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1、How we did thisEvery two years, Pew Research Center publishes a report on the religious affiliation of members of the incoming Congress. This report is the seventh in the series, which started with the 111th Congress that began in 2009.Data on members of Congress comes from CQ Roll Call, which surve
2、ys members about their demographic characteristics, including religious affiliation. Pew Research Center researchers then code the data so that Congress can be compared with U.S. adults overall. For example, members of Congress who tell CQ Roll Call they are uSouthern Baptists” are coded as “Baptist
3、s” 一 a broader category (including Southern Baptists as well as other Baptists) used for analysis of the general public.Data in this report covers members of Congress sworn in on Jan. 3, 2021. One contested election, in New Yorks 22nd District, was uncalled by the start of the new Congress. Congress
4、man-elect Luke J. Letlow of Louisianas 5th District died before the swearing-in; his seat will go unfilled until a March special election. One representative, Mariannette Miller-Meeks of Iowa, was sworn in provisionally on Jan. 3; she is included in this analysis. In addition, both of Georgias Senat
5、e seats were subject to runoff elections set to take place Jan. 5, 2021. Therefore, this analysis includes 531 members of Congress, rather than 535.Data for all U.S. adults comes from aggregated Pew Research Center political surveys conducted on the telephone from January 2018 through July 2019 and
6、summarized in the report “In U.S., Decline of Christianity Continues at Rapid Pace. Figures for Protestant subgroups and Unitarians come from the Centers 2014 U.S. Religious Landscape Study, conducted June 4 to Sept. 30, 2014, among more than 35,000 Americans. For more information about how Pew Rese
7、arch Center measures the religious composition of the U.S., see here.Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (sometimes called Mormons) in Congress are Republicans. All members of Congress in this category are members of the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints, but they are listed in the
8、 table under the broader Mormon label for comparability with U.S. adults overall. The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints, which used to embrace the name “Mormons, now prefers for its full name to be used instead. Both independents in Congress, Sens. Angus King of Maine and Bernie Sanders of
9、 Vermont, are counted as Democrats in this analysis because they caucus with the Democrats. King is in the Anglican/Episcopal category； Sanders is Jewish.Democrats in Congress also are heavily Christian - much more than U.S. adults overall (78% vs. 65%).9 But the share of Democrats who identify as C
10、hristian is 21 percentage points lower than among Republicans (99%). Democrats are much less likely than Republicans to identify as Protestant (43% vs. 68%). Conversely, Catholics make up a higher share among Democrats than they do among Republicans (34% vs. 26%).Among Democrats, 11% are Jewish, and
11、 6% did not specify a religious affiliation. All of the Unitarian Universalists (3), Muslims (3), Buddhists (2) and Hindus (2) in Congress are Democrats, as are the single members in the “other“ and religiously unaffiliated categories.First-time membersWhile the small freshman class of the 117th Con
12、gress does little to change the overall makeup of the body, there are some notable differences in religious affiliation between incumbents and freshmen.The freshman class is slightly more Christian than its incumbent counterpart. Just six of the 67 new members are not Christian: Three are Jewish, on
13、e is a Unitarian Universalist and two declined to share an affiliation.The largest difference between newcomers and incumbents is in the share of Protestants who do not specify a denomination 一 27% of freshmen are in this category, compared with 17% of incumbents. Similarly, those who specifically d
14、escribe themselves as nondenominational Protestants make up 2% of incumbents and 7% of freshmen.Small freshman class has little effect on overall makeup of CongressReligionNumber%Number%Christian40787.76191.0Protestant25655.23856.7Baptist6113.157.5Methodist337.123.0Anglican/Episcopal235.034.5Presbyt
15、erian235.011.5Lutheran214.511.5Congregationalist30.600Nondenom. Protestant71.557.5Pentecostal20.400Restoration ist20.423.0Adventist20.400Reformed10.200Pietist0011.5Unspecified/other7816.81826.9Catholic14030.21826.9Mormon71.523.0Orthodox Christian40.934.5Jewish306.534.5Buddhist20.400Muslim30.600Hindu
16、20.400Unitarian Universalist20.411.5Unaffiliated10.200Other faiths10.200Dont know/refused163.423.0Total46410067100IncumbentsFreshmen-Note: Figures may not add to 100% or to subtotals due to rounding.Source: Figures for Congress based on Pew Research Center analysis of data collected by CQ Roll Call,
17、 reflecting members of Congress to be sworn in on Jan. 3, 2021.Taith on the Hill: The religious composition of the 117th CongressPEW RESEARCH CENTERAmong freshmen, there are two Restorationists - the same number as there are among incumbents.Other Protestant subgroups are smaller among newcomers tha
18、n they are among incumbents. For example, freshmen are less likely than incumbents to be Baptists (7% vs. 13%) or Methodists (3% vs. 7%).Catholics, who make up 30% of Congress and 30% of incumbents, make up a smaller share of freshmen (27%). Orthodox Christians, on the other hand, make up just 1% of
19、 incumbents and 4% of freshmen (three new members).Looking backWhile the U.S. population continues to become less Christian, Congress has held relatively steady in recent years and has remained heavily Christian. In the 87th Congress (which began in 1961), the earliest for which aggregated religion
20、data is available, 95% of members were Christian, which closely matched the roughly 93% of Americans who identified the same way at the time, according to historical religion data from Gallup.Since the early ?6os, there has been a substantial decline in the share of U.S. adults who identify as Chris
21、tian, but just a 7-point drop in the share of members of Congress who identify that way. Today, 88% of Congress is Christian, while 65% of U.S. adults are Christian, according to Pew Research Center surveys.Changes in the religious makeup of Congress (1961-2021)87th 91st 96th 101st 106th 111th 112th
22、 113th 114th 115th 116th 117th*lncludes Buddhists, Muslims, Hindus, Unitarian Universalists, the unaffiliated and other faiths. Source: 1961 data from the Library of Congress; other data from CQ Roll Call and Pew Research Center. Figures for 117th Congress based on Pew Research Center analysis of da
23、ta collected by CQ Roll Call, reflecting members of Congress to be sworn in on Jan. 3, 2021.“Faith on the Hill: The religious composition of the 117th CongressPEW RESEARCH CENTERAcknowledgmentsThis report was produced by Pew Research Center with data collected by CQ Roll Call. Pew Research Center is
24、 solely responsible for the interpretation and reporting of the data. Find related reports online at pewresearch.org/religion.This report is a collaborative effort based on the input and analysis of the following individuals:Primary ResearcherAleksandra Sandstrom, Senior Copy EditorResearch TeamAlan
25、 Cooperman, Director of Religion ResearchGregory A. Smith, Associate Director cf ResearchElizabeth Podrebarac Sciupac, Senior ResearcherClaire Gecewicz, Research AssociateEditorial and Graphic DesignMichael Lipka, Editorial ManagerBill Webster, Senior Information Graphics DesignerDavid Kent, Senior
26、Copy EditorCommunications and Web PublishingStacy Rosenberg, Associate Director, DigitalTravis Mitchell, Digital ProducerAnna Schiller, Senior Communications ManagerKelsey Beveridge, Communications AssociateFaith on the HillThe religious composition of the 117th CongressWhen it comes to religious af
27、filiation, the 117th U.S. Congress looks similar to the previous Congress but quite different from Americans overall.While about a quarter (26%) of U.S. adults are religiously unaffiliated - describing themselves as atheist, agnostic or “nothing in particular” 一 just one member of the new Congress (
28、Sen. Kyrsten Sinema, D-Ariz.) identifies as religiously unaffiliated (0.2%).Nearly nine-in-ten members of Congress identify as Christian (88%), compared with two-thirds of the general public (65%).Congress is both more heavily Protestant (55% vs. 43%) and more heavily Catholic (30% vs. 20%) than the
29、 U.S. adult population overall.Members of Congress also are older, on average, than U.S. adults overall. At the start of the 116th Congress, the average representative was 57.6 years old, and the average senator was 62.9 years old.1 Pew Research Center surveys have found that adults in that age rang
30、e are more likely to be Christian than the general public (74% of Americans ages 50 to 64 are Christian, compared with 65% of all Americans ages 18 and older). Still, Congress is moreIn new Congress, nearly nlne-ln-ten describe themselves as ChristianNumber In% of% of U.S.ReligionCongress Congressad
31、ultsChristian46888.165Protestant29455.443Baptist6612.415Methodist356.65Anglican/Episcopal264.91Presbyterian244.52Lutheran224.14Congregationalist30.61Nondenom. Protestant122.36Pentecostal20.45Restoration ist40.82Adventist20.41Reformed10.21Pietist10.21Unspecified/other9618.15Catholic15829.820Mormon91.
32、72Orthodox Christian71.31Jewish336.22Buddhist20.41Muslim30.61Hindu20.41Unitarian Universalist30.61Unaffiliated10.226Other10.23Dont know/refused183.42Total531*100100*Several seats were unfilled at the beginning of the 117th Congress: two Senate seats in Georgia, one House seat in New York and one Hou
33、se seat in Louisiana.Note: Figures may not add to 100% or to subtotals due to rounding. General public figures for Protestant subgroups do not sum to total indicated because the figures come from two different sources. Source: Figures for Congress based on Pew Research Center analysis of data collec
34、ted by CQ Roll Call, reflecting members of Congress to be sworn in on Jan. 3, 2021. Figures for U.S. adults based on aggregated Pew Research Center political surveys conducted in 2018 and 2019. Figures for Protestant subgroups and Unitarians come from Pew Research Centers 2014 U.S. Religious Landsca
35、pe Study, conducted June 4-Sept. 30, 2014.HFaith on the Hill: The religious composition of the 117th CongressPEW RESEARCH CENTERheavily Christian even than U.S. adults ages 50 to 64, by a margin of 14 percentage points. See Pew Research Centers 2019 report, In U.S., Decline of Christianity Continues
36、 at a Rapid Pace.”Over the last several Congresses, there has been a marked increase in the share of members who identify themselves simply as Protestants or as Christians without further specifying a denomination. There are now 96 members of Congress in this category (18%). In the 111th Congress, t
37、he first for which Pew Research Center analyzed the religious affiliation of members of Congress, 39 members described themselves this way (7%). Meanwhile, the share of all U.S. adults in this category has held relatively steady.Over the same period, the total number of Protestants in Congress has r
38、emained relatively stable: There were 295 Protestants in the 111th Congress, and there are 294 today. The increase in Protestants who do not specify a denomination has corresponded with a decrease in members who do identify with denominational families, such as Presbyterians, Episcopalians and Metho
39、dists.Still, members of those three Protestant subgroups remain overrepresented in Congress compared with their share in the general public, while some other groups are underrepresented - including Pentecostals (0.4% of Congress vs. 5% of all U.S. adults), nondenominational Protestants (2% vs. 6%) a
40、nd Baptists (12% vs. 15%). Nondenominational Protestants are those who specifically describe themselves this way. This category is distinct from “unspecified/other” Protestants, who give general, sometimes vague answers about their Christian affiliation, such as “just a Christian, evangelical Protes
41、tant or evangelical Christian.M In this report, Congress is defined as both the Senate and the House of Representatives. Nonvoting delegates who represent U.S. territoriesJewish members also make up a larger share of Congress than they do of the general public (6% vs. 2%). The shares of most other n
42、on-Christian groups analyzed in this report (Buddhists, Muslims, Hindus and Unitarian Universalists) more closely match their percentages in the general public.Nearly all non-Christian members of Congress are Democrats. Just three of the 261 Republicans who were sworn in on Jan. 3 (1%) do not identi
43、fy as Christian; two are Jewish, and one declined to state a religious affiliation.These are some of the key findings of an analysis by Pew Research Center of CQ Roll Call data on the religious affiliations of members of Congress, gathered through questionnaires and follow-up phone calls to candidat
44、es9 and membersand the District of Columbia are not counted in this analysis. They are: Aumua Amata Coleman Radewagen, R-American Samoa; Michael San Nicolas, D-Guam; Jenniffer Gonzalez-Colon, R-Puerto Rico; Eleanor Holmes Norton, D-D.C,; Stacey Plaskett, D-Virgin Islands; and Gregorio Kilili Camacho
45、 Sablan, l-Northern Mariana Islands. All are Catholic except Norton (who is Anglican/Episcopalian) and Plaskett (who is Lutheran). offices，The CQ questionnaire asks members what religious group, if any, they belong to. It does not attempt to measure their religious beliefs orpractices. The Pew Resea
46、rch Center analysis compares the religious affiliations of members of Congress with the Centers survey data on the U.S. public.The religious makeup of the 117th CongressPmt*窗愉SENATE墙Ktorrni 即窗 3; aiMCatholic10?21 24.5%*Several seats were unfilled at the beginning of the 117th Congress: two Senate se
47、ats in Georgia, one House seat in New York and one House seat in Louisiana.Note: Figures may not add to 100% or to subtotals due to rounding.Source: Figures for Congress based on Pew Research Center analysis of data collected by CQ Roll Call, reflecting members of Congress to be sworn in on Jan. 3, 2021.MFaith on the Hill: The religious composition of the 117th Congress”PEW RESEARCH CENTERLittle change between 116th and 117th Congresses for most religious