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1、Development of computer network communication technology 计算机网络通信技术的发展概况 最好的沉淀With the rapid development of science and its application in calculation in the real world, on the one hand, users are in urgent need of different computer soft hardware and information resource which sharing can be achieve
2、d. On the other hand, a large class of problems with the geographical distribution, whose processing to distributed computing technology characteristics of these objective requirements led to the birth of the computer network and the development of the computer network system. In recent years, due t
3、o the human society, the rapid exchange of information and fast processing needs, as well as driving the rapid development of computer and communication of the two technologies, the computer network has an unprecedented development. The computer network communication technology is the product of com
4、puter technology and communication technology combined with the advanced technology,which is one of the fastest development in the world.随着计算科学及其应用的高速发展，在现实世界中，一方面，用户迫切需要实现不同计算机上软硬件和信息资源的共享，另一方面，有一大类问题本身具有地域上分布，其处理需要分布计算技术的特点这些客观要求导致了计算机网络的发展和网络计算机系统的诞生。近十多年来，由于人类社会对信息快速交换和快速处理的需求，以及在计算机和通信两大技术飞速发展的
5、驱动下，计算机网络得到空前的发展。计算机网络通信技术是计算机技术与通信技术相结合的产物，是世界上发展最快的前沿技术之一。That computer network is using the communication equipment and communication lines that will be a set of geographic distribution of the same or different computers, terminals and ancillary equipment in accordance with the interconnection of
6、 some way up to a computer hardware system. On the basis of the computer hardware system, through the development that coordinate the communication system of the computer system or further network operating system, which can make a group of computer hardware and software resources share with collabo
7、rative computing and cooperatively solve a problem. By the communication system or network operating system and computer network together, we can form a network of computer systems. 所谓计算机网络是使用通信设备和通信线路将一组地理上分布的相同或不同的计算机、终端及其附属设备按照某种方式互联起来得到的一个计算机硬件系统。在这种计算机硬件系统的基础上，通过开发能协调各台计算机系统工作的通信系统或更进一步的网络操作系统，
8、就能使一组计算机实现软硬件资源共享、协同计算，合作求解一个问题。由这种通信系统或网络操作系统连同网络计算机一起，就形成了网络计算机系统。According to the difference of the data transmission range and the realization technology, the computer network is divided into the local computer network and the wide area computer network. Local computer network is a data communic
9、ation system, the transmission range in secondary geographical area, medium or high speed data transmission rate, which uses a dedicated data communication line or bus communication, connecting a large number of independent equipment in the physical communication channels to communicate with each ot
10、her. Wide area computer networks is different in cities, different nations, the computer or computer network through hierarchical interconnection technology are connected together, its transmission range can be quite far distance. At present, the most common is the use of a public or private telepho
11、ne line communication, backbone network and a number of local area network using digital communication of optical fiber and cable data communication are special lines. Network users are connected to the Internet, you can communicate with other network users far beyond the horizon through their compu
12、ters, through the network software to query a variety of information resources. With the computer network, and in recent years the development of broadband communication medium, and apparatus, and communication data transmission rate will continue to improve, in the future, the use of internet teach
13、ing, watching for real-time news shows, online booking and shopping, network video conference, network hospital outpatient, etc., it is no longer science fiction. On the network each computer with a node says the link between machine and machine path lines and says that they constitute a network com
14、puter architecture in some of the basic algorithm of mathematical description of the object representation basis按照数据传输范围和实现技术的不同，计算机网络存在局域计算机网络和广域计算机网络之分。局域计算机网络是一个数据通信系统，其传输范围在中等地理区域，使用中等或高速数据传输速率，使用专用数据通信线或总线进行通信，可联接大量独立设备，在物理通信通道上互相通信。广域计算机网络把不同城市、不同国家中的计算机或计算机网络通过分级互联技术联接起来，其传输范围可达到相当远的距离，目前最常见的
15、是使用公用或专用电话线通信，主干网和一些局域网使用可进行数字通信的光纤光缆数据通信专用线。联接到网上的网络用户，可以通过自己的计算机与远在天边的其他网络用户进行通信，通过网络软件查询网上的各种信息资源。有了计算机网络，加上近年来宽带通信介质和设备的开发，以及通信数据传输速率的不断提高，今后，利用互联网教学、收看实时新闻节目、网上订票和购物、网络电视会议、网络医院门诊，等等，就不再是科学幻想。网络上的每台计算机用一个结点表示机器与机器之间的链路用线和路径表示，他们构成了网络计算机体系结构中一些基本算法研究中数学描述的对象表示基础。Computer communication network is
16、 the combination of computer technology and communication technology, and the formation of a new communication mode, mainly to meet the needs of data communication. It a different geographical area, with independent functions of multiple computers, terminals and ancillary equipment connected by the
17、communication link, and is equipped with the corresponding network software, communication system to realize the sharing of resources in the communication process and the formation of. It can not only meet the local area of a enterprises, companies, schools and offices of data, files are transferred
18、 and in a national and even worldwide for information exchange, storage and processing, at the same time can provide comprehensive services of voice, data and image, has attractive prospects for development. The computer communication revolution has brought the following important facts: data proces
19、sing equipment (computer) and data communication equipment (exchange transmission equipment) is no longer essentially the difference between. There is no essential difference between data communication, voice communication and video communication. The difference between single processor computer, mu
20、lti processor computer, local area network, metropolitan area network and remote network is becoming more and more blurred. These trends have led to the gradual integration of the computer industry and the telecommunications industry, from components manufacturing to system integration is the case.
21、Another effect is the development of integrated systems capable of transmitting and processing all types of data and information. Both the technology and formulation of technical standards of the organization, are forced to to completed all communication single public network system development, sim
22、ple and uniform access to worldwide information sources and all kinds of information through the network to.计算机通信网络是计算机技术和通信技术相结合而形成的一种新通信方式，主要是满足数据通信的需要。它将不同地理位置、具有独立功能的多台计算机、终端及附属设备用通信链路连接起来，并配备相应的网络软件，以实现通信过程中资源共享而形成的通信系统。它不仅可以满足局部地区的一个企业、公司、学校和办公机构的数据、文件传输需要，而且可以在一个国家甚至全世界范围进行信息交换、储存和处理，同时可以提供话音
23、、数据和图像的综合性服务，具有诱人的发展前景。计算机通信革命带来以下这些重要事实：数据处理设备(计算机)和数据通信设备(交换传输设备)之间不再有本质上的区别。数据通信、话音通信和视频通信之间也不存在本质上的区别。单处理器计算机、多处理器计算机、局域网、城域网和远距离网络之间的区别也日趋模糊。这些趋势导致了计算机产业与通信产业的日趋融合，从元器件制造到系统集成皆是如此。另一影响是发展了能够传输和处理各种类型数据和信息的集成系统。不论是技术本身还是制定技术标准的组织，都被迫向能够完成各种通信的单一的公用网络系统发展，通过这种网络能够简单且统一地访问到全世界的信息源和各种信息。With the de
24、velopment of high performance computing and communication plan, the concept and construction plan of the information superhighway based on the computer hardware and software technology and the network interconnection technology have been put forward. 并由此启动了全球信息社会的建设步伐在中国由于各方面的重视从政府到各行各业的一大批企事业单位都在积极
25、上网建立网络站点提供网络站点信息不少城市已经提供了信息化社会建设的规则国民经济和社会的信息化进程正在加快。总之，计算机与通信结合形成计算机网络，使信息采集、处理、 存贮、传输和利用等五大自然信息功能通过现代可能基础上形成的各种信息技术在全球人类社会这个更宽广的空间综合起来，这将是一场更深刻的信息技术革命。但机遇与风险并存，在当今大规模的信息网络环境下，无论采取多么完善的信息安全手段，风险也总是存在。因而适宜的方法是在整个网络通信过程中应用智能化的方法进行风险管理。通过应用智能化的分析控制方法将风险发生的可能性及其产生后果的严重程度控制在可接受的范围内，在经济与社会效益、风险与费用中寻求达到风险
26、最小、效益最大的目标。And thus starting the global information society construction pace in China because of the attention from the government to all walks of life where a large number of enterprises and institutions are active online to create web sites and provide web site information in many cities which ha
27、s been provided for the construction of the information society. Rules of national economic and social informatization process are accelerated. Anyway, computer and communication are combined with to form the computer network, the information collection, processing, storage, transport and use of nat
28、ural information function formed by modern may be based on a variety of information technology in the world, human society and the broader space together, it will be a more profound revolution in information technology. However, opportunities and risks coexist, in todays large-scale information netw
29、ork environment, no matter how perfect the information security means, the risk is always there. Therefore the suitable method is that in the entire network communication process using the intelligent method to carry on the risk management. Through the analysis of the application of intelligent cont
30、rol method control the severity of risk occurrence possibility and its consequences in the acceptable range, as well as in the economic and social benefits, risks and costs to achieve minimum risk and maximum efficiency goals. 随着高性能计算与通信计划的提出以计算机软硬件技术光纤通讯技术和网络互联技术为基础的信息高速公路的概念和建设计划也被提了出来,并由此启动了全球信息社
31、会的建设步伐在中国由于各方面的重视从政府到各行各业的一大批企事业单位都在积极上网建立网络站点提供网络站点信息不少城市已经提供了信息化社会建设的规则国民经济和社会的信息化进程正在加快。总之，计算机与通信结合形成计算机网络，使信息采集、处理、 存贮、传输和利用等五大自然信息功能通过现代可能基础上形成的各种信息技术在全球人类社会这个更宽广的空间综合起来，这将是一场更深刻的信息技术革命。但机遇与风险并存，在当今大规模的信息网络环境下，无论采取多么完善的信息安全手段，风险也总是存在。因而适宜的方法是在整个网络通信过程中应用智能化的方法进行风险管理。通过应用智能化的分析控制方法将风险发生的可能性及其产生后果的严重程度控制在可接受的范围内，在经济与社会效益、风险与费用中寻求达到风险最小、效益最大的目标。