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1、IGC2ELEMENT 7最好的沉淀,CHEMICAL AND BIOLOGICAL HEALTH HAZARDS,LEARNING OUTCOMES,Health risks from exposure to hazardous substances Assessment of health risks Workplace exposure limits Control measures Safe handling and storage of waste,PHYSICAL FORMS OF HAZARDOUS SUBSTANCES,3,Gases (Co2) Vapour (toluene
2、) Mists and aerosols (deodorant) Smoke (coal burning) Fumes (welding) Dusts (floor mill dust) Liquids (chemicals) Solids (Lead ingot),The form of a hazardous substance determines how easily the substance gains entry into the body. Common airborne hazardous substances are:,CLASSIFICATION OF CHEMICALS
3、 HAZARDOUS TO HEALTH,4,Irritant: A non-corrosive substance on repeated contact with skin, eyes or mucous membrane may cause inflammation e.g. adhesives and detergents Harmful: Substances which if swallowed, inhaled or penetrate the skin may cause damage to health e.g. Trichloroethylene Corrosive: De
4、struction of living tissue at point of contact (skin) strong acids or alkalis i.e. H2SO4, Caustic ammonia Toxic: Poisonous substances which may cause death, acute/chronic damage to health e.g. Lead, Mercury, Arsenic Very Toxic: Poisonous substances which in very low quantities may cause death, acute
5、 damage to health e.g. cyanide Carcinogenic: Substances which cause disorders in cell growth that may lead to cancer or increase its incidence e.g. Benzene Mutagenic: Substances which induce genetic defects or increase their incidence Teratogenic: Toxic for reproduction. Substances which produce or
6、increase the chances of defects to unborn child,ILL-HEALTH DEFINITIONS,5,Acute: Is an immediate or rapidly produced adverse effect, following a single or short-term exposure to a hazardous substance, usually with a rapid or immediate response which is normally reversible. Headaches, Dizziness, Nause
7、a, Inflammation, Eye irritation, Unconsciousness, Death Chronic: Adverse health effect resulting from prolonged, repeated exposure to a hazardous substance, the response being gradual (often unrecognised for a long time) may get worse with no further exposure and is often irreversible. Eg: Cancers,
8、Local, Systemic, Sensitisation,HEALTH EFFECTS,6,TOXICOLOGY,Definition: Toxicology is the study that how different materials will affect the human body The factors to be considered are: Route of entry Toxicity Dose and Response,7,ROUTES OF ENTRY,Inhalation most important route of entry substances can
9、 directly attack lung tissue responsible for 90% of all cases of industrial poisoning Ingestion via the mouth often accidental poor hygiene,Absorption through the skin solvents may penetrate unbroken skin Injection when skin is damaged puncture of the skin contact with liquid or gas under pressure,T
10、OXICITY, DOSE, RESPONSE,9,Toxicity: The potential of a substance to cause harm to living things Dose: How much of a substance you are exposed to and how long the exposure lasts Response: How the body reacts to the exposure Factors Affecting Response Body Weight Age Skin Type Sex Diet General Health,
11、TARGET ORGANS,Brain lead,Kidneys leptospirosis,Nasal passages organic solvents,Lungs asbestos, chlorine, carbon dioxide, ammonia, isocyanates, silica, organic solvents, legionella,Liver hepatitis, alcohol,Nerves organic solvents, lead,Blood carbon monoxide,Skin - detergents, isocyanates, mineral oil
12、s, acids, alkalis, organic solvents,Eyes ammonia,10,A Target Organ is defined as: An organ within the human body on which a specific toxic material exerts its effects.,BODY DEFENCES AGAINST DUST,The nasal hairs Coughing and sneezing Eyes watering Blinking The ciliary escalator - provide a coordinate
13、d sweeping motion of the mucus coat ciliary escalator - serves as an important protective mechanism for removing inhaled particles larger than 7 microns in diameter,BODY DEFENCES - SKIN,Sebum secreted by sebaceous glands of the dermis protects against weak acids and alkalis Sensory nerve cells alert
14、 brain of temperature changes - shivering Melanin ultra violet light Blisters, rashes, inflammation,DERMATITIS,14,Removal of natural oils from skin which causes reddening, soreness, cracking and bleeding of exposed skin. Usually occurs to arms and hands Causative Agents: Solvents, Detergents, Minera
15、l oils, Diesel fuel, Cement, Dusts, etc. Non infective and sensitising dermatitis Measures to Prevent Dermatitis Substitute/change process Clean working conditions Properly planned safe systems Careful attention to skin hygiene Prompt attention to cuts etc. Use of PPE Barrier creams Pre-employment s
16、creening Information, instruction and training,HAZARDOUS SUBSTANCE (COSHH) ASSESSMENT,16,The hazardous nature of the substance The concentration The physical form of the substance The quantity of substance used The routes of entry into human body The potential ill health effects The frequency of exp
17、osure The duration of exposure The number of people affected The existing control measures,Tests of controls indicate a problem Results of monitoring Results of health surveillance Complaints from workforce New process or substance introduced Change in exposure limit Employee contacts a disease Incr
18、ease in use of hazardous substance Supervision reports improper use of equipment Enforcement actions Compensation claims,WHEN TO REVIEW AN ASSESSMENT,Risk and Safety Phrases EH40,19,SOURCES OF INFORMATION,PRODUCT LABELS,20,SOURCES OF INFORMATION,How to read and analyze them,PRODUCT LABELS cont,SOURC
19、ES OF INFORMATION,Manufacturer,PRODUCT LABELS cont,SOURCES OF INFORMATION,Chemical Abstract Number,PRODUCT LABELS cont,SOURCES OF INFORMATION,Identity of Chemical,PRODUCT LABELS cont,SOURCES OF INFORMATION,Hazard Control Signage,PRODUCT LABELS cont,SOURCES OF INFORMATION,Specifications,PRODUCT LABEL
20、S cont,SOURCES OF INFORMATION,Hazard Rating,PRODUCT LABELS cont,SOURCES OF INFORMATION,Hazard Warning,PRODUCT LABELS cont,SOURCES OF INFORMATION,First Aid,What is Material Safety Data Sheet (MSDS)?,29,SOURCES OF INFORMATION,“A comprehensive fact sheet that provides information on the identification,
21、 health hazards, and the precautions required for the safe use and handling of a specific substance”,Contents of Manufacturers Safety Data Sheet (MSDS),30,SOURCES OF INFORMATION,32,SOURCES OF INFORMATION,Hazard Rating Diamond,National Fire Protection Association (NFPA),OCCUPATIONAL EXPOSURE LIMITS (
22、OEL),33,OEL is the maximum concentration of an airborne substance averaged over a reference period to which an employee may be exposed by inhalation Threshold Limit Values (TLV) USA Indicative Limit Values (ILV) Europe Workplace Exposure Limits (WEL) UK EH40 High risk substances - carcinogenic Actio
23、n if OEL exceeded Stop the process Remove employees from area Make area safe Investigate cause Assess existing controls Monitor procedures Check workers for ill health Record incident,Continuous monitoring devisesExpensiveRequire considerable trainingMay not record peaks and variations, merely an av
24、erageMay not identify specific type of contaminantCan be tampered by workers,34,HAZARDOUS SUBSTANCE SURVEY AND SAMPLING,Chemical Stain Detector Tube (Grab Sampler),35,HAZARDOUS SUBSTANCE SURVEY AND SAMPLING,Stain Tube Detector,36,HAZARDOUS SUBSTANCE SURVEY AND SAMPLING,Passive and Active Samplers,37
25、,Passive Sampler,Active Sampler,HAZARDOUS SUBSTANCE SURVEY AND SAMPLING,Basic Survey,38,Smoke tube Dust lamp,Lamp - either traversed by hand to illuminate dust source or mounted on a stand,Dust cloud,Observer, or camera, viewing towards lamp whilst shielding eyes from glare,HAZARDOUS SUBSTANCE SURVE
26、Y AND SAMPLING,LIMITATIONS OF HAZARDOUS SUBSTANCE MONITORING,Accuracy of results depends on the monitoring equipment Variations in personal exposure from person to person Not all hazardous substance have a WEL set Monitoring focuses exclusively on airborne contaminant,WORKPLACE EXPOSURE LIMITS,Workp
27、lace Exposure Limits (WEL) Is the maximum concentrations of airborne contaminants, normally measured across a particular reference time, to which employees may be exposed. Short term exposure limit (STEL) 15 minutes Long term exposure limit (LTEL) 8 hours Limitations: Route of entry through inhalati
28、on is only considered WEL take no count of individual susceptibility Do not take account of mixture of substances Invalid if normal environmental conditions are changed Some limits are only guidelines,METHODS OF CONTROL,Elimination or substitution Process change Reduced time of exposure Enclosure of
29、 hazards, process or people Local exhaust ventilation Dilution ventilation Respiratory protective equipment Other personal protective equipment Personal hygiene Health surveillance,Local Exhaust Ventilation,METHODS OF CONTROL,Discharge to atmosphere,Hood Ducting Filter Fan,Natural ventilation when i
30、s it used Very low toxicity substance Steady rate of release Small quantity of contaminant Not practicable to use LEV Rate of evolution known Non specific point of release Type of contaminant is not dust Heat loss or gain is not a problem,METHODS OF CONTROL,PPE - RPE Select the type Fit test Control
31、 compatibility Comfortable Affordable No additional risk Employees duty Storage Cleaning and maintenance,METHODS OF CONTROL,BIOLOGICAL HAZARDS,Biological hazards can be bacteria, viruses or fungus Diseases caused by biological agents include: Legionnaires disease a type of pneumonia or lung infectio
32、n (grows in water between 32-42C) Hepatitis blood borne viral infections Weils disease (leotospira bacteria) fatal infection transmitted through urine from infected rats Anthrax disease caused by the bacteria found in animal skin Rabies Rabies is a virus transmitted by bite from a wild infected anim
33、al,BIOLOGICAL HAZARDS CONTROL MEASURES,Cleaning / Disinfecting / Sterilisation Water treatment programmes Vermin control Pest or animal prohibited, controlled Procedures for handling and disposal Personal hygiene Immunisation to build resistance to specific infections Health surveillance strategies
34、and methods to detect and assess systematically the adverse effects of work on the health of workers. Specific training PPE Vaccinations,Asbestos,Types White (Chrysotile) Brown (Amosite) Blue (Crocidolite),Diseases Asbestosis fibrous tissue Mesothelioma - tumours Lung cancer,Blue and brown asbestos
35、are more hazardous than white,52,SPECIFIC SUBSTANCES HAZARDOUS TO HEALTH,Asbestos Fibre,Asbestos,53,SPECIFIC SUBSTANCES HAZARDOUS TO HEALTH,Healthy Lung,Lung that has been exposed to asbestos,Asbestos Uses,Protective Clothing Insulation boards Pipe work insulation Cement Boards Gaskets, Filters Brak
36、e Linings Plaster work Sprayed for Insulation,Workers at risk: Maintenance, Demolition,Blue asbestos cloth on a boiler flue,Asbestos insulating board in a wall partition,54,SPECIFIC SUBSTANCES HAZARDOUS TO HEALTH,Ammonia: A colourless gas with a pungent odour Irritation to the eyes and upper respira
37、tory tract Used in printing and fertilisers Chlorine: A greenish gas with a pungent odour Irritant to respiratory tract, abdominal pain, nausea (sensation of unease and discomfort in the stomach) Used as a disinfectant in drinking water and swimming pool water,56,SPECIFIC SUBSTANCES HAZARDOUS TO HEA
38、LTH,57,Carbon Dioxide: A colourless, odourless gas In high levels depress the rate of respiration, unconsciousness Produced in fermentation, Fire protection Carbon Monoxide: A colourless, odourless and tasteless gas Headaches, drowsiness, asphyxiation, death Incomplete combustion in boiler, vehicle
39、exhausts,SPECIFIC SUBSTANCES HAZARDOUS TO HEALTH,58,Isocyanates: Volatile organic compounds respiratory sensitisers Irritation of skin and mucous membrane, asthma Spray painting vehicles, manufacture of footwear Lead: A heavy, soft and easily worked metal Nausea, headaches, nervous system, death Bat
40、teries, Plumbing and roofing work,SPECIFIC SUBSTANCES HAZARDOUS TO HEALTH,59,Silica: Found in sand, sandstone, granite Silicosis Building industry Organic solvents: Dissolve other substances Irritant to the eyes, skin, throat and lungs, headaches, nausea, dizziness Used as a base in paint manufactur
41、ing, PVC, etc,SPECIFIC SUBSTANCES HAZARDOUS TO HEALTH,60,Leptospirosis or Weils: Caused by bacteria from rats urine Attacks kidneys and liver Found in rivers, sewers, ditches, canals Legionella: An airborne bacteria found in water sources e.g. cooling towers, stagnant water Breathing difficulties, p
42、neumonia Hepatitis: Disease to the lever caused by hazardous substances or viruses Diseases of the liver, high temperature, jaundice Health workers and workers handling bodily fluids,SPECIFIC SUBSTANCES HAZARDOUS TO HEALTH,Waste,SAFE HANDLING AND STORAGE OF WASTE,Waste Hierarchy,62,SAFE HANDLING AND
43、 STORAGE OF WASTE,Storing Waste,63,Storage area of suitable size Storage area at suitable location Storage area clearly labelled Individual containers clearly labelled Different types of waste stored separately Incompatible wastes never stored together Storage kept to a minimum Protect wastes from elements of nature if necessary If necessary protect storage area with bunds No hazardous waste in general waste skips Ensure storage area is secure,SAFE HANDLING AND STORAGE OF WASTE,