1动词时态.ppt

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1、 W 第七部分第七部分 动动 词词表示动作或状态的词,叫做动词表示动作或状态的词,叫做动词。绝大多数动词有四种基本形式:绝大多数动词有四种基本形式:动词原形;过去式;动词原形;过去式;过去分词;现在分词。过去分词;现在分词。动词的过去式和过去分词的构成有规则的和动词的过去式和过去分词的构成有规则的和不规则的二种,规则动词的不规则的二种,规则动词的过去式和过去分过去式和过去分词词都是在动词原形后面加都是在动词原形后面加-ed构成,规则动词构成,规则动词和不规则动词的和不规则动词的现在分词现在分词 形式,一般是由在形式,一般是由在原形动词后面加原形动词后面加-ing构成。构成。二、动词的时态 英语

2、的时态是一种动词形式,不同的时态可以表示不同的时间和方式。从时时间间上看,英语的时态有现在、过去、将来、过去将来之分。从方方式式上看,英语的时态又有“一般”“进行”“完成”“完成进行”之分。因此动作可发生于四种不同的时间,表现在四种不同的方面,每一种“时时间间方方面面”就构成一种时态。所以英语动词共有十六种时态,但常用的只有十种时态。现在过去将来过去将来一般I workI workedI shall workI should work进行I am workingI was workingI shall be workingI should be working 完成I have workedI

3、 had workedI shall have workedI should have worked完成进行 I have been workingI had been workingI shall have been workingI should have been working以Work为例:十六种时态在中学阶段有九种时态比较常用,现分加别加以阐述。(一)一般现在时:一般现在时是以动词的原形(即除to be和to have之外的动词原形)表示的。如果主语是第三人称单数,要在动词后面加s或-es,其用法如下:He writes to his parents once a monthHe

4、writes to his parents once a month。他每月给父母写一封信。他每月给父母写一封信。注:通常明确的时间:注:通常明确的时间:every day,often.always ect.我通常九点钟睡觉。我通常九点钟睡觉。I usually go to bed at nineI usually go to bed at nine1 1表示习惯性的,现在反复出现的动作或状态表示习惯性的,现在反复出现的动作或状态2 2表示主语现在的特征或性格等表示主语现在的特征或性格等 全世界的人都喜爱运动。全世界的人都喜爱运动。All over the world men and wome

5、nAll over the world men and women,boys and girls enjoy sportsboys and girls enjoy sports我们都做好了考试的准备。我们都做好了考试的准备。All Of us are ready for the examAll Of us are ready for the exam China is in the east of Asia中国位于亚洲东部。中国位于亚洲东部。3表示客观事实或普遍真理Light travels faster than sound光比声音传得快。4表示按规定预计要发生的未来的动作,只限于gogo,

6、comecome,leaveleave,startstart,staystay,turn turn,beginbegin等动词等动词)School begins on February 5二月五日开学。The plane takes off at 15:05飞机十五点零五分起飞。The meeting is at nine tomorrow morning 会议明天上午九点开始。If it is fine tomorrow,we shall visit the Great Wall 如果明天天睛,我们就去游览长城。When you meet him,tell him to come to my

7、 place 当你碰见他的时候,叫他到我住的地方来。一般过去时1表示在过去某一点时间发生的动作或所处的状态He arrived in Hangzhou an hour ago他一小时前到达杭州。Where were you just now?你刚才在哪里?I saw him when he came in他进来时我看见他了。表示在过去某一段时间里反复出现的动作或状态Their children often went hungry in the old days 在旧社会,他们的孩子经常挨饿。During his middle school years,he played football ne

8、arly every day 他在中学时代几乎天天踢足球。23表示主语过去的特征或性格等 At that time she spoke very good English那时她英语说得很好。4用used to+动词原形或would+动词原形,也可以表示过去经常或反复发生的动作 I used to leave for work at 7:30我过去总是七点半离家去上班。What time did you use to get up last year?去年你通常什么时候起床?Whenever I had a chance,I would go to Changs to have a talk w

9、ith him 我一有机会总到常同志家同他谈心。5一般过去时可与today,this week,this month等时间状语连用,如:I saw him today。我今天见到过她。He came late three times this week这星期他迟到了三次。上上两两句句中中说说话话人人所所处处的的时时间间是是todaytoday和和this weekthis week,但但sawsaw和和camecame是发生在是发生在 说话时之前,故用一般过去时。说话时之前,故用一般过去时。三三)一般将来时一般将来时 一般将来时表示将来将来会出现的动作或状态。他们三天以后乘飞机去北京。They

10、 will fly to Beijing in three days 其他表示将来的结构:1be going to+动词原形(表示说话者明确的打算或确信会发生)多用于口语(1)表示现在打算或计划将来要做的事。例如:我今天晚上打算给孔令辉写封信。I am going to write to Kong Ling Hui this evening (2)表示根据某种迹象认为在最近或将来要发生的事。例如:恐怕天要下雪了 I am afraid it is going to snow 天看上去像要下雨了 It looks as if it is going to rain 2be to+动词原形(表示安

11、排好要发生或命令做什么)(1)表示预先安排好的计划或约定。例如:我要在今天上午11点钟见布朗先生 I am to meet Mr.Brown at eleven oclock this morning 所有的问题都必须立即回答。(2)表示说话人的意志、意图、职责、义务、命令。例如:All the questions are to be answered at once We are to take care of all these children 我们必须照顾所有这些孩子。You are to return the book before Friday.-你务必要在星期五之前归还这本书。(

12、I want you to return the book,before Friday.)The door is not to be opened不准打开这扇门。3be about to+动词原形(表示即刻要发生),不能用表示该动作发生时的时间状语,这种结构表示即将发生的动作,意为“正要,即将”。例如:会议就要开始。The meeting is about to begin 提示以be about to+动词原形”结构表示将来的句子,指的是一个 就要发生的动作,因此,一般不可用表示具体的将来时间的副词或副词短语,但可以同由as或when引导的时间状语从句连用。比较:They are about

13、 to leave this afternoon They are about to leave他们即将动身。She was about to go to the cinema soon She was about to go to the cinema when I came As l came,she was about to go to the cinema。判断正误(四)过去将来时 1构成 wouldshould+动词原形(would通用于所有人称,should只用于第一人称;should和would可缩写为“d”,should not和would not的缩写形式分别为 should

14、nt和wouldnt)。2用法 1)从过去看将来 表示从过去某一时间来看将要发生的动作或存在的状态,常用于宾语从 句中。例如:他曾说他将去北方度假。He said he would go to the north for the holiday 2)“waswere going to十动词原形”所表示的过去将来时 这种结构表示过去曾经打算或计划将要做什么。例如:她说她打算买一辆新自行车。She said she wasgoing to buy a new bike 3)“was/were+动词不定式”所表示的过去将来时 这种结构表示过去计划或安排将要做某事。例如:他说他打算一个星期后完成这 项

15、工作。He said he was to finish the work in a week 4)“waswere+about+动词不定式”所表示的过去将来时 这种结构表示“即将”要发生的动作。例如:公共汽车马上就要开了 The bus was about to start 五现在进时结构为助动词be+现在分词。表示说话时正在进行的动作我们正在上英语课。We are having an English lesson now 一些鸟在海的上空飞翔。Some birds are flyingover the sea 反复发生的动作等常与always,forever,all the time等时间副

16、词连用,表反复发生的或习惯性的动作。这种用法的现在进行时常表示不满、抱怨.赞扬 等。老师总是挑学生的毛病The teacher is always finding fault(with)the students老师总是为学生着想The teacher is always thinking of the students5一种委婉的语气,如 hope,want,wonder 我希望你能来和我们一起吃晚饭I hope you can come and have supper with usI am hoping you can come and have supper with us绝对开音节:以

17、一个元音字母结尾的重读音节如:we no相对开音节:包含一个元音字母的重读音节中在元音字母后有一个辅音字母(r除外)还有一个不发音的字母e 如:name bike these闭音节:是指以辅音字母(r除外)结尾的音节Cap desk clock bus(四)过去将来时 1构成 wouldshould+动词原形(would通用于所有人称,should只用于第一人称;should和would可缩写为“d”,should not和would not的缩写形式分别为 shouldnt和wouldnt)。2用法 1)从过去看将来 表示从过去某一时间来看将要发生的动作或存在的状态,常用于宾语从 句中。例如

18、:He said he would go to the north for the holiday他曾说他将去北方度假 2)“waswere going to十动词原形”所表示的过去将来时 这种结构表示过去曾经打算或计划将要做什么。例如:She said she wasgoing to buy new bike她说她打算买一辆新自行车。3)“was/were+动词不定式”所表示的过去将来时 这种结构表示过去计划或安排将要做某事。例如:He said he was to finish the working a week他说他打算一个星期后完成这 项工作。4)“waswere+about+动词不

19、定式”所表示的过去将来时 这种结构表示“即将”要发生的动作。例如:The bus was about to start公共汽车马上就要开了。现在进时结构为助动词be的现在式()+现在分词。表示说话时正在进行的动作We are having an English lesson now我们正在上英语课。表示现阶段正在进行的动作,虽然此时此刻这动作不一定正在进行The workers are building a new factory工人们正在新建一个工厂。He is translating a book他正在翻译一本书。少数动词如go(去),come(来),leave(启程),arrive(到达

20、),return(“begin(开始),do(做),die(死),lose(失去)等的现在进行时,可以表即将发生的动作My uncle is coming back from abroad我舅舅要从国外回来了。The train is arriving soon火车就要到了。My sister is returning at two this afternoon我姐姐今天下午二点回来。六.过去进行时其结构为was,were+现在分词1表示过去某一时刻或某一段时间内正在进行的动作,常同at that time,at themoment,at this time yesterday,at ten

21、oclock yesterday等连用。例如:This time yesterday,they were having lunch。昨天这个时候他们正在2表示在过去一段时间内持续进行的动作(有时也可以有间歇)It was snowing last night昨晚一直在下雪。3常用于介绍故事的背景 Once an Arab was traveling in the desert 有一次一个阿拉伯人在沙漠里旅行。A mother crocodile was looking for food near the bank 一条母鳄鱼在岸边觅食。He was writing while she was

22、reading她在读书的时候,他在写字。比较:When he came in,we were talkingI他进来时我们正在谈话。(when从句表示一点时间)While we were talking,he came in我们正在谈话的时候他进来了。(while从句表示一段时间)七现在完成时结构由助动词have,has)+过去分词构成。表示发生在过去而对现在仍有影响的动作,往往具有因果关系 My father has just come back from work我爸爸刚下班回来。(所以他现在在家)表示在过去发生过一次或多次的动作,已成为某种经验We have all played wit

23、h snow and ice我们都玩过冰和雪。All Of you have heard Of this many times这件事,你们都已听说过许多次了。表示从过去某时开始而延续至今的动作或状态,只能用于某些持续性动词,常与for-,since等时间状语连用We have been good friends since our middle school days从中学时期起,我们是好朋友。(现在还是)He has lived in America since 1960 从1960年开始他就一直住在美国。(直到现在他们仍住在美国)We have studied English for si

24、x years我们学习英语已经六年了。现在完成时可以用在条件或时间状语从句中,表示将来某个时刻之前完成的动作。例如:He will come as soon as he has finished the homework他一完成家庭作业就来。Better seeds have appeared every year良种年年出现。(“年年”包括今年)现在完成时和一般过去时的区别现在完成时表示某一已完成的动作对现在造成的影响或结果。强调的是现在的情况。所以它不能和表示过去的时间状语连用,而一般过去时只单纯表示过去的动作或状态,和现在不发生联系。它可以和表示过去的时间状语连用。He has live

25、d in Beijing since liberation ;解放以来他一直住在北京。(说明他现在仍在北京);He lived in Beijing before liberation。;解放前他住在北京。(现在是否住在北京不知道)现在完成时不能与表示过去时间的状语连用。它除了能与表示不定的时间状语,如:already(已经),just(刚刚),often(常常),never(从不),before(以前)等连用外,还能与表示从过去延续到现在并包括现在在内的一段时间的状语连用。如:today(今天),this morning(今天上午),recently(近来),in the pastfew y

26、ears(在过去这几年里),since then(从那时起)up to now(直到现在),so far(至今),规则动词的四种变化形式及变化规则:八,现在完成进行时由have(has)been+动词的现在分词构成,表示从过去某时开始一直延续到现在的动作,可能刚刚停止,也可能还在继续进行。我们找了你二个小时(动作则停止)We have been looking for you for two hours 她毕业后一直在教英语。(动作还在继续进行)She has been teaching English since she graduated重复的动作表示感情色彩有时候,现在完成进行时不是指某

27、动作一直在不停地进行,而是表示一直到说话时为止的一段时间内一再重复的动作,常带有感情色彩。例如:这话她已经说了20遍了。Shes been saying that twenty times 有时候,现在完成进行时表示“刚才”或“近来”发生的动作,也主表示直到说话时为止的一段时间内发生的动作。这一动作到说话时已经结束,而且一般不再继续下去;这种用法主要表示某一动作所产生的结果或对现在影响。例如:他工作太辛苦了 Hes been working too hard He looks too tired那个女孩一直在玩玩具 The girl has been playing with toys The

28、re are toys here and there on the floor现在完成进行时和现在完成时的比较现在完成进行时和现在完成时均可表示“从过去开始一直持续到现在动作,有时两者可换用,但前者多用于口语中。这两种时态的主要差别两个:(1)现在完成时表示动作已完成,着重结果;现在完成进行时表示动作刚成,强调动作的持续性。比较:I我已经给花浇过水了。(已完成:你不必浇了)I have watered the flowers 我一直在给花浇水。(未完成:一直在浇)I have been watering the flowers He has read the book He has been

29、reading the book对比下面的句子(2)不用于进行时态的状态动词、知觉动词或情感动词(如know,love等)不可用其现在完成进行时,但可用其现在完成时。比较:正误 I have known her for along time我认识她已很久了。I have been knowing her for along time I havent seen him these days这些日子我没有见过他。I havent been seeing him these days感官动词:see hear smell feel look seem 情感动词:hate love want wis

30、h状态动词:stay,remain,be表示在过去某一时间或某一动作之前完成的动作或存在的状态,也就是“过去的过去”,九.过去完成时过去的过去 过去完成时的过去时间常用下面四种方式表示。过去的过去(1)用by和before引导的短语表示,如by that time,by oclock,by the end of,before l993等。例如:到昨天下午三点钟,我们已经完成了工作。By three oclock yesterday afternoon we had finished the work今天早晨七点钟之前他已吃完了早饭。He had already had his breakfas

31、t before seven oclock this morning(2)用when和before等引导的状语从句表示。例如:在她看见我之前,我已经看见她了。I had seen her before she saw me 我赶到车站时,火车已经开走了。The train had already left when l got to the station(3)用he said,he knew或he asked等主句表示。例如:他说他从没到过南京。He said he had never been to Nanjing 他责问是谁打破了窗户。He asked who had broken th

32、e window(4)通过上下文表示出来。例如:他的去世使我很悲伤。我们自童年时代起就是好朋友。(直到他去世之前)was very sad at his deathWe had been good friends since our childhood 他很累,一到家就睡了。他已经工作了一整天。(在回家之前工作了一天)He was very tiredand went to bed as soon as he got homeHe had worked the whole day过去的动作延续到过去某时表示过去某一时间之前发生的动作或存在的状态一直持续到那时,并可能继续下去,常同由for或si

33、nce引导的表示一段时间的短语或从句。例到上个月底,他已经在上海工作了整整20年。(可能继续工作下去)By the end of last month he had worked in Shanghai for twenty years 3)过去完成时常用于定语从句中,定语从句中的动作如果发生在主句动作之前,要用过去完成时。例如:我找到了丢失的那支笔。(注意,主句:过去时,从句不可用现在完成时)I found the pen which l had lost I lent her the book which l had bought the day before我把前一天买的书借给她了。4)

34、主句和从句的时间先后区别 有时候,时间状语从句中谓语动词的动作发生在主句动作之前,这时从 句用过去完成时,主句用一般过去时,例如:她做完家 庭作业后,在院子里散步。(先做完作业,后散步)After she had done her homework,she took awalk in the garden 提示有时候,连词when,after,as soon as引导从句时,其本身往往就表明了两个相近动作的先后关系,因此,主句和从句有时均可用一般过去 时。例如:The bus started after he got on it他刚上车,车就开始了。As soon as I came into

35、 the classroom,the bell rang 他一进教室铃就响了。When l had finished reading the book,I returned it to the library读完了那本书,我就把它还给了图书馆。5)had meant to do sth结构 hope,think,want,mean等动词的过去完成时,可以表示过去未曾实现 愿望、意图、希望或打算等。例如:我本想来,但是下雨了 I had meant to come,but it rained 我本希望再她一面的 I had hoped to see her again 但没如愿 相同点:过去完成

36、时与现在完成时都常同表示一段时间的状语连用,如for a week,for two years,for along time等,区别:但现在完成时表示的是延续到现或同现在有关的动作(句中不可有表示过去特定时间的状语),而过去完成时表示的是在过去某时之前已经完成或延续到过去某时的动作(句中有表示过去特定时间的状语)。例如:6)过去完成时与现在完成时的比较:她在回来之前就生病一个星期了 She had been ill for a week before she came back她生病一个星期了 She has been ill for a week直到那时,一切都很顺利。直到现在,一切都很顺利

37、。Everything had gone well up to that timeEverything has gone well up to now到过去某时到现在仍生病(十)过去完成进行时 1构成had been十现在分词 2用法:表示动作从过去某一时间之前开始,到过去某一时间仍在进行或刚刚结束;同过去完成时一样,过去完成进行时必须以某一特定过去时间为前提。例如:他去上海之前,一直住在这里。He had been living here before he went to ShanghaiI had been waiting in the room for half an hour bef

38、ore she called me in在她喊我进去之前,我已经在房间里等了半个小时。到昨天晚上铃响时,我一直在读一本小说。(一直在读)昨天晚上铃响时,我正在读一本小说。(当时正在读)Last night l had been reading a novel when the bell rang Last night I wad reading a novel when the bell rang提示过去完成进行时是以“过去”某一时间为前提的,而现在完成进行时是以“现在”为前提的,不可混淆。比较:我遇见她的时候,她还在等着你 She had been waiting for you when

39、l met her 你离开以后,她一直在等着你。She has been waiting for you since you left直到那时直到现在音节:一个元音,或一个元音同若干辅音构成的发音单位辅音不构成音节Big fightLit.tle wednes.dayImmediately experement(十一)将来完成时1构成 shallwill十have十过去分词(shall第一人称)将来完成时表示在将来某一时间之前完成的动作,并往往对将来某一时间产生影响,它常与表将来的时间状语连用。如:我将在本周末前读完这本书。(1)I shall have finished reading th

40、e book by the end of this week(2)Before long,he will have forgotten all about the matter 过不久,他很快就会把这件事全然忘记的。有时可与ever,never,soon等时间状语连用。如:(4)Will they ever have done with their talking他们谈话还有完没有?将来完成时往往可和时间或条件状语从句连用。如:我做完这件事,就做了我全部应做的事了。你如七点钟来,我还没有吃完晚饭哩。(5)When l have done that,I shall have done all I

41、 Was supposed to do(6)If you come at seven oclock,I shall not yet have finished dinner十二 过去将来完成时 构成:should/would+have+动词的过去分词2过去将来完成时的基本用法 过去将来完成时表示在过去将来某一时间以前发生的动作,并往往会对过去将来某一时间产生影响。它常和表过去将来的时间状语连用。如:;这一行人将于4时前到达。(1)The party would have arrived by four oclock 他说到下月底就不用我的照相机了。(3)He said he would hav

42、e done with my camera by the end of next month 她毕业后一直在教英语我一直在给花浇水我已经给花浇过水了我将在本周末前读完这本书。She has been teaching English since she graduatedI have watered the flowers I have been watering the flowers 1)I shall have finished reading the book by the end of this week。你务必要在星期五之前归还这本书。他说他打算一个星期后完成这 项工作。我们正在上英语课。我舅舅要从国外回来.My uncle is coming back from abroadWe are e having an English lesson nowYou are to return the book before Friday.He said he was to finish the working a week到昨天下午三点钟,我们已经完成了工作。By three oclock yesterday afternoon we had finished the work

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