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1、2022年高中英语新高考语法专题学习/复习讲义07 定语从句&宾语从句、同位语从句、宾语补语从句定语从句定语从句在主句中充当定语，对某个人或事物进行描述，具有形容词的性质，所以又被称为形容词从句。英语思维中，在被修饰的词之后，会添加一个和它有关系的词，然后再把这个新词放到另一个句子中，用来进行补充说明或逻辑阐述。语法中，这个新词叫关系词，它之前被修饰的词叫先行词，这里的另一个句子就是定语从句。因为包含关系词的缘故，定语从句又被称为关系从句。关系词用来引导定语从句，分为关系代词和关系副词。1. 关系代词：which、who、whom、whose、thatThese are the student
2、s who/that won the first place.* 先行词是人，关系代词在定语从句中作主语。These are the trees which/that were planted last year.* 先行词是物，关系代词在定语从句中作主语。The girl whom I met is Lucy.* 关系代词在定语从句中作宾语。I have a book whose cover is yellow.* 关系代词在定语从句中作定语。当先行词是明确唯一的，关系词一般只用that。This is the best novel that I have ever read.Ive rea
3、d all the books that you gave me.主句已有who或which时，关系词用that。Who is the girl that is standing under the tree?先行词既有人又有物时，关系词用that。Ive never heard of the people and things that you talked about just now.关系代词前有介词时(介词提前)，指人只用whom，指物只用which。This is the boy with whom he talked.This is the ring on which he spe
4、nt 10 dollars.2. 关系副词：where、when、whyThis is the place where I was born.* 关系副词where在定语从句中作地点状语I remember the day when I first met him.* 关系副词when在定语从句中作时间状语Can you tell me the reason why you lied to me?* 关系副词why在定语从句中作原因状语关系副词可以用介词+关系代词代替。比如：where = at which, why = for which, when = on which等。Ill neve
5、r forget the years in which/when we worked together.限定性定语从句 & 非限定性定语从句限定性定语从句是先行词不能缺少的定语，如果去掉，主句的意思就不完整。非限定性定语从句对先行词进行额外附加的说明，并不是句子必不可少的部分，如果去掉，主句的意思依旧完整。非限定性定语从句和主句之间用逗号隔开，而限定性定语从句和主句之间不用逗号隔开。另外，非限定性定语从句不仅可以修饰词，还可以修饰句子，而限定性定语从句只能修饰词。They chose some men who could speak French.* 限定性定语从句His father, wh
6、o was a musician, gave him piano lessons.* 非限定性定语从句，修饰词He was silent, which suggested that he disagreed with the idea.* 非限定性定语从句，修饰句子宾语从句、同位语从句、宾语补语从句宾语从句在主句中充当宾语，其语序为陈述语序。1. 由从属连词that、whether、if引导在口语或非正式文体中，引导词that常常可以省略。Jim thought (that) the train was like a big moving party.Lets see if/whether w
7、e can find out some information about the city.that不能省略的情况有以下几种：主句的谓语动词后面接两个以上由that引导的宾语从句时，第一个that可以省略，后面的that不能省略。I didnt know (that) the rabbit ate the carrot and that you saw it.主句的谓语动词和that引导的宾语从句之间有插入语时，that不能省略。I know, just like you do, that the rabbit ate the carrot.当主句的谓语动词是think、believe、ex
8、pect等，宾语从句的意思是否定时，通常把否定转移到主句表达。I dont think he will come here.主句是现在时态，从句的时态可根据实际而定；主句是过去时态，从句也要用过去时态。例外：从句表达客观真理时，使用一般现在时。I knew that the sun rises in the east.当宾语过长时，为避免句子比例失衡，通常使用it作为形式宾语，而把真正的宾语放在句子尾部。Many children tend to take it for granted that their parents should meet all their desires.宾语从句的
9、特殊句型：be+形容词+that.Im happy that theres a carrot on the table.2. 由连接代词(who、what等)和连接副词(when、where等)引导You can take whatever you like.Could you tell me how you use this new panel?None of us knows where these new parts can be bought.同位语从句在主句中充当同位语，通常用来修饰抽象的名词。与宾语从句类似，同位语从句也可以用从属连词、连接代词、连接副词引导。引导同位语从句的that不能省略。The fact that we dont get enough sleep is absolutely true.I have no idea why you are so tired every day.The question who should go abroad hasnt been decided yet.宾语补语从句在主句中充当宾语补语，主句中含有需要宾语补语的谓语动词，比如call、make、consider等。You can call me what you like.My education made me who I am today.