracks.If found,they must be remove and repaired using a qualified repair p
29、rocedure and inspected as any other weld.第四十二页，讲稿共九十四页哦Volvo Construction Equipment2010-1-11Inclusions Slag Wagontracks lines of slag along one or both sides of bevel Tungsten 第四十三页，讲稿共九十四页哦Volvo Construction Equipment2010-1-11 Definition:Slag entrapped within the weld Cause:Low amperage,improper te
30、chnique,Trying to weld in an area that is too tight.Slow travel in Vertical Down or not positioning electrode correctly in either up or downhand positions.Prevention:Increase amperage or preheat,grind out tight areas to gain access to bottom of joint,position electrode correctly.Repair:Remove by gri
31、nding.Reweld.Slag Inclusion第四十四页，讲稿共九十四页哦Volvo Construction Equipment2010-1-11 Definition:Slang term for a groove left at the toe of a root pass which becomes filled with slag and is trapped in the weld.Cause:The contour of the root pass is too high,or the weld toe is not bonded to the base metal Pr
32、evention:Use proper technique to deposit the weld root.Repair:Best repaired before applying the hot pass.Carefully grind the root pass face flat.be careful not to gouge other areas on the weldment.Wagon Tracks(non-standard)第四十五页，讲稿共九十四页哦Volvo Construction Equipment2010-1-11 Definition:A tungsten par
33、ticle embedded in a weld.(Typically GTAW only)Cause:Tungsten electrode too small,amperage too high,AC balance on+,Upslope too high,electrode tip not properly ground,electrode dipped into the weld pool or touched with the fill rod,electrode split.Prevention:Eliminate the cause Repair:Grind out and re
34、weldTungsten Inclusion第四十六页，讲稿共九十四页哦Volvo Construction Equipment2010-1-11Inclusions Fix when you see it.Otherwise grind out&fix when found to be unacceptable by non-destructive examinations.第四十七页，讲稿共九十四页哦Volvo Construction Equipment2010-1-11Whiskers,Grapes,or Excessive Push Through Unsightly Inhibit
35、s material flow in piping Are inclusions Can break off in pipes and damage equipment downline第四十八页，讲稿共九十四页哦Volvo Construction Equipment2010-1-11Spatter Definition:Small particles of weld metal expelled from the welding operation which adhere to the base metal surface.Cause:Long arc length,severe ele
36、ctrode angles,high amperages.Prevention:Correct the cause.Base metal can be protected with coverings or hi-temp paints or other means.Repair:Remove by grinding or sanding.第四十九页，讲稿共九十四页哦Volvo Construction Equipment2010-1-11Arc Craters Definition:A depression left at the termination of the weld where
37、the weld pool is left unfilled.Cause:Improper weld termination techniques Prevention:Pause at this point and allow to fill prior to breaking arc.Repair:If no cracks exist,simply fill in the crater.Generally welding from beyond the crater back into the crater.第五十页，讲稿共九十四页哦Volvo Construction Equipment
38、2010-1-11Cracks Longitudinal Transverse Crater Throat Toe Root Underbead and Heat-affected zone Hot Cold or delayed第五十一页，讲稿共九十四页哦Volvo Construction Equipment2010-1-11 Definition:A crack running in the direction of the weld axis.May be found in the weld or base metal.Cause:Preheat or fast cooling pro
39、blem.Also caused by shrinkage stresses in high constraint areas.Prevention:Weld toward areas of less constraint.Also preheat to even out the cooling rates.Repair:Remove and reweldLongitudinal Crack第五十二页，讲稿共九十四页哦Volvo Construction Equipment2010-1-11 Definition:A crack running into or inside a weld,tr
40、ansverse to the weld axis direction.Cause:Weld metal hardness problem Prevention:Repair:Transverse Crack第五十三页，讲稿共九十四页哦Volvo Construction Equipment2010-1-11 Definition:A crack,generally in the shape of an“X”which is found in a crater.Crater cracks are hot cracks.Cause:The center of the weld pool beco
41、mes solid before the outside of the weld pool,pulling the center apart during coolingof the outside.Prevention:Use crater fill,fill the crater at weld termination and/or preheat to even out the cooling of the puddle Repair:Crater Crack第五十四页，讲稿共九十四页哦Volvo Construction Equipment2010-1-11 Definition:A
42、longitudinal crack located in the weld throat area.Cause:Transverse Stresses,probably from shrinkage.Indicates inadequate filler metal selection or welding procedure.May be due to crater crack propagation.Prevention:Correct initial cause.Increasing preheat may prevent it.be sure not to leave a crate
43、r.Use a more ductile filler material.Repair:Remove and reweld using appropriate procedure.Be sure to correct initial problem first.Throat Crack第五十五页，讲稿共九十四页哦Volvo Construction Equipment2010-1-11 Definition:A crack in the base metal beginning at the toe of the weld Cause:Transverse shrinkage stresses
44、.Indicates a HAZ brittleness problem.Prevention:Increase preheat if possible,or use a more ductile filler material.Repair:Toe Crack第五十六页，讲稿共九十四页哦Volvo Construction Equipment2010-1-11 Definition:A crack in the weld at the weld root.Cause:Transverse shrinkage stresses.Same as a throat crack.Prevention
45、:Same as a throat crack Repair:Root Crack第五十七页，讲稿共九十四页哦Volvo Construction Equipment2010-1-11 Definition:A crack in the unmelted parent metal of the HAZ.Cause:Hydrogen embrittlement Prevention:Use Lo/Hi electrodes and/or preheat Repair:(only found using NDT).Remove and reweld.Underbead Crack第五十八页，讲稿共
46、九十四页哦Volvo Construction Equipment2010-1-11 Definition:A crack in the weld that occurs during solidification.Cause:Micro stresses from weld metal shrinkage pulling apart weld metal as it cools from liquid to solid temp.Prevention:Preheat or use a low tensil filler material.Repair:Hot Crack第五十九页，讲稿共九十
47、四页哦Volvo Construction Equipment2010-1-11 Definition:A crack that occurs after the metal has completely solidified Cause:Shrinkage,Highly restrained welds,Discontinuities Prevention:Preheat,weld toward areas of less constraint,use a more ductile weld metal Repair:Remove and reweld,correct problem fir
48、st,preheat may be necessary.Cold Crack第六十页，讲稿共九十四页哦Volvo Construction Equipment2010-1-11Repairs to Cracks Determine the cause Correct the problem Take precautions to prevent reoccurrence Generally required to repair using a smaller electrode第六十一页，讲稿共九十四页哦Volvo Construction Equipment2010-1-11Base Met
49、al Discontinuities Lamellar tearing Laminations and Delaminations Laps and Seams第六十二页，讲稿共九十四页哦Volvo Construction Equipment2010-1-11LaminationsBase Metal DiscontinuityMay require repair prior to weldingFormed during the milling process第六十三页，讲稿共九十四页哦Volvo Construction Equipment2010-1-11Lamination effe
50、cts can be reduced by joint design:第六十四页，讲稿共九十四页哦Volvo Construction Equipment2010-1-11Delaminations第六十五页，讲稿共九十四页哦Volvo Construction Equipment2010-1-11Laps and SeamsA mill-induced discontinuity in which results from a lump of metal being squeezed over into the surface of the material.If beyond accept