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1、Amplification in Translation,增译法,1. Lexical Amplification（从词汇上考虑的增词） 2. Syntactical Amplification （从句法结构上考虑的增词） 3. Cultural Amplification （从文化上考虑的增词） 4. Rhetorical Amplification （从修辞上考虑）,1. Lexical Amplification,1.1 增加动词 1.2 增加名词 1.3 增加概括词 1.4 增加副词 1.5 增加量词 1.6 增加表达复数的词 1.7 增加表达时态的词,1. 1 增加动词,1)In t
2、he evening, after the banquets, the concerts and the table tennis exhibition, he would work on the drafting of the final communique. 晚上在参加宴会、出席音乐会、观看乒乓球表演之后，他还得起草最后的公报。,2) She felt the flowers were in her fingers, on her lips, growing in her breast. 译文一：她觉得手里和唇上都是花儿，胸中也生长着花儿。 译文二：她觉得她好像手里拿着花，嘴里吻着花，连
3、胸中也生出了花。,1. 2 增加名词,a. 在抽象名词后面增加名词 1）We have made some achievements, and we must guard against complacency. 我们取得了一些成绩，但还要防止自满情绪。,2）Oxidation will make iron and steel rusty. 氧化作用会使钢铁生锈。,b. 在具体名词后面增加名词a)当具体名词表达某种抽象概念时，在译文中也常常需要根据上下文增加一些适当的名词。 1) Heallowedthefather to be overruled by the judge，and decla
4、red his own son guilty。 他让法官的职责战胜父子的私情，而判决他儿子有罪。,2) In the future, automation may enable human beings to enjoy far more leisure than they do today. 将来自动化可能使人类享受到比今天更多的空闲时间。,c. 在形容词前面增加名词 This new type of computer is indeed cheap and fine. 这部新型电脑真是价廉物美。,He is a complicated man-moody, mercurial, with
5、a melancholy streak. 他是一个性格复杂的人喜怒无常，反复多变，有些忧郁寡欢。,d. 在不及物动词后面增加名词英语中的某些动词在用作不及物动词的时候，虽然后面并没有带宾语，但宾语实际上是隐含在动词后面的。所以在翻译成汉语时，往往要把隐含的宾语翻译出来。 1）Day after day he came to his worksweeping, scrubbing, cleaning. 他每天来干活扫地、擦地板、收拾房间。,2）I could knit when I was seven. 我7岁时就会织毛衣。,1. 3 增加概括词,概括词是英汉两种语言所共有的，但有时英语句子中并
6、没有出现概括词，而翻译的时候却往往可以加入“两人”、“双方”、“等”、“等等”、“凡此种种”等概括词，同时省略掉英语中的连接词。,1. Like most wildlife，deer reproduce，grow，and store fat in the summer and fall when there is plenty of nutritious food available. 与大多数野生动物一样，鹿在营养丰富、食物充足的夏秋两季，繁殖、生长储存脂肪。,2. The advantages of the hall are bright, spacious, fashionable an
7、d without echo. 这个大厅有四大优点：宽敞、明亮、样式新颖、没有回声。,3. They talked about wage, price and inflation. 他们谈及工资、物价、通货膨胀等问题。,1. 4 增加副词,有些动词根据原文的上下文可以增加适当的副词，以确切表示原意。 1）As he sat down and began talking, words poured out. 他一坐下来就讲开了，滔滔不绝地讲个没完。,2）The crowds melted away. 人群渐渐地散开了。,1. 5增加量词,英语中数词与可数名词往往可以直接连用，不用加量词。而汉语往
8、往要加入量词。 1）A red sun rose slowly from the calm sea. 一轮红日从平静的海面冉冉升起。,2) Into the dim clouds was swimming a crescent moon. 一弯新月渐渐隐没在朦胧的云层里去了。,1. 6增加表达复数的词,a. 增加重叠词表示复数 1）Flowers bloom all over the yard. 朵朵鲜花开满了庭院。,2）There were rows of houses which he had never seen before. 一排排的房子，都是他从来没有见过的。,b. 增加数词或其它
9、词表示复数 1)The lion is the king of animals. 狮子是百兽之王。,2) The mountains began to throw their long blue shadows over the valley. 群山开始向山谷投下一道道蔚蓝色的长影。,1.7 增加表达时态的词,a强调某种时间概念 1. The old man had taught the boy to fish and the boy loved him. 原来，是那位老人已经教会了孩子捕鱼，所以孩子很爱他。,2. I had never thought Id be happy to find
10、 myself considered unimportant. But this time I was. 以前我从未想过，当我发觉人们认为我无足轻重时，我会感到高兴。但这次情况的确如此。,b. 强调时间上的对比 1. It was said that his father was a fisherman. Maybe he was as poor as we are. 听说，从前他爸爸是个打鱼的。他过去也许跟我们现在一样穷。,2. I was, and remain, grateful for the part he played in my release. 我的获释也有他的功劳。对此我过去
11、很感激，现在仍然很感激。,2. Syntactical Amplification (从句法结构上考虑的增词),2.1 增补原文中省略的动词 2.2 增补原文比较句中的省略部分 2.3 增补原文回答句中的省略部分 2.4 增补表示逻辑关系的词语,2. 1 增补原文中省略的动词,Matter can be changed into energy, and energy into matter. 物质可以转化为能，能也可以转化为物质。, Courage in excess becomes foolhardiness, affection weakness, thrift avarice. 勇敢过度
12、即成愚勇，感情过度即成溺爱，节俭过度即成贪婪。, A government of and by and for the exploiting class cannot possibly survive. 一个为剥削阶级所占有，由剥削阶级所组成并为剥削阶级服务的政府是不可能存在下去的。, Studies serve for delight, for ornament, and for ability. (Francis Bacon) 读书足以怡情，足以博采，足以长才,2. 2增补原文比较句中的省略部分,1) This is true of nations as it is of individu
13、als. 国家是这样，个人也是这样。 2）Better be wise by the defeat of others than by your own. 从别人的失败中汲取教训比从自己的失败中汲取教训更好。,3）The footman were as ready to serve her as they were their own mistress. 仆人们愿意服侍她，就像他们愿意服侍他们的女主人一样。,2.3 增补原文回答句中的省略部分,1）Is this your wallet ? Yes, it is. 这是你的钱包吗？是我的。 2）Dont you want Mr. Smith t
14、o be your tutor ? Yes, of course I do. 你不想让史密斯先生当你的导师吗？我当然想。,2.4 增补表示逻辑关系的词语,The strongest man cannot alter the law of nature. 即使是最强有力的人也不能改变自然法则 I am in charge of the depot, only I. People will hold me responsible but not you. 只有我一个人负责管理这个仓库，出了事情别人找我，找不到你。,More thorough testing might have caught th
15、e failure initially. 如果测试更为彻底，也许一开始就能找出故障。 Suppose the preparatory work should not be completed. 准备工作完成不了，那可怎么办？,3. Cultural Amplification (从文化上考虑的增词),3.1增加比喻的喻意 3.2增加背景信息,3. 1增加比喻的喻意,Every family is said to have at least one skeleton in the cupboard. 俗话说，衣柜里面藏骷髅，见不得人的事家家有。 Advice and correction rol
16、l off him like water off a ducks back. 劝导对他好像水过鸭背似的不起作用。,3.2增加背景信息,The United States has now set up a loneliness industry. 美国现在已建立了一种为孤独的人们服务的社会项目。 The blond boy quickly crossed himself. 那个金发小男孩立刻在胸前划十字，祈求上帝保佑。,4. Rhetorical Amplification （从修辞上考虑）,汉语中的语气助词很多，如“的” “吧”、“啊” 、“呀” “嘛”、“吗” 、“啦” 、“了”、 “罢了”
17、、“而已”等等。不同的语气助词可以表示不同的含义。在英译汉时，增加一些恰当的语气助词可以更好地表达英语原文的含义和修辞色彩。另外，为了使译文更加生动通顺，译者也可以增加无损原意的四字词组，四字对偶词组和叠词。,4.1增加一些恰当的语气助词可以更好地表达英语原文的含义和修辞色彩； 4.2增加四字词组，四字对偶词组或叠词。,4.1 增加一些恰当的语气助词可以更好地表达英语原文的含义和修辞色彩。 Dont take it seriously. Its only a joke. 不要认真嘛！这不过是开个玩笑而已。,As I snooze, she talks of anything, everythi
18、ng, all the things that women talk of: books, music, dress, men, other women. 我这边打着盹，她那里说着女人爱说的一切，什么书籍啦、音乐啦、服装啦、男人啦、别的女人啦，五花八门，包罗万象。,4.2 增加四字词组，四字对偶词组或叠词 Target priorities were established there. 目标的轻重缓急，孰先孰后，是在那里决定的。 But there had been too much publicity about my case. 但我的事现在已经搞得满城风雨，人人皆知了。,I had been completely honest in my replies, withholding nothing 我的回答完全是坦坦荡荡，直言无隐。,