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1、IGC2ELEMENT 6最好的沉淀,FIRE SAFETY,LEARNING OUTCOMES,Principles of initiation, spread and classification of fire Outline fire risk assessment Principles of fire prevention Fire alarm system and fire fighting systems Factors to consider during an evacuation,THE COMBUSTION PROCESS THE FIRE TETRAHEDRON,MET
2、HODS OF EXTINGUISHING FIRE,Limitation of Oxygen Smothering,Limitation of Heat Cooling,Limitation Of Fuel Starvation,Video Fire triangle,CLASSIFICATION OF FIRES,Conduction Movement of heat through materials,Convection Movement of hotter gases up through the air,PRINCIPAL CAUSES OF THE SPREAD OF FIRE,
3、Radiation Transfer of heat through the air in the form of infrared heat waves,Direct Burning Combustible materials in contact with naked flame,Video Methods of fire spread,CAUSES OF WORKPLACE FIRE,Naked flames Electricity (Overheating/Arcing) Smoking materials Hot work (Welding, burning) Exothermic
4、Chemical reactions (Giving off heat) Heating appliances (Hot surfaces) Friction (Inadequate lubrication) Static electricity Lightning Improper storage of flammable materials,Video Identifying fire hazards,HARM TO PERSONS FROM FIRE,Main effects Being burnt Inhaling toxic fumes Effects of smoke inhala
5、tion Depletion of oxygen supply Other effects Collapse of building Crush or other injury sustained while escaping,Video Bradford fire,FIRE TERMINOLOGIES,Flash-point This is the lowest temperature at which the vapour given off by a substance will ignite when brought in contact with a source of igniti
6、on Fire-point It is the point when sufficient gas or vapour is being given off by a substance to sustain a flame when in contact with a source of ignition Auto-Ignition Temperature This is the temperature at which gases or vapour will ignite without any external source of ignition Flammable Liquids
7、with a flash point between 32oC and 55oC Highly flammable Liquids with a flash point below 32oC:,FIRE RISK ASSESSMENT,Identify hazards: The four elements of fire Identify who could be harmed: Persons at risk particularly the disabled etc. Evaluate the risks and adequacy of precautions:- Considering
8、prevention, protection and precautions Record findings: Prepare an emergency plan Review: In light of any changes,Construction and use of building Flammable materials Sources of ignition Work activities generating heat Methods of control Means of fire detection Means of raising the alarm Means of fi
9、ghting fire/maintenance of equipment Evacuation routes/Protection of routes Numbers of persons at risk Fire prevention training/fire drills,FIRE RISK ASSESSMENT FACTORS TO CONSIDER,FIRE RISK ASSESSMENT,FIRE RISK ASSESSMENT,PREVENTION & PROTECTION,Fire Prevention Control measures to reduce the risk o
10、f fire Starting Fire Protection Structural measures to reduce the risk of fire Spreading,Aim to keep the fire elements apart: Eliminate or reduce the storage of flammable materials Control of ignition sources Control smoking Good housekeeping Lubrication of machinery to prevent friction No overloadi
11、ng of electrical systems Regular inspections of electrical systems Ventilation outlets not obstructed Controlling hot work with permits Proper storage of flammable materials Segregation of incompatible chemicals Security to prevent arson Regular Inspection and supervision,FIRE PREVENTION,Storage of
12、Highly Flammable Liquids and Gases,Minimum quantities Suitable fixed storage tanks Keep upright in well ventilated area Clear marking of containers Clearly marked storage area Spillage controls Adequate ventilation Suitable fire fighting equipment Trained competent staff Adequate warning signs,PREVE
13、NTION & PROTECTION,Fire Protection,Compartmentation Splitting a building into separate sealed areas made of fire-resisting materials Restricts the spread of fire and smoke within a building Fire doors Time rated Fitted with self closing device Intumescent strips Smoke seal Vision panel Clearly label
14、led (Fire door Keep shut),PREVENTION & PROTECTION,Fire resistant materials Primary construction: structural elements Bricks Concrete Structural steel Timber Secondary construction: the main “fabric” of the building,Fire Protection,PREVENTION & PROTECTION,Fire Precautions Strategy,Fire/smoke detectio
15、n Fire alarms Means of escape Means of fighting the fire Emergency evacuation procedures,FIRE ALARM SYSTEMS AND FIRE FIGHTING EQUIPMENT,FIRE/SMOKE DETECTION,Smoke detection widely used, dust or steam can set off the alarm Heat / Flame detection used as part of sprinkler system,FIRE ALARMS,Manual sys
16、tems: Gongs, Bells etc. Break glass points Automatic systems - Advantage:- Continuous detection Alarm sounding Call the Fire Brigade Indicate location of fire Trigger extinguishers,FIXED FIRE FIGHTING EQUIPMENT,Hose Reel,Sprinkler,Hose Reels Permanently connected to the mains water supply. Should be
17、 sited in a location which covers the whole area.,FIXED FIRE FIGHTING EQUIPMENT,Sprinkler Systems A network of water pipes with spray heads normally at ceiling height is installed in vulnerable areas,FIXED FIRE FIGHTING EQUIPMENT,Flood Systems A high concentration of an extinguishing gas (usually ca
18、rbon dioxide or HFC-125) is automatically dumped in an enclosed area,FIXED FIRE FIGHTING EQUIPMENT,PORTABLE FIRE FIGHTING EQUIPMENT,Video Fire classes training,INSPECTION & MAINTENANCE OF FIRE EXTINGUISHERS,Inspection Routine (perhaps monthly) visual checks to ensure extinguishers are in place, not
19、been discharged or damaged Maintenance Involves an annual examination by a competent person with the removal and replacement of equipment found faulty and the date of the inspection recorded Daily checks (Fire Warden) Weekly inspection (Fire Warden) Annually serviced (competent person) Five yearly e
20、xtended service/discharge Twenty yearly overhaul/replacement,SITING OF FIRE EXTINGUISHERS,Accessibility Proximity to exits/Escape routes Visibility and signage Located off ground with adequate support Suitable type Protection against damage and weather,MEANS OF ESCAPE MAIN REQUIREMENTS,Multiple exit
21、s Fire resistance of structure Adequate size for numbers Travel distance Clearly marked exits Emergency lighting Exit free of obstructions,Final exit door Unlocked opening outwards Fire smoke doors self closing Fixed stairs to upper floors Exit to safe place Suitable assembly point,A means of escape
22、 is a continuous path along which a person can travel from wherever he/she may be in the building and reach safety by his own unaided efforts Excludes: lift, escalator, revolving door etc. Not more than 18m if one exit, 35m if more than one,EMERGENCY EVACUATION CONSIDERATIONS,Means of raising the al
23、arm Contacting the emergency services Fire evacuation routes Fire evacuation signs Who are, and the role of fire marshals Assembly points/place of safety/role call When not to tackle a fire Types of extinguishers Prevention of spread of fire e.g. closing fire doors Not to use lifts/elevators Evacuat
24、ion in an orderly fashion Prevention of return Fire instruction notices Assembly points Provision for disabled (providing refuges),FIRE PLAN - EXAMPLE,PRACTICE DRILLS - PURPOSE,Practice drills should be undertaken to: Satisfy a legal requirement e.g. fire certificate Provide instruction to employees on action to be taken To check that alarm can be heard throughout the premises Testing the effectiveness of the evacuation procedure Familiarising employees with the alarms etc. Giving fire wardens to practice their roles,