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1、时态和语态【语法内容】在英语中，不同的时间里以不同方式发生的动作或存在的状态要用动词不同的形式表示出来，动词的这种不同形式构成了动词的时态。一般来说，发生在现在的事情用现在的时态进行描述；发生在过去的事情就用过去的时态进行描述；将要发生的事情用将来的时态进行描述。以do为例的各种时态如下：现在过去将来过去将来一般进行完成完成进行以do为例对应的被动语态：现在过去将来过去将来一般进行完成完成进行1）一般现在时 1. 表示客观真理、客观存在及自然现象（不受时态限制）Knowledge _ (be) power. 知识就是力量。China _ (lie) in the east of Asia. 中
2、国位于亚洲东部。In summer, days _ (be) longer than nights and in winter it is the opposite. 夏天白天比夜晚长，冬天相反。2. 表示现状、性质时，多用系动词或状态动词；表示习惯性、经常性的动作，多用动作动词，且常与表频率的时间状语连用，如often经常 usually 通常 always 总是 never 从不 every day 每天 once a week 每周一次 sometimes 有时 seldom 很少。Where do you live and where do you work? 你住在什么地方？在哪里工
3、作？What does your brother do? 你哥哥是干什么工作的？Ice _ (feel) cold.He always _ (go) to work late, which make the boss angry and disappointed. He usually _ (get) up at six oclock every morning.Nowadays, wild animals _ (protect) much better than before.3. 时间、条件、让步状语从句中代替一般将来时If it doesnt rain, well go on a pic
4、nic as planned. 如果不下雨，我们将按计划去野餐。I will go with you as soon as I finish my homework.If you dont go there, I wont, either.If city noises are not prevented from increasing, people will have to shout in order to be heard.I wont speak to him unless he _ (apologize) to me.I wont give in whatever difficult
5、ies I meet in the future.2）现在进行时 is/ am/ are doing1. 表示正在进行的动作或正处于的状态，常与now, right now, at present, at this moment，Look! Listen!连用。The telephone _ (ring). Would you answer it, please? 电话在响，你能否接一下？Now watch carefully and see what _ (happen) in the experiment. 现在仔细观察，看在实验中发生着什么现象。What are you _ (do) n
6、ow, Bob? 鲍勃，你现在正在干什么？Listen! Two birds _ (sing) there.Dont take the computer away. I _ (use) it now.These days people _ (call) to ask me about my winning lottery.现在进行时的被动语态 is/ am/ are being done- Have you moved into the new house yet?- Not yet. The rooms _ (paint).At present, a lot of medicine and
7、tents _ (transport) to the earthquakes-stricken area.2. 表示现阶段正在进行的动作，虽然此时此刻动作不一定正在进行。此种情况下常用的时间状语有：these days, the month, this term, this semester等。George is working on a new book about stories in schools. 乔治在写一本关于校园故事的新书。I am helping my dad on the farm this summer vacation. 这个暑假我在农场里给爸爸帮忙。I am visi
8、ting Guangzhou this week. 我本周正在游览广州。3. 少数位移动词如come, go, leave, arrive, fly, return, start, begin, open, close, end, stop, see off, take off等用现在进行时表将来。Are you staying in Guangzhou for a week? 你将在广州待一周吗？I am taking my daughter to the Central Park this Saturday. 这个周六我将带女儿去中央公园。 Summer _ (come). 夏天要来了。I
9、 am _ (see) you off in the airport tomorrow. The plane _ (take) off, so please fasten your safety belt. 3）现在完成时 have/has done1. 表示事件始于过去持续到现在，或强调过去动作对现在的影响。常见的时间状语有already, yet（用于否定句和疑问句）, lately, recently, up to now, so far, until now, since (then), ever since, for+时间段，during/ in/ over the last (pa
10、st) few years (months/ weeks)等。This is a difficult problem. I havent found (find) a solution yet.I havent heard (hear) from him recently.His novels _ (translate) into eight languages so far.I graduated in 2000, and I _ (work) here ever since.In the past ten years, great changes _ (take) place in our
11、 hometown.They _ (live) here since they moved here two years ago.2.下列句型中常用现在完成时：1 It is (has been) + 一段时间+ since从句（点动作的过去时）It is/ has been two years since he _ (fall) ill.It/ is has been three years since they got married (married).2 This (That/ It) is the first (second.) time that + 现在完成时 “这是某人第几次做
12、.”It is the first time that I _ (be) here.This is the second time that I _ (give) such a chance.3 This (that/ It) is the best/ finest/ most interesting.+ that从句+ 现在完成时 “这是最.” This is the most interesting film that I _ (see).She is the best teacher that I _ (meet).4）现在完成进行时/ 过去完成进行时 has/ have/ had be
13、en doing 现在完成进行时表示动作从过去发生一直持续到现在，可能现在停止，也可能持续到将来。Where are you? I have been waiting (wait) for you the whole morning.I _ (read) a novel these days, and I will finish it in three days.He _ (do) the experiment since the end of last month, and I hope there will be some good results.I knew she _ (wait)
14、here for a long time.5）一般过去时1. 表示过去的事情、动作或状态或者表达过去的习惯或反复发生的动作。常与表示过去具体的时间状语连用（或者有上下文语境暗示）。常与一下时间状语连用：ago, yesterday, the day before yesterday, last week/ month/ year, just now, once, in 1998, at the age of five, once upon a time, in the past, then, the other day.Tom suddenly _ (fall) ill yesterday a
15、nd had to stay at home for another day. 昨天汤姆突然病了，只好在家又待了一天。She _ (look) very well when I last saw her. 上次我见到她时，她看上去气色很好。The person you are looking for went away just now. 你要找的那个人刚走。Where is Jack? He _ (be) here just now.He _ (go) through a lot of difficulties when he was in Africa.Last night, my hou
16、se _ (break) in.I _ (see) him wandering in the street the other day.When I was small, I often _ (fish) with my Dad.2. 表示过去经常或反复发生的动作这种用法常与always, usually, often, sometimes, never等时间状语连用。I always got up too late, and never had enough time for breakfast. 我总是起床很晚，从来没有足够时间吃早餐。We often went out for a wal
17、k after supper when we lived in the countryside. 我们在乡下住的时候经常晚饭后出去散步。3. 描述几个相继发生过的动作表示在过去特定时间内一次完成的具有先后顺序的几个动作时，常用一般过去时，此时一般不出现表示过去的时间状语，需要通过情景判断。I got up early, washed my face, had a quick breakfast and hurried to school. 我早早起床，洗完脸，迅速吃完早饭，匆忙上学去了。Tom was late. He opened the door quietly, moved in and
18、 walked carefully to his seat. 汤姆来晚了。他悄悄地打开门进去，小心翼翼地走到自己的位置上。4. 表示过去将来的动作在时间、条件、让步状语从句中，表示过去将来的动作。She said she would came if I promised to wait for her. 她说如果我答应等她，她就会来。I didnt know when she would come, but when she came I would let you know. 我不知道她什么时候来，但她来了我会告诉你的。注意！一般过去时是高考考查频率较高的时态，要注意时间状语及语境的提示。T
19、he Chinese Ministry of Agriculture finds that between 2005-when the government _ (start) a soil-testing program that/ which gives specific fertilizer recommendations to farmers- and 2011, fertilizer use dropped by 7.7 million tons.Pahlsson and her husband _ (search) the kitchen, checking very corner
20、, but turned up nothing.It was raining lightly when I _ (arrive) in Yangshuo just before dawn. But I didnt care.6)过去进行时 was/were doing 1. 表示在过去某一时间正在进行的动作When he called me, I _ (have) dinner. 他给我打电话时，我在吃饭。I _ (wash) the dishes while Mother was clearing the table. 我在洗盘子，妈妈在收拾桌子。What were you doing th
21、is time last year? 去年这个时候你正在做什么？注意！此种情况下常用的时间状语有at that time, at five yesterday, this time yesterday, the whole morning等。2. 表示在过去某一段时间内一直持续进行的动作They were expecting you yesterday, but you didnt turn up. 昨天他们一直在等你，可你没有来。We were working from two to four yesterday afternoon. 昨天下午，我们从两点一直工作到四点。I was tidy
22、ing my sitting room the whole morning. 整个早上，我都在收拾我的起居室。3. 表示一个动作发生时，另一个动作正在进行。When you phoned yesterday, I was playing computer chess. 你昨天打电话时，我正在电脑上下棋。 7）过去完成时1. 找一般过去时作为参照，表示“过去的过去”Jane _ (leave) before I arrived. 在我到之前简就走了。By the end of last month he _ (finish) only half of the work. 到上月底为止，他只完成了
23、一半工作。By the time I was five, I had started learning English. 到五岁的时候，我已经开始学英语了。I found your coat after you _ (leave) the house. 你离开房子以后，我找到了你的外套。2. 如下情况多使用过去完成时有如下时间状语：by then, by that time, by 1990, by the end of +过去时间, by the time+从句（过去时）, before等。By then, I _ (realize) that I was wrong.By the time
24、 he arrived home, all the guests _ (leave).By the time of last year, we _ (produce) 20000 cars.表示“一.就.”的几个句型：Hardly had sb. done+when(一般过去时)No sooner had sb. done + than(一般过去时)No sooner had I arrived than I wrote a letter to him.Hardly had she returned to the kitchen when the fire broke out.It was/
25、had been+时间段+since(过去完成时)This(That/ It) was the first(second.) time that +过去完成时表示未曾实现的希望、打算、意图等，常用had hoped/ planned/ meant/ intended/ thought/ wanted to dolI had planned to study abroad, but later I gave up.I had intended to attend his party, but I was too busy that day.8）一般将来时1. will的用法表示未来的动作或状态常
26、用will/ shall + do常与表示将来的时间状语连用，如next time 下次 tomorrow明天 next year 明年 tomorrow evening 明晚 before long 不久后 in the future 将来 the day after tomorrow 后天。Itll soon be the New Year. 很快就到新年了。I _ (see) you tomorrow to talk about the new plan. 明天我去找你谈谈有关新计划的事。The English play _ (put) on next Sunday in Beijing
27、.He _ (come) back in two hours.表示一种趋向或习惯动作We will die without air or water.Hell lose the job if he doesnt work hard. 如果他不努力工作，他会失去这份工作。表示“意愿”If you wont listen to us, just do as you please.The computer wont start./ The door wont open.Nobody will do such a job with so little pay. 这么少的工资没人会做这样的工作。2. b
28、e going to dobe going to do 结构在口语中常用来表示已经决定或安排要做的事、很可能发生的事，也可用来表示有迹象表明要发生的事。Im going to gather some materials about Picasso. 我打算搜集一些有关毕加索的材料。Its going to be a fine day for surfing tomorrow. 明天将是冲浪的好天气。 3. be to do表示计划中约定的或按职责、义务和要求必须去做的事或即将发生的动作。The president is to visit China next week. 总统下周来访问中国。T
29、he meeting is to take place early tomorrow. 会议明天一早召开。4. be about to do用于表示客观就要发生的事。一般不与具体时间状语连用。Dont go out. Were about to have dinner. 别出去了，我们很快就吃饭。I was about to start when it began to rain. 我刚要出发，天就下起雨来了。9） 将来进行时 will be doing将来进行时表示将来某个时间正在进行的动作。I _ (fly) over the Atlantic this time tomorrow. I
30、will go to the seaside next week to spend my summer vacation. I _ (enjoy) myself then.10）将来完成时 will have done将来完成时常和以下时间状语连用by/ by the end of+ 将来时间状语, by the time of., by the time+从句（现在表将来）By 2018, all of you _ (admit) to universities.By the end of next year, we _ (learn) 5000 English word.By the ti
31、me we arrive there, their weeding _ (begin).10） 过去将来时 would do一般过去将来时表示从过去某一时间看将要发生的动作，通常用于宾语从句中。The students said that they would go to visit the Great Wall next day.I didnt know you would go abroad until yesterday.Last week he promised that he _ (come), but he hasnt arrived until now. 上周他答应来的，可到现在
32、都还没来。He said that he _ (wait) for me at the gate. 他说他会在大门口等我。总结：时态种类主动结构被动结构常见的时间状语或句型一般现在时一般过去时现在进行时过去进行时现在完成时过去完成时一般将来时【时态练习A】1. David is a tennis player. He _ to play tennis when he was six years old.A. begins B. will begin C. began D. has begun2. If I _ a two-week holiday next year, I will take
33、part in a short study tour to Beijing University.A. took B. take C. will take D. are taking3. Before the sun _, we need to get to the top of the mountain.A. set B. sets C. is setting D. will set4. Gary is the best singer in my class. No one else _ so well.A. sings B. sang C. will sing D. is singing5
34、. Honey, where are you? I _ . Just let me put on my shoes.A. come B. came C. am coming D. have come6. John _ so hard on his project that he didnt notice his mum enter the room.A. works B. has worked C. was working D. will work7. How was the volleyball game yesterday? Oh, it was fantastic! We _ so mu
35、ch fun.A. have B. had C. are having D. will have8. While Nick _ CCTV News, someone knocked at the door.A. watched B. was watching C.watch D. watches9. I will call you as soon as he _ here.A. arrive B. will arrive C. arrives D. arrived10. Yesterday, I _ the subway home when I suddenly found I was on
36、the wrong line.A. took B. was taking C. had taken11. Hi, Tony! _ you _ to the newly-opened shopping mall, Tangdao 637 lately? Yes. I went there with my parents last week.A. Did; go B. Have; been C. Have; gone D. Do; go12. They dont live here any longer. They _ to Chengdu last month.A. move B. moved
37、C. will move D. are moving13. Hi, guys, please write three facts you _ last term in your project.A. learned B. are learning C. have learned D. learn14. I have seen the film The Jurassic World . Its very interesting. Really? When _ you _ it?A. have; seen B. did; see C. will; see15. China _ great achi
38、evements in science and technology since 1978.A. makes B. made C. has made【时态练习B】1. Millie, where is Miss Li? She _ a speech on Chinese art to the first-year students in the hall.A. gives B. gave C. is giving D. has given2. If Nacy _ the exam, she will go to Australia for English study.A. pass B. pa
39、ssed C. passes D. will pass3. Thats a nice cell phone. It is. My aunt _ it for my last birthday.A. buys B. will buy C. has bought D. bought4. We have no more vegetables in the fridge. I _ and buy some.A. go B. went C. will go D. was going5. The official said they _ a new law to protect the tourists
40、the next year.A. make B. would make C. made D. have made6. The supermarket is far from Marys house, so she _ shopping once a week.A. goes B. has gone C. went D. has been7. Mike, go and see who _ football on the playground.A. is playing B. plays C. played D. was playing8. _ you _ to the radio? No, yo
41、u can turn it off.A. Did; listen B. Have; listened C. Do; listen D. Are; listening9. Our teacher, Miss Chen, _ English on the radio the day before yesterday.A. teaches B. taught C. will teach D. had taught10. I called you at about half past eight last night, but nobody answered. Oh, I _ in my office
42、 at that time.A. will work B. was working C. worked D. had worked11. Why not go to see the dolphin show me? Because I _ it.A. saw B. will see C. see D. have seen12. Is your mother at home? No. She _ shopping.A. has been to B. goes C. has gone D. has been in13. Im sorry youve missed the train. It _ 1
43、0 minutes ago.A. left B. has left C. had left D. has been away14. Do you know Jack well? Certainly. We _ friends since ten years ago.A. were B. have made C. have become D. have been15. When I go there, he _ them to dance.A. is teaching B. teaches C. was teaching D. taught时态专项训练C1. That day he _ his
44、clothes before he came to see me.A. has washed B. washed C. had been washing D. was washed2. I havent finished my composition. I _ for two hours and a half. A. have written it B. have been writing it C. wrote it D. am writing it3. I will take my daughter with me when I _ Shanghai. A. go to B. will go to C. have been to D. have gone to4. This bright girl _ the truth in front of the enemy. A. didnt say B. couldnt speak to C. said D. didnt tell5. The bridge which _ last y