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1、2021宝山二模 What Makes an Ideal Friend?什么是理想的朋友？To say what an ideal friend is is not the easiest thing to do. Each person has his or her own opinion of what one would be. However, speaking generally, these are certain features that most people consider characteristic of an ideal friend. Loyal, trustwo
2、rthy, and open to show weakness are common qualities that the majority of people attach to ideal friends.说一个理想的朋友是什么并不是一件容易的事。 每个人都有自己对自己的看法。 但是，一般来说，这些是大多数人认为理想朋友的某些特征。 忠诚、值得信赖、敢于示弱是大多数人对理想朋友的共同品质。 Loyalty is a usual quality given to ideal friends. According to Psychology Today, “Loyalty is valued
3、early on in all of our relationships, from the time we make our first friendships. We need friends who wont spill our secrets to others, gossip about us, or allow others to criticize us”. The worst action between friends is not keeping ones word.忠诚是理想朋友的惯常品质。 根据今日心理学，“忠诚在我们所有的关系中很早就被重视，从我们第一次交朋友开始。
4、我们需要不会向他人泄露我们的秘密、不会八卦我们或允许他人批评我们的朋友。” 朋友之间最糟糕的行为是不守信。 Ideal friends are also usually referred as being trustworthy. In a statement by Psychology Today, they say that, “Trustworthiness is often the “make or break” element in any interpersonal relationship. Any unfaithful action, regardless of recogni
5、zed degree, can destroy a relationship. Trustworthiness consists of several elements, including honesty, dependability, and loyalty, and while each is important to successful relationships, honesty and dependability have been identified as the most vital in the area of friendships”. In light of this
6、, a universal complaint of friends is a lack of honesty, and this is at the heart of being trustworthy.理想的朋友通常也被称为值得信赖的。 在今日心理学的一份声明中，他们说，“可信度通常是任何人际关系中的“成败”要素。 任何不忠的行为，无论公认的程度如何，都可能破坏一段关系。 可信度由几个要素组成，包括诚实、可靠和忠诚，虽然每个要素对成功的关系都很重要，但诚实和可靠被认为是友谊领域中最重要的。” 有鉴于此，朋友们普遍抱怨的就是不诚实，而这正是守信的核心所在。 In line with bein
7、g honest is also the ability to show ones weaknesses. According to the Book of Life, “The ideal friend doesnt try to prove how powerful and successful they are; on the contrary, quite often they let us know awkward and potentially embarrassing things about themselves. They show how much they trust u
8、s by confessing failings and sorrows which would open them up to possible disgrace from the world beyond. They offer us the gift of their defenselessness.” That openness is treasured, as to be close to an individual, one must be willing to share his or her true feelings and states.与诚实相一致的还有展示自己弱点的能力
9、。 根据生命之书，“理想的朋友不会试图证明他们有多么强大和成功；相反，他们经常让我们知道关于他们自己的尴尬和潜在的尴尬。 他们通过承认失败和悲伤来表明他们对我们的信任程度，这些失败和悲伤会让他们面临来自外部世界的可能耻辱。 他们为我们提供了无防御能力的礼物。” 这种开放是宝贵的，要亲近一个人，就必须愿意分享他或她的真实感受和状态。 【参考答案】Being loyal, trustworthy, and open to show weakness are generally considered as shared qualities of an ideal friend. Exactly sp
10、eaking, an ideal friend should remain faithful first. Second, honest and dependable. Finally, she/he is open to share unpleasant and tricky things with friends. (43words)忠诚、值得信赖和愿意表现出弱点通常被认为是理想朋友的共同品质。 准确地说，理想的朋友首先应该保持忠诚。 第二，诚实可靠。 最后，她/他愿意与朋友分享不愉快和棘手的事情。 (43字) 概要写作的写作步骤第一步：阅读A. 认真阅读给定的原文材料。如果一遍不能理解，
11、就多读两遍。阅读次数越多，你对原文的理解就越深刻。B.该决定原文中哪些部分重要，哪些部分次重要了。对重要部分的主要观点进行概括。C. 简要地记下主要观点主题、标题、细节等你认为对概括摘要重要的东西。第二步：动手写作A. 摘要应尽量用自己的话完成。不要直接引用原文的句子。B. 应该遵循原文的逻辑顺序。这样你就不必重新组织观点、事实。C. 摘要必须全面、清晰地表明原文所载的信息，以便你的读者不需翻阅原文就可以完全掌握材料的原意。D. 写摘要时可以采用下列几种小技巧：1) 删除细节。只保留主要观点。2) 选择一至两个例子。原文中可能包括5个或更多的例子，你只需从中筛选一至二个例子。3) 把长段的描述
12、变成短小、简单的句子。如果材料中描述某人或某事用了十个句子，那么你只要把它们变成一两句即可。4) 避免重复。在原文中，为了强调某个主题，可能会重复论证说明。但是这在摘要中是不能使用的。应该删除那些突出强调的重述句。5) 压缩长的句子。如下列两例：“His courage in battle might without exaggeration be called lion-like.”可以概括为：”He was very brave in battle.”“He was hard up for money and was being pressed by his creditor.”可以概括为
13、：”He was in financial difficulties.”6) 还可以使用词组代替整句或者从句。请看下面的例子：Beautiful mountains like Mount Tai, Lushan Mountain, and Mount Huang, were visited by only a few people in the past. Today, better wages, holidays with pay, new hotels on these mountains, and better train and bus services, have brought t
14、hem within reach of many who never thought of visiting them ten years ago.”可以概括为：Beautiful mountains like Mount Tai, once visited by only a few people, are today accessible to many, thanks to better wages, paid holidays, new hotels and better transportation services.”7) 使用概括性的名词代替具体的词，比如：“She brough
15、t home several Chinese and English novels, a few copies of Time and Newsweek and some textbooks. She intended to read all of them during the winter vocation.”可以概括为：”She brought home a lot of books to read during the vocation.”8）使用最短的连接词。比如，可以使用but, then, thus, yet, though，不能使用at the same time, in th
16、e first place, because of these, on the other hand等较长的连接词。通常，使用分号就能够达成使用连接词的效果。9) 文章中的第一人称说的话通常在摘要中转换成第三人称，从而把大段的对白简化，比如：Kate looked at Paul disapprovingly: You use much too much salt on your food, Paul its not good for you!” Paul put down his knife and frowned: “Why on earth not! If you didnt have
17、salt on your food it would taste awful like eating cardboard or sand just imagine bread without salt in it, or potatoes or pasta cooked without salt!” Kate was patient. She didnt want to quarrel with Paul. She wanted to persuade him. She said firmly: But too much salt is bad for you. It causes high
18、blood pressure and later on, heart-attacks. It also disguises the taste of food, the real tastes which are much more subtle than salt, and which we have lost the sensitivity to appreciate any more.”可以用第三人称概括为：Kate suggested Paul that he should eat less salt. She thought that eating too much salt wou
19、ld do hard to Pauls health and that it could reduce the real tastes of food. But Paul disagreed. He said that food without salt would be tasteless.第三步：修改成文首先，与原文比较看是否把所有重要的观点都概括了，摘要中的观点是否与原文中的完全一致。其次，如果摘要中出现了不必要的词汇、短语或长句子，删除它们。第三，检查拼写、语法和标点符号的错误。最后，保持语言简单明了。另外，可以通过以下五个方面来核对(checklist)写好的摘要。1. Does the summary include the main points?2. Are words or sentences copied or your own words?3. Are there any ideas outside the passage?4. Are transitional words used to make writing coherent?5. Are all the sentences, spelling, and punctuation marks correct?