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1、虚拟语气虚拟语气表示说话人的主观愿望、猜测、建议或与事实不符的假设等，也可以表示可能性较小的情况或不可能发生的情况，而不是客观存在的事实(表示客观事实要用陈述语气)。虚拟语气是由句中谓语动词的特殊形式表现出来的。虚拟语气常用于复合句中，也可用于简单句。比较：If she asks me tomorrow,I shall do it.如果她明天请求我，我会做的。(陈述语气，说话人认为请求的可能性大)If she asked me tomorrow, I should do it. 假如她明天请求我，我会做的。(虚拟语气，说话人认为请求的可能性小或不可能请求)1 虚拟语气的用法1-1 虚拟语气用于
2、条件状语从句中1)表示与现在事实相反的情况If I were/was not busy today, I should go with you.如果我今天有空，我会同你一起去的。If he were/was here,he might talk with you.如果他在这里，他可能会同你谈谈。If I were you,I wouldnt accept her suggestion.如果我是你，我不会接受她的建议。If I knew the answer to the question,I should/ would tell you.如果我知道问题的答案，我当然会告诉你。If we lef
3、t now, we should/would arrive there in time.如果我们现在就动身，我们会准时到达那里。If he didnt do exercise every day,he wouldnt be so strong.如果他不每天锻炼，他不会那样强壮的。If it werent raining, we would go fishing.要是现在不下雨，我们就去钓鱼了。Were time to go back,I would work double hard.如果时光能倒流，我就会加倍努力。提示主句的主语为第一人称主语的I或we时，主句中也可用should，但美式英语则
4、一律用would。虚拟条件句中，主语是第一人称(I)或第三人称(he，she，it)时，通常用were，也可用was，但在正式场合要用were。would表示必然的结果，might表示可能的情况，可用于所有人称，could表示能够做某事。If I knew her phone number,I would ring her.如果我知道她的电话号码，我就会给她打电话。(would表示必然的结果)If I knew her phone number, I might ring her.如果我知道她的电话号码，我或许给她打电话。(表示可能的结果)If I knew her phone number,
5、 I could ring her.如果我知道她的电话号码，我就能给她打电话。(表示能够)2)表示与过去事实相反的情况If you had got up earlier,you would have caught the train.如果你早点起床，你就会赶上火车了。If it had been fine last weekend,I would have gone on vacation.要是上周末天气好的话，我就会去度假了。I wouldnt have known all the facts if I hadnt been told.如果不告诉我，我不会知道所有这些事实的。He might
6、 have already recovered from his illness if he had taken the doctors advice.如果他听从了医生的建议的话，他的病可能已经好了。Had you taken my advice,you would have done it better.你要是听从我的建议的话，你会干得更好的。If you had stayed, this would never have happened.要是你当时留了下来，就不会发生这件事了。比较：If I have enough money,I will buy the house.如果我有足够的钱，
7、就会买下那栋房子。(如果钱够就会买)If I had enough money,I would buy the house.如果我有足够的钱，就会买下那栋房子。(实际上没有足够的钱，买不了)3)表示与将来相反的情况If it rained tomorrow, we should stay at home and read.如果明天下雨，我们就待在家里读书。(最近天气好，下雨的可能性不大)If I should see her,what would I say to her?如果我见到她，我对她说什么呢？If he were to come, I might have time to see h
8、im.只要他来，我可能有时间见他。1-2 虚拟语气用于主语从句虚拟语气常用在由形式主语it引导的主语从句中，句型为：It is/was necessary/natural/wonderful/ imperative/important/essential/vital/strange/ desirable/advisable/urgent that。 It is a shame/a pity that 常用虚拟语气，但有时也用陈述语气。It is no wonder that(不奇怪)，It will be better that(最好是)后也常用虚拟语气。在此类句型中，表示现在的情况，谓语动词
9、用“should+动词原形”，should可省；表示过去的情况，谓语动词用“should+have+过去分词”。It is important that we should learn from others.我们应该向别人学习，这是很重要的。It is necessary that everyone should do his work well.每个人都做好自己的工作，这是很有必要的。It is surprising that he should be so lazy. 他竟如此懒惰，真令人吃惊。Its strange that he should have missed the trai
10、n.他竟然误了火车，真是怪事。Its a great pity that she should not go with us.她不同我们一起去，真是太遗憾了。It is a shame that he should do such a thing.他竟干这种事，真令人害臊。It will be better that we should put off the picnic.我们最好把野餐推迟。提示It is/was decided/suggested/ordered/proposed/ requested/required that结构中也用“should+动词原形”，should可省。It
11、 is required that all of the students (should) pass the exam today.要求所有的学生都要通过今天的考试。It is advised that he (should) spend less time in playing chess.建议他少下棋。1-3 虚拟语气用于宾语从句1) wish+从句动词wish后的宾语从句常用虚拟语气，表示愿望。表示现在或将来不能实现的愿望，从句中的谓语用过去时；表示过去未能实现的愿望，从句中的谓语用过去完成时。I wish everything went well with her.祝愿她万事如意。I
12、 wish it were fine tomorrow. 但愿明天是个晴天。How Iwish it wasnt raining！要是现在不下雨该多好！He wishes he hadnt said it. 他希望自己没有说过这话。(但却说了)They wish they had attended the meeting.他们希望参加过那个会就好了。(但过去没参加)提示wish后的宾语从句有时也可用“would/might+动词原形”，表示有可能实现的愿望。I wish you would stay here a little longer.我希望你在这里多待一些时间。She wishes s
13、he might spend the Spring Festival in Hangzhou.她希望能在杭州过春节。2) suggest 等+从句在 suggest (建 议)，advise (建 议)，demand(要求),decide(决定)， order(命令)， propose(建议)，arrange (安排)，insist(坚持)，desire(愿望)，request(要求)等动词后的宾语从句中，要用“should+动词原形”或只用动词原形。在与上述动词同形的名词(如desire, request等)以及 proposal, suggestion, decision, plan,id
14、ea等后面的表语从句或同位语从句中，要用“should+动词原形”或只用动词原形。I suggest that we (should) save some money for the future.我建议我们为将来储蓄一些钱。She demanded that he (should) leave early.她叫他早点动身。He proposed that the matter (should) be discussed at once.他建议立即讨论这个问题。He ordered that the soldier (should) be sent to the hospital.他命令把那个
15、士兵送往医院。My idea is that we (should) challenge Class 2 to a spelling contest.我的想法是我们应向二班挑战来一次拼写竞赛。(表语从句)The requirement that all students(should) attend at least 90 per cent of the lectures is successfully carried out.要求全体学生听课的出席率至少达到90%的规定已顺利实施。My only request is that he (should) give us a helping ha
16、nd.我唯一的请求是他帮我们一把。(表语从句)She made a suggestion that the meeting (should) be held on Monday afternoon.她建议会议在星期一下午举行。(同位语从句)3)I would/should/had rather+从句I would rather,I should rather和I had rather 表示探询式的礼貌，意为“真希望，宁愿”；表示现在或将来的情况，谓语动词用过去时；表示过去的情况，谓语动词用过去完成时。另外，I would rather, I should和I had rather 可缩写为Id
17、 rather。Id rather you were happy.我宁愿你幸福。Id rather he came at once.我希望他马上就来。I would rather he left tomorrow.我希望他明天动身。I had rather you had not told her the news.我宁愿你没有把那个消息告诉她。I should rather you kept silent.我希望你保持安静。1-4 虚拟语气用于定语从句在“It is (high,about) time (that) .”句型中，time后的定语从句要用虚拟语气，谓语用动词的过去时，有时也可用
18、“should+动词原形”，should一般不省。It is time we started/should start the work.该是我们开始工作的时间了。该是她睡觉的时候了。It is high time that she went to bed.It is high time that she should go to bed.1-5 表示不同时间的条件从句和主句中的虚拟语气变化如果条件从句的动作和主句的动作发生的时间不一致，表示虚拟语气的动词形式要根据具体的时间加以变化。If he had told me yesterday,I should know what to do no
19、w. 假如他昨天告诉我了，我现在就会知道该怎么办了。(从句动词指过去的动作，主句动词指现在的动作。Fact:He didnt tell me yesterday.)You would feel much better if you had taken the medicine.如果你吃了那药，你现在就会好得多。(从句动词指过去的动作，主句动词指现在的动作。Fact: You didnt take the medicine, so you dont feel much better now.)If it had snowed last night,it would be very cold to
20、day.如果昨天夜里下了雪，今天会很冷的。If I were you,I would have worked double hard.如果我是你，我当时会加倍努力的。If we hadnt made preparations,we should be having terrible time tomorrow.如果我们没做准备的话，明天情况就糟糕了。1-6 as if/as though 引导的从句中的虚拟语气as if 或 as though 可以引导比较状语从句或表语从句，构成It seems as if/as though, It looks as if/as though句型，句中的谓
21、语动词要求用虚拟语气，用动词的过去式(be 动词用were)或“had+过去分词”。如果假设的情况在主句后，要用would。He treated Mary as if she were his own daughter.他对待玛丽好像亲生女儿一般。(Fact:Mary was not his daughter.)She looks as though she had known all the secrets.她看上去像是已经知道了全部秘密。(Fact:She didnt know all the secrets. )Susan is walking slowly as if she were
22、 tired.苏珊走得很慢，好像累了。(Fact:She is not tired.)He looks as if he were a poor man. In fact,he is very rich.他看起来像个穷人，事实上他很富有。It seems as if it were winter already.现在仿佛已经是冬天了。(其实现在是秋天)He talks and laughs, as if he would be a king.他谈笑风生，好像要当国王似的。Everything in my college years crowded upon my mind as if they
23、 had just happened.我大学时代的一切一下子涌进了脑海，仿佛刚刚发生的一样。提示如果as if从句中的情况发生的可能性很大，或情况属实，要用陈述语气。The sky looks as if it is going to rain.天看起来要下雨了。Her lips moved as if she was practising speaking English.她的双唇动着，好像在练习说英语。It seems as if he is carefree. 他好像无忧无虑。(接近事实)It seems as if he was/were carefree. 他好像无忧无虑。(其实忧心
24、的事很多)John walks as if he is drunk.约翰走起路来好像醉了。(可能真的醉了)John walks as if he was/were drunk. 约翰走起路来好像醉了。(其实没醉，做做样子)It seems that she has no worries.她似乎没有烦恼。(依据事实推出她可能真没有烦恼)It seems as if she has no worries.她似乎没有烦恼。(接近事实)It seems as if she had no worries.她似乎没有烦恼。(好像没有烦恼，其实烦恼很多)1-7 虚拟语气用于so that和in order
25、that 引导的从句中so that (为了，以便)和in order that(这样就)引导的目的状语从句中，也常用于虚拟语气，结构为：might/could+动词原形。The teacher spoke slowly so that we could hear him clearly. 老师说得很慢，以便我们能听清楚。The old man took more exercise so that he might live longer.为了长寿，老人运动增多了。They set out early in order that they might/could arrive at the a
26、irport in good time.他们很早出发，以便及时赶到机场。提示主句为一般现在时，so that和in order that引导的目的状语从句要用can或may。She does exercises every day so that she can/may make more progress.她每天做练习，以便能取得更大进步。1-8 虚拟语气用于lest, in case和for fear that引导的从句中lest(以免)，in case(以防万一)和 for fear that(害怕，为了免得)引导的目的状语从句中，也常用虚拟语气，结构为：should+动词原形。She
27、took an umbrella lest it should rain.她带了一把伞，以防下雨。(本句中 should 也可省去，只用动词原形)The driver looked over the engine carefully for fear that it should go wrong on the way.唯恐车子在路上出毛病，司机仔细检查了发动机。Please remind me of it tomorrow in case I should forget.请明天再提醒我一下，免得我忘记。(本句中should也可省去，只用动词原形)1-9 虚拟语气用于I never thoug
28、ht 等后的宾语从句中在I never thought, I never expected, I couldnt believe等否定性主句后的宾语从句中，也常用虚拟语气，结构为：should+动词原形。I never thought that she should be so selfish.我万没有想到她会如此自私。I never expected that the house should be so expensive.我从来没有想到这房子会这么贵。Ijust couldnt believe the horse should run so fast.我简直不敢相信这匹马能跑这么快。1-
29、10 虚拟语气用于简单句中虚拟语气也常用于简单句中，表示愿望、祝愿等，谓语用动词原形。May he live a long and happy life.愿他长寿幸福。(祝愿)Long live our friendship.我们的友谊万岁！(祝愿)1-11 虚拟语气在其他场合中的运用1英语中有些介词短语或过去分词短语，如without, with, under, in, but for, given more time等，可以表示虚拟条件。2连词 but,or和otherwise也可以表示虚拟条件。有时虚拟条件存在于上下文中。在上述3种情况下，表示现在或将来，谓语动词用“would(有时用c
30、ould)+动词原形”；表示过去，谓语动词用“would(有时用could)have+过去分词”。Without sunshine nothing could grow on earth.没有阳光，地球上就任何东西也不能生长。(介词短语表示条件：现在的情况)She wouldnt have succeeded but for your help.没有你的帮助，她是不会成功的。(介词短语表示条件：过去的事情)These trees would grow taller under better conditions.在更好的条件下，这些树会长得更高。(介词短语表示条件：将来的情况)It would
31、 be easier to do it this way.这样做会更容易些。(不定式短语表示条件，=if we did it this way)Given more time,he would have done better.如果能有更多的时间，他本来会做得更好。(过去分词短语表示条件)I would have come to see you,but it rained hard.如果不是天下大雨，我就会来看你的。(but前的句子用虚拟语气，but后的句子用陈述语气，=If it hadnt rained hard)The book is not worth reading,otherwis
32、e I would have bought it.那本书不值得读，不然我就买下了。It would have been considered out of the question in the past.这在过去会认为是不可能的。She has found a job, or I couldnt have supported the family alone.她找到了一份工作，否则的话，我一个人难以养活全家。提示but for和without 常可换用。but for 表示条件时，谓语动词要用虚拟语气；without 表示条件时，谓语动词也可用陈述语气。Without water, ther
33、e can be no life on the earth.没有水，地球上就不会有生命。2下面句中的be he和be it也是虚拟语气的一种表示法，为书面语：He is the happiest, be he king or peasant,who finds peace in his home. 无论是国王还是农夫，只要家庭和睦，他便是最幸福的人。People are concerned about the latest trends, be it fashion, music or books.人们关注着最新的潮流，不论是时尚、音乐还是书籍。1-12 表示虚拟条件的条件从句的省略有时候，表
34、示虚拟条件的条件从句可以省略，或者暗含于上下文中，只有主句出现。I would not have done it.我是不会做那件事的。(省去的条件从句可能是：If I were you. Fact:You did it,but you shouldnt have done it.)He would have bought it.他是会买下它的。(省去的条件从句可能是：If he had the money. Fact: He didnt buy it because he had no money.)The flower would have grown well.这花本来可以长得很好。(省去
35、的条件从句可能是if I had watered it. Fact:没有给它浇水。)1-13 没有主句的虚拟条件从如果省去主句，只有从句出现，这是为了强调从句，通常表示一种不可能实现的愿望。这种从句有时用if only引导，意为“但愿，要是就好了”。另外还有What if(要是怎么办)，If you would(如果你愿意)结构。If only she were with me!她同我在一起该多好啊！(Fact: She is not with me.)If only I had listened to his advice. 我要是听从了他的建议多好！(Fact:I didnt listen
36、 to his advice.)If only I had the money to buy the house.要是我有钱买下这所房子该多好！(Fact:I have no money.)What if it should rain?要是下雨怎么办？If you would wait for a minute.请您等一会儿。If I had known her address!如果我当时知道她的地址就好了！If you could come!如果你现在能来多好！If youd close the window.请把窗户关上。(=Please close the window.)1-14 省略
37、if的虚拟条件从句在书面语中，如果条件从句的谓语动词有were，should或 had，可以把if省去，而把were,should或had移到主语前，以倒装形式表示虚拟条件。Were I you,I would do the same.如果我是你，我也会这样做。(=IfI were you)Had he not reminded me,I would have forgotten to lock the door.要不是他提醒我，我就会忘记锁门了。(=If he had not reminded me)Should it snow tomorrow, we would stay at home
38、.如果明天下雪，我们就待在家里。(=If it should snow tomorrow)Should it be fine this afternoon,we would go for an outing.假如今天下午天气好，我们就去郊游。Were it not for your advice, I would never be a good boss.要不是你的忠告，我永远也成不了好老板。Had it not been for your help, I would have gone bankrupt.要不是你的帮助，我就破产了。1-15 虚拟语气的其他用法1)“should/could/
39、might + have+ 过去分词”表示过去应该做某事而未做，本结构的否定式表示过去不该做的事却做了。这种结构可以表示委婉的批评或强烈的责备，用should语气最强，用might语气最弱，常译为“本应该，本可以”。You are wrong. You should have apologized to him.你错了，你本应该向他道歉才是。You could have told me you were going to be late.你要晚来，本应该早点告诉我的。He shouldnt have said that.他本不该那样说的。A: Ive asked the boss to din
40、ner tonight.我已经请老板今晚吃饭。B: Well, you might have told me sooner!哦，你应该早些告诉我才是！2) should/would like to have done 表示本想、本该做而未做成。I should like to have invited him to dinner yesterday，but it rained hard. 我本想昨天请他来吃饭的，但下了大雨。I would like to have taken the first train,but I got up late.我本想乘第一班火车的，但起床晚了。3)“shoul
41、d/would/could/might+动词原形”可以表示提出请求、邀请、建议、试探、委婉的批评等。If shes not at home,you could try phoning her at the office.如果她不在家，你可以试试给她的办公室打电话。You might try it again.你不妨再试一下。Might I come in?我可以进来吗？Would you please lend me your bike?借用一下你的自行车好吗？I should like to ask you a question.我想问你一个问题。2 几个疑难用法1) suggest后用co
42、me还是should comeHer accent suggests that she from thenorth of the country.suggest 表示“建议，提议”时，其后的宾语从句要用虚拟语气。例 如：She suggested that a meeting (should) be held to discuss the problem.(她建议召开会议来讨论这个问题。)suggest作“提出，表明，暗示”解时，其后的从句要用陈述语气。例如：Her pale face suggests that she is ill. (她那苍白的脸色表明她病了。)Statistics fr
43、om the developed countries suggest that it is only when peoples living standards begin to rise that birth rates begin to fall.(发达国家的统计数据表明，只有当人们的生活水平开始上升时出生率才开始下降。)应填 comes。译文：她的口音说明她来自这个国家的北部。2) insist后用is还是should beShe insists that she _ right,but I think she is wrong.insist后接的宾语从句并非都要用虚拟语气。insist表示“坚持要，一定要”时，其后的宾语从句要用虚拟语气。例如：She insisted that she should stay with us.(她坚持要同我们在一起。)insist 表示“坚持”时，其后的宾语从句要用陈述语气。另外，insist on doing sth. 意为“坚持做某事”，insiston saying that意为“坚持说”，后面的宾语从句用陈述语气。例如：She insisted on saying that shewas innocent.(她坚持说她是无辜的。)应填 is。译文：她坚持说她是对的，但我想她错了。