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1、高考书面表达应试指导方法 一、书面表达应试的注意事项 （1）仔细审题，看清题目要求与注意事项。 （2）确定文章类型，如是记叙文，一般用过去时，如是说明文，主要用现在时。 （3）看全内容要点，主要内容缺一不可。 （4）尽量写草稿，实在没时间也要写一个简略题纲。 （5）用你见过的句型来写，不生造中国式的英文。 （6）写好首句尾句，注意关联词语的使用。 （7）记叙文注意who,what,where,when,which,why,how。 （8）议论文注意论点论据。 （9）可适当使用复杂结构和新颖词汇，但应以准确传达意思为第一原则。 （10）书写规范，卷面整洁也要重视。 （11）一般十句话即可达到字数
2、要求。 （12）写完后要以短文改错的精神复核全文。 二、如何才能写出好的作文 写作是高考试题中对学生相对较难的部分，它考查考生观察理解能力及运用语言能力。由于写作评分标准的改变，强调了词汇和句式的多样性，各地各校都很重视，学生们从各种渠道，特别是各种培训班学会了许多套话和程式化的写作套路。写文章时不管三七二十一，拿来就用。经常会看到有些同学的文章里除了几个背下来的句子或者连接词支撑着框架以外，填补空缺的是驴唇不对马嘴的从中文搬过来的词或词组，根本谈不上通顺的句子。而语言素质好些的同学则乱用套话，千人一面，千篇一律，不考虑场景是否合适。更顾不上准确连贯、逻辑合理地组织句子了。比如在一篇叙事的练习
3、中，题目要求写全家人去芭堤雅玩儿，现在海滨旅馆住下，然后第二天在海滩游泳，晚上在城里散步、吃饭；周末回去后拜访了祖父母。有同学就写到：firstly, we stayed at a seaside hotel. Secondly, we went to the beach to swim. Thirdly, we had a walk in town. 应该注意的是高考写作除了新提出的词汇和句式的多样性的要求，同时还一如既往地注意内容要点齐全，上下文的连贯，及语言使用的准确性。语言表达手段丰富，而且得体的文章才是漂亮文章。研究一下高考范文，看上去似乎平淡无奇，但细读下来无不语言精炼，结构紧凑，
4、表达方式多样，不愧是学生们学习的典范。另一方面，高考的范文中从来没有出现过夸张的吓人的冗长的套句，或是类似公司文件，法律文书似的套话，而是充分利用了学生们熟悉的日常生活中常用的，交际功能强大的各种基本句型及其相应的多变的表达方式。其结果是文章不仅达意、流畅，而且得体、生动。因此我们在进行高考写作训练时首先要求学生做到达意，包括两方面的含义，一要审清题目，把要点写全；二要理清思路，把要点之间的逻辑关系和内在联系，以及文章交流的对象弄明白，再表达清楚。从实践来看学生容易出错的地方是：在看图作文中注意不到图中重要细节，或看不出图与图之间的关系；在读数据，写分析评论的文章中不擅于分析数据所表达的含义，
5、和说明的问题，很难做出恰当的评论；在书信或总结对某事的讨论结果的文章中，往往忽略题目要求的个人观点的表达；或者行文中弄错对象，造成人称选择错误。师生们可以经常以讨论交流的形式有针对性地去训练思路，万不能疏忽大意。 其次，要使用流畅得体的语言生动地表达文章内容。既要选择适宜的词语句型，又要善于有效地使用语句间的连接成分，使全文结构紧凑。文章的连贯性和紧凑感是很重要的。从学生习作来看，高考作文中有关时间、空间转换的内容对学生来说是个难点。即描写某地前后的变化；记述发生的一系列的事情如外出游览的安排等等。这些文章学生不会觉得难写，但要写得生动，紧凑，句式又有丰富的变化就很不容易了。只有对文字把握能力
6、很强的学生才能写出有特色的漂亮文章。做到这点除了帮助学生熟悉高考大纲中常用的各类连接词（各校已经很重视，这里就不一一列举了）及其适用场合，更重要的是训练学生熟练掌握各种基本句型。句子是表达一个完整意思的最基本单位，是表达思想的灵魂所在。好的英语句子能够生动，形象，准确的表达内容。多变的句式，语法的活用，可以帮助作者灵活地穿越时空；自如地上下驰骋。所以要想写出漂亮的书面表达，必须从写好句子开始。研究各地高考范例，我们不难发现以下基础句型往往频繁出现。学生们不妨多加练习，定可在考试时助大家一臂之力。1. 功能强大，表现力丰富的with 短语如：It is a small flat of 25 sq
7、uare meters, with a bedroom, a bath room, and a kitchen.With the prices of cars going down, more and more families have bought cars of their own.With the development of Internet, more and more people tend to send electronic cards instead of paper ones at the festivals time.With a knife in his hand,
8、the man forced me to give him my bag.可以用于写物，写人，写地点，以及简单议论。2. 倒装句如：Such is Yu Wei, a diligent and successful man.So attractive were the games that we couldnt tear ourselves away from them.Only in this way can we avoid suffering from the pressure of exams.既可以突出重点，又可以配以定语从句或同位语，巧妙地进行时空转换。是用来描写对比变化的绝佳句式
9、。如：On the other side, where the playground used to be now stands another new building - our library.3. while句型如：What the boys like to do most is to become businessmen and scientists. While the girls favourite work is to be teachers.既可在议论中介绍不同观点，又可在叙事中描述不同动作。4. too to句型如：They believe its too early to
10、 include an oral part in NMET now when the spoken English of most students is not good enough.Im too frightened to speak.用于描述，生动形象。5. not onlybut also句型如：She not only studied hard but also was ready to help others.They argue that setting off firecrackers may not only cause air and noise pollution, b
11、ut also do damage to human health and property.6. 省略句如： Now the poor houses have been replaced by green trees and the brick yard by tall buildings.They needed the wood for its walls and branches and leaves for its roof.是使文章简洁、紧凑，跌宕起伏的重要法宝。7. 名词性从句如：Fortunately, in time of danger, what the teacher sa
12、id in a lecture on how escape when a fire breaks out ran through my mind.适用面广，涵盖内容丰富。是表达思想内容的绝对必要手段。8. 比较级如：The number of cars keep increasing very fast, but we have not as many new roads as are need.In 1990, college students spent less than two hours in a week on computers.是不得不会的基础句式。9. 复合结构如：I thi
13、nk it necessary for the young to learn how to use computer in the age of knowledge.The decrease of the car prices makes it possible for ordinary people to own their own cars. 同样是使文章简洁、紧凑的重要法宝。10. 强调句如：It was not until the government officials and the policemen came that such wrong doings were stoppe
14、d.给人以泰山压顶般的隆重感觉，让人不得不重视你表达的重点。11. when如：At a stand, a woman was buying an ice-cream, when a young man behind her snatched her bag away.I was walking along Park Road towards the east when an elderly man came out of the park on the other side of the street.刻画人物活动栩栩如生，仿佛亲临其境。12. 附加成分On the lake, now cl
15、ean and clear, the villagers often spend their spare time boating and fishing.More importantly, with the popularity of electronic cards, less paper is used for making paper cards, which contributes to the environment protection.以插入语，定语从句，同位语或从句为主；看似不经意间把许多重要信息如行云流水般揉进主句，娓娓道来，不留人工痕迹。13. 分词短语如：Well mo
16、stly stay at home in the evening watching TV, playing games, and meeting people.既体现学生语言能力又好掌握的高级表达方式。14. there be句型如：There are many web sites on line where different varieties of cards are available.句型简单，但蕴藏丰富变化，如还可以变为：there is sure to be; there happen to be; there seems to be; there used to beetc.
17、另外还可以与非谓语动词或定语从句配合使用，将更多内容整合在一起。15. before句型如：Before we knew it, we had to say goodbye to the workers.训练步骤：让学生以这些常用句式为基础进行汉译英、造句、句型转换等练习；基础差的学生熟记例句；仿照高考作文内容利用这些句子写三、五句的写人，写事，写地方，通知，信件和简单议论等的小片段。实战训练。课下多多背诵精美范文。背范文在最后冲刺阶段对作文很有效，基础差的同学可以利用范文中的句子写作，基础好的同学可以利用范文中的关联词和一些复合句提高自己作文的得分档次。这几步骤在每次进行写作练习时可同时采用
18、，循序渐进，学生会感到有章可循，不会无从下手。特别有利于英语基础不好的同学学会把所给的材料分为几个点，每个点用1，2句熟悉的句子表达出来。在进行这种句子段落篇章的三段式训练时一定要让学生牢牢记住写主谓宾完整的句子，坚决杜绝以下这些常见的愚蠢错误，每次检查除了检查内容要点是否齐全，还都要从这几方面考虑： 句子是否缺少主语或谓语动词 在情态动词后或不定式中是否用了过去时的动词 是否正确是用来第三人称单数形式 可数名词是否需要用复数形式表示；相应的动词的数是否用对。 是否有I thinked 这种可笑的动词过去式等。三、英语写作的基本原则。在有了正确的句子作保证的基础上注意以下的基本原则：1. 首尾
19、呼应原则首先一定要写一个主题句，放在文章的开头，让读者一目了然，知道你写的是什么。如：To begin with, you must work hard at your lessons and be fully prepared before the exam（主题句）. Without sufficient preparation, you can hardly expect to answer all the questions correctly. 高考写作往往给出了文章开头，所以这个问题不是很大。但是学生们经常忽略了结尾的点题或总结。只是把要写的内容写完，就戛然而止了。看了让人感觉很难
20、受，同时容易给人造成仅仅是逐句翻译提示的印象。因此文章末尾一定要有恰当的结束语。如：-Thats all the result of the discussion and my view. I hope itll be helpful to you.Best wishes.- In a word, mail, telephone and computer help to bring people all over the world closer.- Im sure youll succeed in giving up smoking.2. 长短句原则长短结合的句子抑扬顿挫，读起来有起有伏，流
21、畅有致，As a creature, I eat; as a man, I read. Although one action is to meet the primary need of my body and the other is to satisfy the intellectual need of mind, they are in a way quite similar.在文章第一段（开头）用一长一短，且先长后短；在文章主体部分，要先用一个短句解释主要意思，然后在阐述几个要点的时候采用先短后长的句群形式，定会让主体部分妙笔生辉！文章结尾一般用一长一短就可以了。3. 一、 二、三原
22、则写作时一些关键性的“标签”有助于表明文章结构清楚，条理自然。下面任何一组的词汇加入到你的几个要点前就清楚了。但要选择恰当场景，不要动辄first, second, third, last。1）first, second, third, last（一般）2）firstly, secondly, thirdly, finally（一般）3）the first, the second, the third, the last（一般）4）in the first place, in the second place, in the third place, lastly（一般）5）to begin
23、with, then, furthermore, finally（强烈推荐） 6）to start with, next, in addition, finally（强烈推荐）7）first and foremost, besides, last but not least（强烈推荐）8）most important of all, moreover, finally9）on the one hand, on the other hand（适用于两点的情况）10）for one thing, for another thing（适用于两点的情况）4. 短语优先原则写作时，尤其是在考试时，如果使
24、用短语，有两个好处：其一、用短语会使文章增加亮点。其二、关键时刻思维短路，只有凑字数，怎么办？用短语是一个办法！比如：I like it. 可以用短语表达：I am fond of it.I want it.可以用短语表达：I am looking forward to it.这样字数明显增加，表达也更准确。5. 多实少虚原则原因很简单，写文章还是应该写一些实际的东西，不要空话连篇。这就要求一定要多用实词，少用虚词。这里所说的虚词就是指那些比较泛泛的不能说明具体内容的词。比如：Let me tell you some information about it.就不如Now I would in
25、troduce how the contest is to be held to you. / Ill share with you the details of the activity 好。再比如：走出房间，普通用词是：walk out of the room但是小偷走出房间应该说：slip out of the room学生们下课急着走出房间（去吃饭）应该说：rush out of the room在拥挤的会场里蓦然见到敬慕的名人从门口经过，赶紧走出房间应该说：push ones way out of the room这样多用实词，少用虚词，文章将会大放异彩！6. 随机应变原则遇到提示中
26、的中文内容不会表达时要善于用已知的词语去迂回表达。变短语为句子；变一句话为几句话表达。总之，多动脑筋，勤加练习，定会写出得体、生动的漂亮文章的。四、高考写作重点句型归纳写事的常用句型：1 At first he didnt hear anything at all.2 But then a sudden knock on the door woke him up.3 Following that came a mans voice, saying, “Come out, or I will break in!”4 Several minutes later, he heard someone
27、leave.5 Finally he got up, opened the door and looked around.写人的常用句型：1 She is a girl of twelve years old.2 She is tall and slim with big eyes and curly hair.3 Being kind and helpful, she always enjoys helping others out.4 In her spare time, she spends much time listening to music and reading novels.
28、5 She gets on well with almost anyone and is always welcome wherever she goes.说明文常用句型：1. 简要说明图表内容的句型：The table/chart shows the differences between As can be seen from the chartFrom the table/chart/forms we can seeThe table tells us that2. 表示变化/比较的句型：There was a great / slight increase/rise in There
29、has been a sudden /slow/rapid fall/ drop inIt is 20% lower /higher thanThe number/rate has nearly doubled, as against that of last year.The number is times as much as that ofIt increases/rises/decreases/reduces by times/ percent/ 2/3.3. 说明原因的句型：The reason for is thatOne may think of the change as a
30、result ofThe change in largely results from the fact thatThere are several causes for this significant growth in FirstThis brings out the important fact that4. 结尾句型：In summary, it is important.From what has been discussed above, we may draw the conclusion thatObviously, if we want to., it is necessa
31、ry .There is no doubt that attention must be paid议论文常用句型1. Peoples views on vary from person to person. Some people think that. They hold this opinion because However, others believe that.2. Opinions are divided on the question. of the are against the idea ( that). They believe . On the other hand,
32、. think that.3. There is no doubt that . has a lot of advantages. It not only but also At the same time, However, just as an English proverb goes, every coin has two sides. .4. There is a general discussion on about . Those who object to it/are for it, on the hand, insist that .5. of the students ar
33、e against the idea of . Their concern is that On the other hand, think .6. It is necessary that proper/quick action should be taken to prevent .7. In a word, there are three suggestions we must follow Only in this way can we achieve a great success.8. There is little doubt that special attention must be paid to the problem/situation.