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1、2022年高考英语大二轮复习讲与练(通用版)19说明文阅读策略攻略【高频考点回顾】一、说明文特点英语说明文，顾名思义，就是一种以“说明、解释”为主要表达方式、用平实的语言客观地解说事物、说明 事理，给人以知识的英语文体。它常探讨的问题包括机器的制造过程、自然或社会现象产生的原因、工程项 目的规划或问题的解决方案，或者介绍自然科学、社会科学领域的最新成果，社会经济开展过程中出现的 新生事物等等。它是对客观事物的性状、特点、功能和用途等等做科学解说的，或是对抽象事理(如概念、 原理、定律)的阐释，使人们对事物的形态、特征、构造、性能、种类、成因、功能等有所了解。它既不像 故事那样重在情节的表达和描
2、写，也不像议论文那样，重在说明主张和论点论据；更不像科幻作品那样富 于想象和虚构夸张。说明文就是通过解说事物、说明事理，使人们增长知识和技能。除了用文字说明以外, 说明文中常常使用数据、图片等资料。说明文的顺序：时间顺序(如事物的开展变化)、空间顺序(如建筑结构)、逻辑顺序(如因果、二、说明方法说明文是以说明为主要表达方式来解说事物、说明事理而给人以知识的文章，英语说明文可分为对“客 观具体事物，的说明和对“主观抽象观念”的说明两大类。提供了英语说明文的说明方法，欢迎欣赏！ 1.定义法(definition)定义法是用下定义的方式去揭示事物本质特征或概念内涵。它能使读者迅速抓住本质属性和基本特
3、点。 此法的句型： . is a/the . of. which/that .(2) . relate to/involve/refer to .【例】(1 )Language is a system of arbitrary vocal symbols which is used for human communication. 语言是人类 用来交际的任意性的语音符号体系。(2)Intermediate goals relate to outcomes during the next few years.(3)Short-term goals involve outcomes expecte
4、d during the next 12 months,2.举例法(illustration)举例法就是举出实际事例来说明事物的方法，是最常见，往往也是最有效的阐释模式。举例时应挑选 具体、典型且有能力表达清楚的、例子，并注意按照一定的顺序编排。provide relief from pain. First aid must be administered as quickly as possible. In the case of the critically injured, a few minutes can make the difference between complete re
5、covery and loss of life.First-aid measures depend upon a victims needs and the providers level of knowledge and skill. Knowing what not to do in an emergency is as important as knowing what to do. Improperly moving a person with a neck injury, for example, can lead to permanent spinal （脊柱的）injury an
6、d paralysis （瘫痪）.Despite the variety of injuries, several principles of first aid apply to all emergencies. The first step is to call for professional medical help. The victim, if conscious, should be reassured that medical aid has been requested, and asked for permission to provide any first aid. N
7、ext, assess the scene, asking other people or the injured persons family or friends about details of the injury or illness, any care that may have already been given, and pre-existing conditions such as diabetes （糖尿病）or heart trouble. Unless the accident scene becomes safe or the victim may suffer f
8、urther injury, do not move the victim.First aid requires rapid assessment of victims to determine whether life-threatening conditions exist. One method for evaluating a victim*s condition is known by the acronym （首字母缩写）ABC, which stands for:A一Airway: Is it open and clear?B一Breathing: Is the person b
9、reathing? Look, listen, and feel for breathing.C-Circulation: Is there a pulse? Is the person bleeding externally （外表）？ Check skin colour and temperature for additional indications of circulation problems.8. What is the main idea of this article?A. First aid is more important than professional medic
10、al treatment.B. First aid is important, but should be provided properly.C. First aid can be provided by any person.D. First aid requires assessment.9. About the functions of first aid, which of the following statements is NOT true?A. It may save a life or improve vital signs.B. It may stop a victims
11、 condition getting worse.C. It may help reduce a victims pain.D. It cant make any difference to a victim*s condition.10. If first aid is given improperly, what could be the result?A. Leading to permanent disability.B. The victim suffering further injury.C. Worsening the victims condition.D. All of t
12、he above.11. Replace the instructions about carrying out first aid from to in right order.Ask for the victims permission.Call for professional medical help.Get some details of the injury or illness.Take first aid measures.Make assessment of the victim.A.B.C.D.【答案】BD DC【解析】本文是一篇说明文。文章主要告诉我们如何进行急救的基本知
13、识。8 .主旨大意题。根据第一段中“First aid is emergency care for a victim of sudden illness or injury until more skillful medical treatment is available. It may save a life or improve certain vital （生命的）signs including pulse, temperature, a clear airway （气道），and breathing.（急救是对突然生病或受伤的受害者进行的紧急护理，直 到有更熟练的医疗手段。它可以挽救
14、生命或改善某些生命体征，包括脉搏、体温、气道通畅和呼吸）”和 第二段中“First-aid measures depend upon a victims needs and the providers level of knowledge and skill.（急救 措施取决于受害者的需要和提供者的知识和技能水平）”，以及第四段中“Despite the variety of injuries, several principles of first aid apply to all emergencies.（急救需要对受害者进行快速评估，以确定是否存在危及生命的 情况）。由此可知，这篇文章的
15、主旨是急救很重要，但应提供适当的急救。应选B。9 .细节理解题。根据第一段中“In minor emergencies, first aid may prevent a victim*s condition from turning worse and provide relief from pain. First aid must be administered as quickly as possible. In the case of the critically injured, a few minutes can make the difference between complet
16、e recovery and loss of life.（在轻微的紧 急情况下，急救可以防止受害者的情况恶化，减轻疼痛。急救必须尽快进行。在重伤的情况下，几分钟 就可以决定是完全康复还是失去生命）“，可知，D It can*t make any difference to a victim condition.（急 救对受害者的状况没有任何影响）是不正确的。应选D。10 .细节理解题。根据第二段中“Knowing what not to do in an emergency is as important as knowing what to do. Improperly moving a p
17、erson with a neck injury, for example, can lead to permanent spinal （脊柱的）injury and paralysis （瘫痪）.（知道在紧急情况下不能做什么和知道该做什么同样重要。例如，不恰当地移动一个颈部 受伤的人，可能会导致永久性的脊柱损伤和瘫痪）“，可知，如果急救不正确，会导致永久性残疾、受害者遭受进一步的伤害以及使受害者的病情恶化。应选D。11 .细节理解题。根据第三段中“The first step is to call for professional medical help. The victim, if c
18、onscious, should be reassured that medical aid has been requested, and asked for permission to provide any first aid. Next, assess the scene, asking other people or the injured persons family or friends about details of the injury or illness, any care that may have already been given, and pre-existi
19、ng conditions such as diabetes （糖尿病）or heart trouble. （第一步是寻求专业的医疗帮助。如果受害者意识清醒，应向其保证已经要求医疗救助，并请求允许提供 任何急救。接下来，评估现场情况，询问其他人或伤者的家人或朋友有关受伤或疾病的细节，可能已经得 到的护理，以及已有的疾病，如糖尿病或心脏病）”，可知，急救说明从 到的正确顺序是。 应选C。4On the morning of June 17, three Chinese crew （机组）members blasted into the sky, flying to Chinas space st
20、ation, Tiangong, which is being built. Powered by the giant Long March-2F rocket, their Shenzhou-12 capsule （太 空舱）successfully docked （对接）at the space stations core module （核心、舱）,Tianhe, after just a few hours.After the ship docked with the space station, the astronauts opened four different hatches
21、 （窗 口）to access the Tianhe core module, which was sent into orbit （轨道）on April 30. Tianhe has living rooms, a bathroom, a kitchen, dining area, exercise area, and work stations spread over 110 square meters. With only the American-led International Space Station for competition, Tiangong might have
22、the best food available in space. There are more than 120 kinds of different food on board, all prepared to the astronauts9 tastes and health requirements. Among them are classic Sichuan dishes kung pao chicken and yuxiang shredded pork. Both dishes are surprisingly well-suited for space consumption
23、 （7肖耗）：when wrapped （包裹）up in a pancake, they are easy to eat without making a mess; they contain a rich variety of ingredients （原料）;there are no scraps like bones or skin to dispose （除掉）of; and they contain lots of calories. Plus, theyre delicious.During their stay, the astronauts are scheduled to
24、complete two spacewalks. The crew will use robotic arms to move around the ship and carry out repair tasks, as well as various experiments and tests on the Tiangongs equipment（设备）.But high on the crews to-do-list is to open the packages of supplies delivered by the Tianzhou-2 cargo spacecraft less t
25、han three weeks ago. The 6.8 tons of supplies include two specialized （专门的）spacesuits for spacewalks, oxygen tanks, food, water, propellant （推进燃料），and other supplies. At the end of the mission, the crew will ride the Shenzhou-12 descent （降落）vehicle back to Earth, and land at the Dongfeng landing sit
26、e in the Badain Jaran Desert in the western part of Inner Mongolian.12. Which of the following did Shenzhou-12 capsule get power from?A. The space station.B. Long March-2F rocket.C. Shenzhou-12 capsule itself.D. The space stations core module.13. Whats the main idea of paragraph 2?A. The housing con
27、ditions in the space station.B. The food in the space station is delicious.C. Astronauts, living conditions in the space station.D. The Tianhe core module was sent into orbit.14. Which of the following is possibly true?A. The food on Tiangong cant meet the astronauts9 health requirements.B. It is ea
28、sy to eat without a mess to wrap the dishes up in a pancake.C. There is no place for astronauts to do exercise.D. The food astronauts cat contains few calories.15. What is the top thing to do on the crews to-do-list according to paragraph 3?A. To carry out repair tasks.B. To do various experiments.C
29、. To use robotic arms to move around the ship.D. To open the packages of supplies delivered by the Tianzhou-2 cargo spacecraft.【答案】BCBD【解析】本文是说明文。主要介绍了神州十二号载人飞船成功对接太空站，宇航员们在太空站的生活以及 他们在太空站需要完成的的任务，最后成功返回地球的情况。12 .细节理解题。根据第一段Powered by the giant Long March-2F rocket, their Shenzhou-12 capsule （太空舱） s
30、uccessfully docked （对接）at the space station core module （核心舱）-Tianhe”可知，神州 12 太空舱与太空 站的核心舱对接成功是由长征-2F火箭提供动力的。应选B项。13 .主旨大意题。第二段主要介绍了宇航员在太空站停留期间的生活，包括居住条件和饮食，统称生活条件。 应选C项。14 .细节理解题。根据第二段“Both dishes are surprisingly well-suited for space consumption （消耗）:when wrapped （包裹）up in a pancake, they are eas
31、y to eat without making a mess;可知，宇航员们把菜包在煎饼里 吃，这样吃起来比拟容易，不会弄得一团糟。应选B项。15 .细节理解题。根据第三段But high on the crews to-do-list is to open the packages of supplies delivered by the Tianzhou-2 cargo spacecraft less than three weeks ago.”可知，宇航员们在太空站待办任务列表中排在最前面 的事情是翻开由Tianzhou-2货仓飞船提供的补给物品包裹。应选D项。5Fourteen yea
32、rs ago, wildlife documentary （纪录片）the Planet Earth took us on an amazing journey from deep caves to the rainforests and then to the bottom of the ocean. Now a new documentary Our Planet will show different animals and the influence of humans on the natural world.US entertainment company Netflix made
33、 the eight-episode （集）journey meet its audience （观众）on April 5. The crew （工作人员）of the documentary covers 50 countries and areas to choose the best filming places, and takes more than four years to produce it. It is the hard work of more than 600 crew members.With the latest 4K video technology, the
34、documentary allows audiences to have a sharp new look at nature. “People are given a chance to better get themselves into the lives of the animals.said Fothergill, one of the documentary producers.Apart from showing Earths beauty in new detail, the documentary also shows the planefs poor climate con
35、ditions. Our Planet is here to say, The planet is dying, and were killing it. Fothergill said. In one sad scene, hundreds of walruses （海象）,half-blind when out of the water, fall down a rock to suffer a painful death on the beach below. It shows how man-made global warming has destroyed their natural
36、 habitat （栖息地）and explains why theyve been forced to find a safe place on the rocks.However, its not all about sadness. The documentary also talks about success stories, including Siberian tigers, blue whales （鲸鱼）and humpback whales. These species are protected thanks to international agreements on
37、environmental protection. It reminds us that we can change the present bad condition of our planet through our joint （共同的）effort.Calling on more people to take action to protect our planet is the final goal of the new documentary. What we do in the next 20 years will decide the future of all life on
38、 Earth.16. What is the new documentary Our Planet about?A. An amazing journey of rainforests.B. The beauty and customs of 50 countries and areas.C. Different animals and the influence of humans on the natural world.D. The hard work of more than 600 crew members.17. What can we infer from the passage
39、?A. It took a lot of time and efforts to make the documentary.B. People like to take a close look at animals.C. The documentary is very popular in many countries and areas.D. We human cant change the present condition of our planet.18. Whafs the purpose of the last paragraph?A. To explain what our g
40、oal in the future.B. To call on more people to protect our planet.C. To tell us the documentary is worth watching.D. To tell us how the climate conditions influence animals.19. Where is the text probably from?1 . A novel.B. A travel journal. C. A story book. D. A newspaper.【答案】CABD【解析】本文是一篇说明文。文章主要对
41、一部新的纪录片我们的星球进行了相关介绍，它展示了不同 的动物以及人类对自然世界的影响。16 .细节理解题。根据第一段第二句Now a new documentary Our Planet will show different animals and the influence of humans on the natural world.（现在，一部新的纪录片我们的星球将展示不同的动物以及人类 对自然世界的影响”可知，这部新的纪录片是关于不同的动物以及人类对自然世界的影响，选项C符合。 应选C项。17 .推理判断题。根据第二段第二、三句The crew （工作人员）of the docume
42、ntary covers 50 countries and areas to choose the best filming places, and takes more than four years to produce it. It is the hard work of more than 600 crew members.（这部纪录片的摄制组覆盖了 50个国家和地区来选择最正确拍摄地点，耗时4年多。这是600 多名工作人员辛勤工作的结果。）”可以推出，这部纪录片的制作花费了大量时间和精力。应选A项。18 .推理判断题。根据最后一段Calling on more people to t
43、ake action to protect our planet is the final goal of the new documentary. What we do in the next 20 years will decide the future of all life on Earth.（号召更多的人采取 行动保护我们的地球是这部新纪录片的最终目标。我们在未来20年的所作所为将决定地球上所有生命的未 来。）“可以推断，本段旨在号召大家保护我们的星球。应选B项。19 .推理判断题。通读全文可知，文章介绍一部纪录片我们的星球，所以可能是来自于报纸的某个板块。 应选D项。6China
44、is offering a small communication satellite platform （平台）to countries seeking an affordable solution for their own space-based internet networks.The DFH-3E satellite platform was designed by the China Academy of Space Technology. It is the countrys first small satellite platform designed for operati
45、ons, according to Xiong Xiaojang, head of the platforms design team at the Beijing academy.A satellite platform is to model a satellite, or satellite system, for its role and function. It is made up of the special equipment needed by any satellite specifically designed for the satellite in question.
46、 Xiong said satellites on powered DFH-3E platform will be able to carry up to 30 transponders （应答号岸）and operate in the orbit for at least 15 years. With a weight of up to 1.8 metric tons, the satellite is tasked with setting up a space-based internet service and is designed to be lifted into orbit b
47、y a Long March 2C or 2D carrier rocket, he added.“We noticed that an increasing number of developing countries now seek to own communication satellites, but often dont have the money or the market demand and also cant get suitable signal frequency resources for communication satellites. So they dont
48、 need large, powerful satellites that are overly large or too expensive. The DFH-3E platform is afTbrdable and can meet their needs, “said Hu Zhongmin, chairman of China Great Wall Industry, the international trade arm of China Aerospace Science and Technology Corp.20. What is the DFH-3E satellite platform designed for?A. Offering solutions to some countries9 space-based internet networks.B. Better communicating with other countries and areas.C. Sharing space information with other countries.D. Furthering explore space by our own country.21. How is paragraph 3