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1、Optical Fiber Communication System Simulation and Common Communication Interface Technology Abstract This paper describes the development direction of optical fiber communications,described the characteristics of system simulation and development at home and abroad.The second part is commonly used b
2、y communication interface interface discussion.Keywords Opticalfibercommunications,development,SystemSimulation,Interface 1 Outline 1.1 Optical Fiber Communication 名师资料总结-精品资料欢迎下载-名师精心整理-第 1 页，共 11 页 -In the information superhighway concept was put forward after the optical fiber communication techn
3、ology in increasing the capacity and extend the communication distance has made rapid development.Broadband fiber amplifier W-EDFA(Wide band Erbium-Doped Fiber Amplifier)and dense wavelength division multiplexing optical fiber communication technology development is the most eye-catching direction.L
4、oss and dispersion in order to reduce the design of the dispersion shifted fiber DSF(Dispersion Shifted Fiber),in the 1525-1565nm band,the dispersion fell to-2-+3 ps/(nm?km)between;zero dispersion at 1540nm.DWDM systems to reduce four-wave mixing effect,but also designed a new type of non-zero dispe
5、rsion fiber NZDF(Non-Zero Dispersion Fiber).At the same time,integrated opto-electronics technologies(OEIC)is the rapid development of vertical-cavity surface-emitting laser VCSEL(Vertical Ca-vity Surface Emitting Laser)and electro-optical receiver optoelectronic integration has been achieved.Around
6、 a variety of light(OTDM)At present,there are active in research units.1.2 System Simulation 名师资料总结-精品资料欢迎下载-名师精心整理-第 2 页，共 11 页 -System simulation is developed in the last two decades a science and emerging technologies.Is the so-called computer simulation model on the computer system for experimen
7、tal study of the actual process.The use of computer simulation can be repeated simulation of the same phenomenon of the objective world and thus to find out the inherent laws.In particular,contain random variables and random process,it is difficult to establish a mathematical model of an objective s
8、tudy of things,the computer simulation method has obvious advantages,has become the analysis,research and design of an important means of various systems.The application of computer simulation technology to the field of communications is one of an important branch.With the development of communicati
9、on technologies,communications networks,the number and complexity of the rapid growth of the design of communication systems in use of computer simulation technology has become a new system designed to shorten the design cycle and improve design reliability and improved system performance has been a
10、n indispensable tool.2 Optical fiber communication system simulation Optical fiber communication technology is more than one cross-discipline integrated technology penetration.It involves the basic theory of communication(such as digital communication 名师资料总结-精品资料欢迎下载-名师精心整理-第 3 页，共 11 页 -technology)
11、,and microwave technologies(such as fiber channel analysis of electromagnetic fields),as well as circuit design and microelectronic technology(such as application specific integrated circuit ASIC)and so on.Therefore,whether it is systematic planning and design,or a new type of transmission system an
12、d the system of exploration and research,have experienced lengthy complicated calculations.In addition,in order to verify whether the performance requirements of Section need to research and experiment repeated testing.If every time the direct use of the real system experiments,not only the cost of
13、expensive,labor-and time-consuming and sometimes difficult to find the crux of the problem,therefore,address these problems is an effective means of computer simulation techniques,namely through the establishment of device components and the system model,and model experiments on the computer,using h
14、igh-speed computer processing capacity,completion of the fiber-optic communications equipment and systems analysis,design optimization and performance testing and evaluation.2.1 Optical fiber communication system simulation software,the status quo The simulation is divided into circuit simulation an
15、d system-level simulation.Circuit-level simulation by resistors,capacitors,inductors and other components of the circuit model 名师资料总结-精品资料欢迎下载-名师精心整理-第 4 页，共 11 页 -equivalent to the outer characteristics of Analog Devices.System-level simulation is Rong transfer function or the number of formula cha
16、racteristics of analog simulation.Abroad,some optical fiber communication system simulation software for circuit analysis,focusing on different,such as the Boss is a user-friendly optical link simulation software,which includes fiber-optic device model,but only in a single wavelength system.SCOPE(Su
17、per Co-mpact Optoelectronic Simulation)is a kind of the photovoltaic devices and optical devices using the two-port network model to simulate the nonlinear microwave simulation software,its main use is in the microwave frequency of IM/DD Optical Communication Systems simulation.DEX SOLUS(Simulation
18、of Light Using Spice)is based on the Spice circuit simulation software dedicated to the field of optical communication signal analysis software,it uses the equivalent circuit model to simulate optoelectronic devices,optical power of the models used in the simulation of voltage to represent.There are
19、 other circuit-level simulation software such as iSMILE and MISIM.IBMs OLAP(Optical Link Analysis Program)is a low-level to SYSTID and simulation software of optical devices integrated with software applications.There are a number of new simulation software,such as iFROST(illinois FibeR-optic and Op
20、toelectronic 名师资料总结-精品资料欢迎下载-名师精心整理-第 5 页，共 11 页 -Systems Toolkit),etc.,the user can call other simulation software to provide a mixed-level simulation environment.3 Common Communication Interface Technology 3.1 Converters in parallel with the string attached to optoelectronic devices In high-speed
21、optical fiber communication systems,transmission of data stream format conversion is required,that is,at the time of optical transmission in serial form and in electronic format when theparallel between the conversion.Serializer-deserializer(generally known as the Serial and Parallel converter)is us
22、ed to achieve this conversion.Serial and Parallel converter and the interface between the photoelectric sensor is usually high-speed serial data stream,using a different coding schemes signaling,this can be embedded clock data recovery.According to the communication standards supported by the serial
23、 stream can be 1.25Gb/s(Gigabit Ethernet),2.488Gb/s(OC-48/STM-16),9.953Gb/s(OC-192/STM-64)or 10.3Gb/s(10 Gigabit Ethernet)transmission conditions.3.2 Serial and Parallel interface converter to the framers In the Sonet/SDH in the world,fiber optic data transmission is often in the form of the use of
24、frames.Each frame,including additional information(for synchronization,error monitoring,protection switching,etc.)and payload data.Transmission equipment must be 名师资料总结-精品资料欢迎下载-名师精心整理-第 6 页，共 11 页 -added to output data in the frame of the additional information,the receiving device must be extracte
25、d from the frame payload data,and additional information frame systems management.These operations will be completed in the framers As the framers of the need to achieve some complex digital logic,which determines the parallel series converter used with the framers of the interface between technolog
26、y and the use of standard CMOS technology to create a high level of integration of the IC.The current CMOS technology can not support the 10Gb/s serial data stream,the parallel series converter and the need for parallel interface between framers.At present,the most popular choice is the Internet for
27、um by the Optical Network(Optical Internetworking Forum)to develop the SFI-4,the interface speeds of up to two 622Mb/s 16-bit parallel data streams(one in each direction).SFI-4 and as many new interfaces,the use of source-synchronous clock,the clock signal and data that is shared by the transmission
28、 signal transmission devices.Source-synchronous clock can significantly reduce the clock signal and data signals between the offset,but it can not completely eliminate the line length does not match the PCB-induced migration effects.16 data signals and clock signal are the use of IEEE-1593.6 standar
29、d LVDS signaling.The parallel interface only in the series converter and transmit data back and forth between framers,shorter 名师资料总结-精品资料欢迎下载-名师精心整理-第 7 页，共 11 页 -distance,there is no need to have a complex flow control or error detection.3.3 Control panel interface Motorola has been and Rapid IO Tr
30、ade Association supported the use of Rapid IO switch architecture to achieve point-to-point link interface.The interface provides the data transport layer to package in the package,each packet has a data source and target information,the packet switch architecture will be sent to the appropriate des
31、tination.Rapid IO in each direction to provide 8 or 16-bit,250MHz 1.0GHz using Double Data Rate.In addition,Serial Rapid IO can be used with 8b/10b encoding a channel or 4-channel data,embedded clock of 3.125Gb/s,it has a differential CML signaling.AMD and the development of Hyper Transport Union Hy
32、per Transport channel devices using point-to-point link.The form of data packet transmission,each packet includes a data source and target information.Access device to receive data in accordance with the packet header to determine the data transmitted to the next in the chain of devices,or deal dire
33、ctly with the data.Hyper Transport current norms for the needs of the width of 2 16-bit parallel data.Norms to support the next higher rate.PMC-Sierra and Bro AD Com has been the introduction of Hyper Transport communications products based on the MIPS processor.名师资料总结-精品资料欢迎下载-名师精心整理-第 8 页，共 11 页 -
34、PCI-SIG has introduced high-speed PCI-X.They use the PCI-X same as the original 64-bit bus bandwidth to support double-data rate and four times the data rate.PCI-X 533 version is the fastest rate,maximum total bandwidth of 34.1Gb/s.PCI-X communication protocol of the transmission signal and the stan
35、dard connector format in conjunction with the PCI-compatible,enabling 3.3V 32-bit PCI adapter card can be used in PCI-X expansion slots on.Of course,if you prefer,you can be 64-bit PCI-X adapter card access in the 32-bit PCI expansion slots,but bandwidth will be greatly reduced speed.4 Conclusion At
36、 present,Chinas optical fiber communication system simulation study has been started,such as Tsinghua University,Tianjin University,etc.some success,to design a highly functional and reliable performance of the optical fiber communication system simulation package,to adapt to the rapid development o
37、f optical fiber communications have important theoretical and practical significance,has a high cost-effective and broad application prospects.名师资料总结-精品资料欢迎下载-名师精心整理-第 9 页，共 11 页 -光纤通信系统仿真及常用通信接口技术摘要介绍了光纤通信的发展方向，阐述了系统仿真的特点及国内外的发展状况，第二部分为现用通信接口中常用接口讨论。关键词：光纤通信，发展方向，系统仿真，接口1 概述1.1 光纤通信在“信息高速公路”的概念被提出以
38、后，光纤通信技术在加大容量和延长通信距离方面取得了突飞猛进的发展。宽带光纤放大器W-EDFA（Wide band Erbium-Doped Fiber Amplifier）和密集波分复用是光纤通信技术发展最引人瞩目的方向。为了降低损耗和色散设计了色散位移光纤DSF（Dispersion Shifted Fiber），在 1525-1565nm 波段内，色散降至2-3ps/（nm?km）间；在 1540nm色散为零。为减小DWDM 系统的四波混频效应，还设计了一种新型的非零色散光纤NZDF（Non-Zero Dispersion Fiber）。与此同时，光电子集成技术（OEIC）也在飞速发展，垂
39、直腔面发射激光器VCSEL（Vertical Ca-vity Surface Emitting Laser）和光电接收机已经实现了光电子集成。光的时分多种（OTDM）目前国际上也有单位积极从事研究。1.2 系统的仿真系统仿真是近二十年发展起来的一门新兴技术科学。所谓计算机仿真就是在计算机上利用模型对实际系统进行实验研究的过程。利用计算机仿真可以多次重复模拟客观世界的同一现象，从而得以找出其内在规律。尤其对含有随机变量和随机过程，难以建立数学模型的客观事物的研究，计算机仿真方法具有突出的优点，已成为分析、研究和设计各种系统的重要手段。把计算机仿真技术应用到通信领域就是其中的一项重要分支。随着通信
40、技术的发展，通信网络的数量和复杂度的迅速增长，在通信系统设计中运用计算机仿真技术已成为新系统设计时缩短设计周期、提高设计可靠性和已有系统性能改进的不可缺少的工具。2 光纤通信系统的仿真光纤通信技术是一门多学科专业交叉渗透的综合技术。它涉及到通信基础理论（如数字通信技术），微波技术（如光纤信道的电磁场分析）以及电路设计与微电子技术（如ASIC 专用集成电路）等。因此，无论是系统的规划与设计，还是新型传输系统与体制的探索与研究，都要遇到冗长繁杂的计算。此外，为了验证其性能是否合科要求，还需反复进行实验研究与测试。如果每次都直接用真实系统进行实验，不仅耗资昂贵，费工费时，有时甚至难于找到问题症结所在
41、，因此，解决上述问题的有效方法是采用计算机仿真技术，即通过建立器件部件乃至系统的模型，并用模型在计算机上做实验，利用计算机的高速运算处理能力，完成对光纤通信设备与系统的分析、设计以及性能优化与评估测试。2.1 光纤通信系统仿真软件的现状仿真分为电路仿真和系统级仿真。电路级仿真就是由电阻、电容、电感等组成等效的电路模型来模拟器件的外特性。系统级仿真是肜传输函数或数字公式来模拟器件的外特性的模拟。国外已有一些光纤通信系统仿真软件，用于电路分析时，其侧重点不同，例如Boss 是一种界面友好的光链路仿真软件，它包括光纤器件模型，但只适用于单一波长系统。SCOPE（Super Co-mpact Opto
42、electronic Simulation）是一种把系统的光电器件和光器件用两端口网络模型来模拟的非线性微波仿真软件，其主要用途是对在微波频率的IM/DD 光通信系统进行仿真。DEX SOLUS（Simulation of Light Using Spice）是基于Spice 电路仿真软件的专用于光通信领域的信号分析软件，它采用等效电路模型来模拟光电器件，这些模型的光功率在仿真中用电压来表征。还有其它电路级的仿真软件如iSMILE 和 MISIM等。IBM 的 OLAP（Optical Link Analysis Program）是一个把 SYSTID和低级的光器件仿真软件综合起来应用的软件。
43、还有一些新的仿真软件如iFROST（illinois FibeR-optic and Optoelectronic Systems Toolkit）等，用户可调用其他仿真软件来提供混合级的仿真环境。3 常用通信接口技术的探讨3.1 与串并行转换器相连的光电器件名师资料总结-精品资料欢迎下载-名师精心整理-第 10 页，共 11 页 -在高速光纤通信系统中，传输的数据流需要进行格式转换，即在光纤传输时的串行格式及在电子处理时的并行格式之间转换。串行器-解串器(一般被称作串并行转换器)就是用来实现这种转换的。串并行转换器与光电传感器间的接口通常为高速串行数据流，利用一种编码方案实现不同信令，这样可
44、从数据恢复嵌入时钟。根据所支持的通信标准，该串行流可在1.25Gb/s(千兆以太网)、2.488Gb/s(OC-48/STM-16)、9.953Gb/s(OC-192/STM-64)或 10.3Gb/s(10千兆以太网)条件下传输。3.2 串并行转换器至成帧器接口在 Sonet/SDH 的世界中，光纤中的数据传输往往采用帧的形式。每帧包括附加信息(用于同步、误差监视、保护切换等)和有效载荷数据。传输设备必须在输出数据中加入帧的附加信息，接收设备则必须从帧中提取有效载荷数据，并用帧的附加信息进行系统管理。这些操作都会在成帧器中完成。由于成帧器需要实现某些复杂的数字逻辑，因而决定了串并行转换器与成
45、帧器间所用的接口技术，采用标准 CMOS 工艺制造的高集成度IC。目前的 CMOS 工艺不能支持10Gb/s 串行数据流，因此串并行转换器与成帧器间需要并行接口。目前最流行的选择是由光网络互联论坛(Optical Internetworking Forum)开发的 SFI-4，该接口使用两个速度达622Mb/s 的 16 位并行数据流(每个方向一个)。SFI-4 与目前很多新型接口一样，使用源同步时钟，即时钟信号与数据信号共同由传输器件传输。源同步时钟可显著降低时钟信号与数据信号间的偏移，但它不能完全消除不匹配PCB线路长度引起的偏移效应。16 个数据信号和时钟信号均使用 IEEE-1593.
46、6 标准 LVDS信令。该接口仅需在串并行转换器与成帧器间来回传输数据，距离较短，因此无须具备复杂的流控制或误差检测功能。力及对操作系统中电路板的可能损害。其二，在信号中嵌入时钟和数据的串行接口可完全避免时钟偏移问题。时钟偏移是PCB中数英寸长的并口所面临的主要问题。其三，串行信号的背板设计者还可提高传输速率，因为不存在时钟偏移，也就没有对未来性能的限制。被成功用作串行背板标准的接口是XAUI，它是为 10 千兆以太网开发的。该规范适用于通道排列电路，无论四通道轨线长度是否匹配，符合 XAUI 的器件均能接收无误差数据。该接口使用差分电流模式逻辑信令，它还采用交流耦合模式，允许电路板间的参考电
47、压不同。3.3 控制板接口已获得 Motorola及 Rapid IO 贸易联合会支持的Rapid IO 是使用交换架构实现点至点链接的接口。该接口的传输层规定数据如何封装在包中，每个包都具有数据源和目标信息，交换架构将数据包送往合适的目的地。Rapid IO 在每个方向上提供8 个或 16 个位，采用 250MHz 1.0GHz 双数据速率。此外，串行 Rapid IO 可使用具有 8b/10b 编码的 1 通道或 4 通道数据，嵌入时钟达3.125Gb/s，它还具有CML差分信令。AMD 及 Hyper Transport联盟开发的Hyper Transport使用通道器件实现点至点链接。
48、数据以包的形式传输，每个包均包括数据源和目标信息。接收数据的通道器件按照数据包报头确定是将数据传至链中的下一个器件，还是直接处理数据。目前的Hyper Transport规范需要宽度为216 位的并行数据。未来规范可支持更高速率。PMC-Sierra 和 Bro AD Com已经为 Hyper Transport通信产品推出基于MIPS的处理器。PCI-SIG 已经推出高速率PCI-X。它们使用与最初PCI-X 相同的 64 位总线带宽，可支持双数据速率和四倍数据速率。PCI-X 533 是速率最快的版本，最大总计带宽达34.1Gb/s。PCIX的传输通讯协议、讯号和标准的接头格式都与PCI 一并兼容，可以使3.3V 的 32 位 PCI 适配卡可以用在 PCI-X 扩充槽上。当然如果你愿意，也可以将 64 位 PCI-X 适配卡接在32 位 PCI 扩充槽上，不过，频宽速度将会大减。4 结束语目前，我国在光纤通信系统仿真研究方面已经起步，如清华大学、天津大学等均取得一些成绩，设计一个功能较强，性能可靠的光纤通信系统的仿真软件包，对适应光纤通信的飞速发展有着重要的理论意义和现实意义，具有较高的性价比和广泛的应用前景。名师资料总结-精品资料欢迎下载-名师精心整理-第 11 页，共 11 页 -