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1、2021金山二模 The Enduring Power of Print for Learning in A Digital World印刷在数字世界中对学习的持久力量Todays students see themselves as digital natives, the first generation to grow up surrounded by technology like smartphones, tablets and e-readers. Weve seen students now equipped with school-issued iPads and access
2、 to e-textbooks. Given this trend, it might be assumed that students familiarity and preference for technology translates into better learning outcomes. But more and more studies show that its not always the case. So, there are some lessons that can be conveyed to us about prints place in an increas
3、ingly digital world.今天的学生将自己视为数字原住民，是在智能手机、平板电脑和电子阅读器等技术环境中成长起来的第一代人。 我们已经看到学生现在配备了学校发放的 iPad 并可以访问电子教科书。 鉴于这种趋势，可以假设学生对技术的熟悉和偏好会转化为更好的学习成果。 但越来越多的研究表明，情况并非总是如此。 因此，可以向我们传达一些关于印刷品在日益数字化的世界中的地位的教训。 We all read for many reasons. Sometimes we re looking for an answer to a very specific question. Other
4、times, we want to browse a newspaper for todays headlines. As we re about to pick up an article or text in a printed or digital format, we should keep in mind why we re reading. Theres likely to be a difference in which medium works best for which purpose.我们阅读的原因有很多。 有时我们正在寻找一个非常具体的问题的答案。 其他时候，我们想在报
5、纸上浏览今天的头条新闻。 当我们要选择印刷或数字格式的文章或文本时，我们应该记住我们为什么要阅读。 哪种媒介最适合哪种目的可能会有所不同。 One of the most consistent findings of the studies is that, for some tasks, medium doesnt seem to matter. If all students are being asked to do is to understand and remember the big idea of what they re reading, theres no benefit
6、in selecting one medium over another. But when the reading assignment demands more engagement or deeper comprehension, students may be better off reading print. Teachers could make students aware that their ability to comprehend the assignment may be influenced by the medium they choose.研究中最一致的发现之一是
7、，对于某些任务，媒介似乎并不重要。 如果要求所有学生做的是理解并记住他们正在阅读的内容的主要思想，那么选择一种媒介而不是另一种媒介是没有好处的。 但是，当阅读作业需要更多的参与或更深入的理解时，学生最好阅读印刷品。 教师可以让学生意识到他们理解作业的能力可能会受到他们选择的媒介的影响。 In another experiment, researchers were able to create meaningful records of college students based on the way they read and comprehended from printed and d
8、igital texts. Among those records, it was found that a select group of undergraduates who actually comprehended better when they moved from print to digital. But they actually read slower when the text was on the computer than when it was in a book. Using this select group as a model, students could
9、 possibly be taught or directed to fight the tendency to glide through online texts.在另一个实验中，研究人员能够根据大学生阅读和理解印刷和数字文本的方式创建有意义的记录。 在这些记录中，发现一组精选的本科生在从印刷转向数字时实际上理解得更好。 但实际上，当文本在计算机上时，他们的阅读速度比在书中时要慢。 使用这个选择的小组作为模型，学生可能会被教导或指导去对抗在网上文本中滑行的倾向。【参考答案】Students are given access to e-textbooks and people think t
10、echnology improves their learning. Unfortunately, its not always true. We should learn the following lessons. First, different reading purposes require different reading media. Second, teachers should help students realize that the reading medium may affect their understanding. Finally, students sho
11、uld be taught to read slower on the computer. (57 words) 学生如今可以访问电子教科书，人们认为技术可以改善他们的学习。 不幸的是，这并不总是正确的。 我们应该吸取以下教训。 首先，不同的阅读目的需要不同的阅读媒体。 其次，教师应帮助学生认识到阅读媒介可能会影响他们的理解。 最后，应该教学生在电脑上阅读慢一些。 (57 字)概要写作的写作步骤第一步：阅读A. 认真阅读给定的原文材料。如果一遍不能理解，就多读两遍。阅读次数越多，你对原文的理解就越深刻。B.该决定原文中哪些部分重要，哪些部分次重要了。对重要部分的主要观点进行概括。C. 简要地记
12、下主要观点主题、标题、细节等你认为对概括摘要重要的东西。第二步：动手写作A. 摘要应尽量用自己的话完成。不要直接引用原文的句子。B. 应该遵循原文的逻辑顺序。这样你就不必重新组织观点、事实。C. 摘要必须全面、清晰地表明原文所载的信息，以便你的读者不需翻阅原文就可以完全掌握材料的原意。D. 写摘要时可以采用下列几种小技巧：1) 删除细节。只保留主要观点。2) 选择一至两个例子。原文中可能包括5个或更多的例子，你只需从中筛选一至二个例子。3) 把长段的描述变成短小、简单的句子。如果材料中描述某人或某事用了十个句子，那么你只要把它们变成一两句即可。4) 避免重复。在原文中，为了强调某个主题，可能会
13、重复论证说明。但是这在摘要中是不能使用的。应该删除那些突出强调的重述句。5) 压缩长的句子。如下列两例：“His courage in battle might without exaggeration be called lion-like.”可以概括为：”He was very brave in battle.”“He was hard up for money and was being pressed by his creditor.”可以概括为：”He was in financial difficulties.”6) 还可以使用词组代替整句或者从句。请看下面的例子：Beautifu
14、l mountains like Mount Tai, Lushan Mountain, and Mount Huang, were visited by only a few people in the past. Today, better wages, holidays with pay, new hotels on these mountains, and better train and bus services, have brought them within reach of many who never thought of visiting them ten years a
15、go.”可以概括为：Beautiful mountains like Mount Tai, once visited by only a few people, are today accessible to many, thanks to better wages, paid holidays, new hotels and better transportation services.”7) 使用概括性的名词代替具体的词，比如：“She brought home several Chinese and English novels, a few copies of Time and New
16、sweek and some textbooks. She intended to read all of them during the winter vocation.”可以概括为：”She brought home a lot of books to read during the vocation.”8）使用最短的连接词。比如，可以使用but, then, thus, yet, though，不能使用at the same time, in the first place, because of these, on the other hand等较长的连接词。通常，使用分号就能够达成使
17、用连接词的效果。9) 文章中的第一人称说的话通常在摘要中转换成第三人称，从而把大段的对白简化，比如：Kate looked at Paul disapprovingly: You use much too much salt on your food, Paul its not good for you!” Paul put down his knife and frowned: “Why on earth not! If you didnt have salt on your food it would taste awful like eating cardboard or sand ju
18、st imagine bread without salt in it, or potatoes or pasta cooked without salt!” Kate was patient. She didnt want to quarrel with Paul. She wanted to persuade him. She said firmly: But too much salt is bad for you. It causes high blood pressure and later on, heart-attacks. It also disguises the taste
19、 of food, the real tastes which are much more subtle than salt, and which we have lost the sensitivity to appreciate any more.”可以用第三人称概括为：Kate suggested Paul that he should eat less salt. She thought that eating too much salt would do hard to Pauls health and that it could reduce the real tastes of
20、food. But Paul disagreed. He said that food without salt would be tasteless.第三步：修改成文首先，与原文比较看是否把所有重要的观点都概括了，摘要中的观点是否与原文中的完全一致。其次，如果摘要中出现了不必要的词汇、短语或长句子，删除它们。第三，检查拼写、语法和标点符号的错误。最后，保持语言简单明了。另外，可以通过以下五个方面来核对(checklist)写好的摘要。1. Does the summary include the main points?2. Are words or sentences copied or your own words?3. Are there any ideas outside the passage?4. Are transitional words used to make writing coherent?5. Are all the sentences, spelling, and punctuation marks correct?