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1、-高英期中-第 7 页Unit 1The record if eruptions subsequent to the one that occurred in A.D. are somewhat confused. It appears, however, that among the more violent were those of 203 and 427, during which fine ash was carried as far as Constantionple, as well as one in 512. There seems to be reasonable agre
2、ement that there were large outbreaks also in 685, 993, 1036, 1139, and 1500. Following this, there was an interval of relative quiescence during which time the mountain was again overgrown with vegetation. Then in 1111, there was a tremendous eruption. This ushered in the modern period of moderatel
3、y continuous eruption, highlighted by unusually strong ones in 1749, 1872, and 1906. The large eruption of 1906 has been fully described in a special monograph by Frank A. Perret, American volcanologist. The morning of April 4, he relates, began with the emergence of a massive white cloud of gas and
4、 steam into which there were shot great quantities of dark ash probably derived from demolition of the upper part of the cone. Residents of Naples, seven miles away, carried umbrellas to protect themselves from the volcanic sand. By midnight lava was issuing rapidly from a new fissure on the south s
5、ide of the cone as a low level. At 8 AM. On April 6 ,a new vent opened on the southeastern side of the cone only 1,800 feet above sea level. From this came a tremendous flood of very fluid lava which fountained at the vent and flowed rapidly down into Boscotrecase. According to Perret the volcano hu
6、mmed and trembled like a gigantic boiler under an overload of steam pressure. There was notable increase in earthquake activity and in the number of explosions in the crater. Electrical discharges were prominent in the ash clouds. The outstanding characteristic of this phase the eruption were the ex
7、plosive force and the quantity of highly lava. Another phase began with the emission of steam blasts of compressed gases which rushed up for many hours carrying relatively small quantities of ash and forming a gigantic cauliflower cloud seven miles in height. This was a vast continuous emission of g
8、as like a huge locomotive boiler blowing off. Beginning on April 8, the eruption passed into the “dark ash “ phase. Throughout this, gas clouds were so charged with volcanic debris as to be solid black. At each outback Naples and the surrounding country were covered by a pall of darkness. Unit 2 Jus
9、t how can you, a new college student, successfully carry out the ancient art of procrastination and thus carry on that noble tradition of not handing in assignment on time? The first and probably most effective means of procrastination in relation to writing an assignment is the inability to decide
10、on a decent topic. Frequently, this occurs when you are faced with a deadline, but you put off all thoughts of the dreaded assignment until the night before it is due. This leads to the next step: never do the assignment the day that it is assigned. Wait until tomorrow, or the weekend, when you will
11、 have plenty of time to write. Another point related to the previous one is never put the assignment higher on the totem pole of activities than , say, cleaning out the garage or changing the oil in your car. In other words, if there is something ese to do besides writing , do it! It is infinitely m
12、ore desirable to “play now, write later” than to do the opposite. Also, never be misled by those radicals who insist on doing assignments far before the deadline; it is they who will try to pressure you into the sinful temptation of being ready ahead of time with a completed assignment. So, in closi
13、ng this easy “How to” lesson on procrastination, the main point can be summed up: “Ill do it later.” If you use this as a guideline for later efforts not to do assignments, you can be assured of the satisfaction of sweating it out while the irresponsible student seated next to you glumly ponder the
14、task of handing his paper in on time-a fate fit for neither man, nor beast, nor typical student.Unit 4Most casual visitors to zoos are convinced, as they stroll from cage to cage, that the antics of the inmates are no more than an obliging performance put on solely for their entertainment. Unfortuna
15、tely for our consciences, however, this sanguine view of the contented, playful, caged animal could in many cases be hardly farther from the truth. Recent research at London Zoo has amply demonstrated that many caged animals are in fact facing a survival problem as severe as that of their cousins in
16、 the wild-a struggle to survive, simply, against the monotony of their environment. Well fed, well housed, well cared for, and protected from its natural enemies, the zoo animal in its super-Welfare State existence is bored, sometimes literally to death. The extraordinary and subtle lengths to which
17、 some animals go to overcome this problem, and the surprising behaviour patterns which arise as a result, were vividly described by Dr Desmond Morris (Curator of Mammals, London Zoo) at a conference on The biology of survival held in the rooms of the Zoological Society. As he and other speakers poin
18、ted out, the problem of surviving in a monotonous and restricted environment is not confined to the animal cage. Apart from the obvious examples of human prisoners or the astronaut, the number of situations in which human beings have to face boredom and confinement for long stretches is growing rath
19、er than decreasing. More to the point, many of the ways in which animals respond to these conditions have striking analogies in many forms of obsessional or neurotic behaviour in humans: the psychiatrist could well learn from the apes.Unit 5Scientists have taught a parrot English. So what? This time
20、, it seems, the bird not only says the words but also understands them. Alex, an African grey parrot residing at Americas Purdue University in Indiana, has a vocabulary of about 40 words with which he identifies, requests and sometimes refuses more than 50 toys. He seems to manipulate words as abstr
21、act symbols in other words, to use a primitive form of language. In many birds, communication takes the form of simple, stereotyped signals. Some birds, like parrots, are capable of learning huge repertoires of phrases by mimicking each other or other species. But, until now, there has been no evide
22、nce that any bird could make the big leap to associating one sound exclusively with one object or quality. Alex can. Dr Irene Pepperberg, his trainer, exploited the natural curiosity of the parrot to teach him to use the names of different toys. The trainer and an assistant play with the toys and as
23、k each other questions about them. To join in, the parrot has to compete for the trainers attention. The results have been spectacular. Alex rapidly learned to ask for certain objects, identifying them by words for shape, colour and material (e.g. three-cornered green paper, or five-cornered yellow
24、wood). He is asked to repeat words until he gets them right and is then rewarded by being given the object to play with. Dr Pepperberg believes it is important that the bird is not rewarded with food, because that would make him think of words as ways of getting treats rather than as symbols for obj
25、ects. Twice a week, Alex is tested and he normally gets about 80 % of the objects right. The mistakes are usually small omissions (for instance, he forgets to name the colour of an object) rather than specific errors. To discover if he really is able to grasp concepts like colour and shape, he is sh
26、own entirely novel combinations. When first shown a blue piece of leather he said blue hide even though the blue objects he had previously seen were all keys or made of wood. This suggests that he is aware that words are building blocks that can be used in different combinations. Still, a vocabulary
27、 of adjectives and nouns hardly amounts to mastery of a language. The scientists have been looking for evidence that Alex understands more complicated ideas. One unexpected breakthrough was when he learned to say no. He picked this up from the conversations between the trainer and her assistant and
28、seems to understand at least one meaning of the word rejection (for instance, when Dr Pepperberg tries to play with him and he does not feel like it). He can also count to five when asked how many objects are being shown.Unit 6Adam Smith, writing in the 1770s, was the first person to see the importa
29、nce of the division of labour and to explain part of its advantages. He gives as an example the process by which pins were made in England.One man draws out the wire, another strengthens it, a third cuts it, a fourth points it, a fifth grinds it at the top to prepare it to receive the head. To make
30、the head requires two or three distinct operations. To put it on is a separate operation, to polish the pins is another. And the important business of making pins is, in this manner, divided into about eighteen distinct operations, which in some factories are all performed by different people, thoug
31、h in others the same man will sometimes perform two or three of them. Ten men, Smith said, in this way, turned out twelve pounds of pins a day or about 4,800 pins apiece. But if all of them had worked separately and independently without division of labour, they certainly could not each of them have
32、 made twenty pins in a day and perhaps not even one.There can be no doubt that division of labour is an efficient way of organising work. Fewer people can make more pins. Adam Smith saw this but he also took it for granted that division of labour is in itself responsible for economic growth and deve
33、lopment and that it accounts for the difference between expanding economies and those that stand still. But division of labour adds nothing new; it only enables people to produce more of what they already have.Unit 7UNIT 7Until recently, women in advertisements wore one of these things-anapron, a gl
34、amorous dress or a frown. Although thar is now changing, many women still feel angry enough to deface offending advertisements with stickers protesting, “This ad degrades women.” Why does this sort of advertising exist? How can advertisers and ad agencies produce, sometimes after months of research,
35、 advertising that offends the consumer?The Advertising Standards Authority(the body which deals with complaints about print media)is carrying out research into how women feel about the way they are portrayed in advertisements. Its conclusions are likely to be what the advertising industry already kn
36、ows; although women are often irritated by the way they are seen in ads, few feel strongly enough to complain.Yet according to Emma Bennett, executive creative director of a London advertising agency, women are not infuriated by stereotypes and sexist advertising. “It tends to wash over them: they a
37、re not militant or angry-they just find it annoying or tiresome. They reluctantly accept outdated stereotypes, but heave a sigh of relief when an advertisement really gets it right.”She says that it is not advertisings use of the housewifes role that bothers women, but the way in which it is handled
38、. “Researchers have often asked the wrong questions. The most important thing is the advertisements tone of voice. Women hate being patronized , flattered or given desperately down-to-earth commonsense advice.”In the end, the responsibility for good advertising must be shared between the advertiser,
39、 the advertising agency and the consumer. Advertising does not set trends but it reflects them. It is up to the consumer to tell advertisers where they fail, and until people on the receiving end take the business seriously and make their feelings known, the process of change will remain laboriously
40、 slow.Unit 8We all know the situation-a good friend recommends you a restaurant and you are looking forward to a nice quiet dinner, but the meal turns out to be less peaceful than expected as you are joined, in sound, by a number of uninvited guests- James Last, the Beatles, Mireille Mathieu, Mozart
41、 - depending on the landlords fancy. You can count yourself lucky if you happen to like what you hear coming over the loudspeakers. But what about the customers who cannot stand James Last or simply want peace and quiet? There is nothing they can do. Radio sets at home can be switched off, but not r
42、estaurant loudspeakers. Customers simply become the captive audience of sounds they do not want. Some wine bars in Austria, the home of caf music, make a charge known as Schrammelmusik (music cover), which everyone has to pay. But the word is quite misleading - payment of the music toll gives no cov
43、er - quite the opposite.Music has become omnipresent. The selection in restaurants may still be a matter of chance, though it generally reflects nothing more than the doubtful taste of piped-music suppliers. However, in other areas music has long been a means of stepping up profits. An entire branch
44、 of industry thrives on this, assembling music by the most sophisticated methods with the customer in mind - department store music to produce a demonstrable increase in turnover; office music to improve the working atmosphere; airport and hotel music with its soothing effect; even cowshed music wit
45、h its impact on milk production.These various forms of music, however different in function, have one thing in common - the way in which they are produced. The ancient, venerable concepts of composition and arrangement are naturally ruled out from the start. All musical extremes are deliberately deb
46、arred. The music issuing from department store loudspeakers must have a steady volume and avoid sudden effects, notes that are too high or too low and the human voice. With one exception - during the Christmas rush childrens choirs may be heard encouraging sales by singing Silent Night, Jingle Bells
47、 and so on.aAccount unaccountableAdvise inadvisableApproach unapproachableAttend unattendedBecome unbecomingCompose discomposedContemplate contemplationContinent transcontinentalCover uncoveredDesire desirableDoubt undoubtedlyEntreat entreatiesExtinct extinctionFatigue indefatigableFavor unfavorably
48、Feel feelinglyFiction fictitiousForest deforestationFrail frailtiesImply implicationJustify justifiableLive enlivenMagnify magnifyingMature immaturityMemory memorableMemory memorizeMerge submergedMischief mischievousMistake unmistakableMouth mouthfulsNecessity necessaryObey disobedienceOrient disorientationPardon unpardonablyPeer peeragePersuade persuasionPicture pictorialPicture picturesquePlant transplantingPlease unpleasantnessPredominate predominantlyPreference preferentialPrevail prevailingQuiet unquietRegret regrettablyRely unreliableRemedy irrem