《2022年高中英语语法知识点详解:非谓语动词用法 .pdf》由会员分享,可在线阅读,更多相关《2022年高中英语语法知识点详解:非谓语动词用法 .pdf(18页珍藏版)》请在taowenge.com淘文阁网|工程机械CAD图纸|机械工程制图|CAD装配图下载|SolidWorks_CaTia_CAD_UG_PROE_设计图分享下载上搜索。
1、1 高中英语语法知识点详解:非谓语动词用法非谓语动词指的是在句中不能单独作谓语,但保留动词的某些特征(如有自己的宾语或状语等)的动词形式。非谓语动词包括:动词不定式 、动名词形式 、和 分词 形式三类。注意:非谓语动词没有人称和数的变化,但却有时态和语态的变化,在句中可以作除谓语之外的各种成分。I 不定式两种形式:一种是带to 的不定式;一种是不带to 的不定式。不定式的构成形式时态形式构成形式(主动)语态形式(被动)一般式to do to be done 进行式to be doing 完成式to have done to have been done 完成进行式to have been do
2、ing 1. 不定式的一般式:表示的动作发生在谓语动词之后,有时表示同时发生,动作通常时间性不强 。To talk with him is a great pleasure. 和他谈话是一件愉快的事。Our plan is to finish the work in two weeks. 我们的计划是在两周内完成这项工作。2. 不定式的进行式:表示的动作与谓语动词表示的动作同时进行。The children pretended to be reading aloud when the teacher came in. 老师进来时,孩子们假装在大声朗读。I happened to be watc
3、hing TV when she called. 她打电话来时,我恰巧正在看电视。3. 不定式的完成式:不定式表示的动作发生在谓语动词所表示的动作之前,强调动作的先后顺序。I am very sorry to have troubled you with so much questions. 问了你很多问题,打扰你了。She is said to have studied abroad last year. 据说去年他在国外学习过。4. 不定式的完成进行式:表示不定式的动作在谓语动词的动作的时间之前,一直在进行。They suspected us to have been quarreling
4、. 他们怀疑我们刚刚吵过架。We are glad to have been working with you. 我们很高兴这段时间和你们在一起工作。5. wh-/ how + to do构成不定式短语疑问代词 who, whom, which, whose 和疑问副词when, where, why, how 等放在不定式前构成一类特殊的不定式,其功能相当于一个名词或代词,常在句中作主语、宾语、表语、同位语等 。How to solve the problem remains to be discussed. (作主语)如何解决这个问题仍需要讨论。精选学习资料 - - - - - - - -
5、 - 名师归纳总结 - - - - - - -第 1 页,共 18 页2 Many people are thinking of how to try their luck, that is, how to earn their bread. (作同位语)很多人在考虑碰运气,也就是如何谋生。I dont know what to say before you. (作宾语)在你面前,我不知道该说些什么。The question is whether to take the children to the theatre or to leave them at home. (作表语)问题是带孩子们
6、去剧院还是让他们留在家里。不定式的语态形式1. 通常不定式的主动语态形式表示不定式的逻辑主语 是其所表示的动作的执行者。Its not very good for you to smoke so much. 抽这么多烟对你身体不好。Its hard for me to answer your question. 要我回答你的问题很难。Its foolish of you to trust him. 你真傻,竟然相信他。2. 不定式的被动形式通常表示不定式的逻辑主语是其所表示的动作的承受者。I am very happy to be thus praised. 受到如此褒奖我非常高兴。I hop
7、e to be promoted. 我希望能被升职。It is impossible for him to be appointed. 他不可能被任命。注意: 不定式的主动形式表示被动意义1. 不定式用于某些动词(have, get, want, need 等)的宾语后作定语,与被修饰的名词或代词有逻辑上的动宾关系,又与句子中另一名词或代词有逻辑上的主谓关系的用主动形式表示被动。I have a lot of papers to deal with. 我有许多文件要处理。The poor old man only has a very small room to live in. 这位可怜的老
8、人只有一间小房子住。Weve lots of difficulties to overcome for the time being. 目前我们还有很多困难要克服。2. 不定式作表语形容词的状语,和句中主语构成逻辑上的动宾关系时,不定式多用主动形式。 (此时是形容词后省略for sb. )此类形容词有easy, hard, difficult, interesting, heavy, pleasant, comfortable, safe, dangerous, impossible等。These apples are good to eat. 这些苹果很好吃。I find the lectu
9、re difficult to understand. 我发现这个报告很难懂。He is a man easy to get on with. 精选学习资料 - - - - - - - - - 名师归纳总结 - - - - - - -第 2 页,共 18 页3 他是一个容易相处的人。3. 与疑问代词连用的不定式用主动形式表示被动。We must know what to say at the meeting. 我们必须清楚会议上该说什么。He could not tell whom to trust. 他不知道该相信谁。Tom had no idea which book to read fi
10、rst. 汤姆不知道应该先读哪本书。Jim is not sure whose to choose. 吉姆不知道应该选谁的。4. 在 there be 结构中, 当说话人考虑的是必须有人去完成某件事时,不定式用主动形式;如果说话人强调的是事情本身必须被完成,则用被动形式。There is a lot of work to do. ( Someone has to do the work. ) 有许多工作要做。There is a lot of work to be done. (The work has to be done.) 有许多工作需要有人做。5. 当动词不定式的逻辑主语并非是句子的主
11、语时,此时主动和被动结构都可用,而且在语意上并没有多大区别。Give me a list of the people to invite/ to be invited. 给我一个需要邀请的人的名单。Esther is the very man to choose/ to be chosen for the work. 艾斯特是这项工作的最佳人选。6. 某些动词的不定式与be 连用时,用主动形式表示被动。这类动词常用的有to blame(责备),to seek(寻找),to rent(出租)等。不定式的复合结构有时为了明确不定式所表示的动作的执行者,需指明不定式的逻辑主语,此时常用介词 of 或
12、 for 引出。 of/ for sb. to do 称作不定式的复合结构。I think it necessary for you to write a letter to her. 我认为你有必要给她写封信。It is hard for me to persuade him to give up that foolish plan. 让我说服他放弃那个愚蠢的计划很难。It was careless of you to leave with the door unlocked. 你真粗心,不锁门就走了。I think it foolish of you to believe in such
13、a person. 我觉得你信任这种人是很傻的。注意 :当形容词修饰说明不定式的性质或特征时常用for ,修饰说明作逻辑主语人时常用 of。不定式符号 to 的使用情况1. 只保留符号to 的不定式:为了避免重复,有时不定式可以省略与上文相同的主要动词,只保留不定式符号to。 常保留 to 的动词结构有used to, be going to, mean to, ought to, try to, plan to, would like/ love/ be happy to等。You can go with us if you want to. 精选学习资料 - - - - - - - - -
14、 名师归纳总结 - - - - - - -第 3 页,共 18 页4 如果你想去可以和我们一起去。You dont know her? But you ought to. 你不认识她?不过你应该认识的。2. to 的省略: 1)在感官动词和使役动词后作宾语补足语的不定式常省略to,但被动语态中则带to。Its a fine day. Lets go fishing, shall we? 今天天气很好。我们去钓鱼好吗?I hate to see you leave so soon. 我不想你这么早离开。Someone was heard to come up the stairs. 听,有人上楼
15、来了。注意:接不带to 的不定式作宾语补足语的动词五看: look at, see, watch, notice, observe 二听: listen to, hear 三使役: make, let, have 一感觉: feel 2)动词 help 之后的不定式作宾语补足语时,to 有时可省略。但当主语是表示物的名词或主语不能发出不定式的动作时需要带to。My sister usually helps me (to) choose clothes in the shop. 通常姐姐帮我在商店里选购衣服。Your perfect spoken English can help to find
16、 a good job. 你漂亮的英语口语会有助于找到一份好工作。3)当主语部分含有动词do 的某种形式时, 作表语的不定式可省略to。All you need to do is (to) press the button. 你所要做的就是按一下按钮。The first thing I do every morning is (to) take plenty of exercise. 我每天早上做的第一件事是大运动量锻炼。4)以 why 开头的省略疑问句中不定式前的to 一定要去掉。Why get upset just because you got one bad grade? 何必因为一次
17、成绩不好就不开心呢?5)固定搭配中不带to 的情况最好做某事:had better do sth. had best do sth. 宁愿干 .而不愿干 .:would rather do sth. than do sth. prefer to do rather than do sth. (别无选择)只好做某事:can not but do sth. can not help but do sth. can do nothing but do sth. can not choose but do sth. have nothing to do but do sth. The enemy ca
18、n do nothing but (except) surrender. 敌人除了投降之外,别无出路。You had better not go. 精选学习资料 - - - - - - - - - 名师归纳总结 - - - - - - -第 4 页,共 18 页5 你最好别走。3. 并列不定式:当有两个或多个不定式并列使用时,通常只在第一个不定式前加to,后面的不定式前的to 常省略。 但如果二者有对比关系,每个不定式前都应带 to。Id like to stay with you, help you and learn from you. 我愿意留在你身边、帮助你并向你学习。I havent
19、 decided whether to quit or to stay. 我还没决定是去还是留。I came here not to play but to work. 我来不是为了玩而是为了工作。不定式的特点1. 由及物动词或及物动词短语构成的不定式后面可以接宾语。I happened to have read a book about Thomas Jefferson. 我碰巧读过一本有关托马斯杰斐逊的书。It is important and necessary to master a foreign language. 掌握一门外语很重要也很必要。2. 不定式可以有自己的状语。Pare
20、nts want their children to develop fully. 父母想让他们的孩子全面发展。He told me to drive the car carefully and slowly. 他告诉我开车要小心,速度要缓慢。3. 不定式没有人称和数的变化。She likes to play the piano. 她喜欢弹钢琴。We managed to finish the work by ourselves. 我们设法独自完成任务。4. 不定式有自己的逻辑主语。每个不定式都有自己的逻辑主语,它可能是句子中的某个代词或名词,也可能由for 或 of 引出。当作表语的形容词是
21、表示人的性格、品质(good 好的, kind 和蔼的,cruel 残忍的, brave 勇敢的, honest诚实的,等)时,常用of 引出,否则用for 引出。The box is too heavy for me to carry. (to carry 的逻辑主语是me)箱子太重了,我搬不动。Its very kind of you to help me. ( to help 的逻辑主语是you)谢谢你帮助我。Id prefer you to keep the news secret. (to keep 的逻辑主语为you)我想让你对这个消息保密。不定式的用法1. 作主语 :不定式在句中
22、作主语,相当于名词或代词的作用。不定式作主语往往用形式主语 it 替代,然后将不定式置于句尾。To live in China is Mr. Smiths dream. = It is Mr. Smiths dream to live in China. 精选学习资料 - - - - - - - - - 名师归纳总结 - - - - - - -第 5 页,共 18 页6 生活在中国是史密斯先生的梦想。To stop the work now seems impossible. = It seems impossible to stop the work now. 现在停止这项工作似乎是不可能的
23、。2. 作宾语 :1)不定式作动词的宾语时,往往跟在某些及物动词的后面。如 want, wish, hope, offer, decide, ask, promise, pretend, manage, agree, prepare, determine 等。I hope to go to college. 我希望上大学。He pretended not to know the facts. 他佯装不知实情。2)作介词的宾语时,不定式需要加wh-/ how,但 besides, except, but三个介词后可以接( to)do. I am interested in what to do
24、but not how to do it. 我对该干什么感兴趣,而对如何做并不感兴趣。I have no choice but to work hard. 我别无选择,只有努力工作。She did nothing but cry. 她什么也没做,只是哭。注意: 1)but, except, besides后接不定式时,to 是保留还是省略取决于其前是否有实义动词do,有 do 则省略 to。2)不定式作动词宾语,其后跟补足语时,常用it 作形式宾语,而把不定式后置。I think it essential to reserve air tickets. 我认为预定机票是有必要的。3)常见只接不
25、定式作宾语的动词有:afford 负担得起agree 同意ask 要求choose 选择decide 决定demand 要求desire 希望expect 期望3. 作定语 :不定式作定语可以用来修饰人和物,一般放在被修饰词的后面。主要有两种情况:一是不定式与被修饰词构成逻辑上的主谓关系;He is always the first one to get up. 他总是第一个起床。二是不定式与被修饰词构成逻辑上的动宾关系。I have a few words to say about this question. 关于这个问题我有几句话要说。注意: 1)如果不定式中的动词是不及物动词,其后应有
26、必要的介词,但当被修饰词是time, way, place 时,其介词常省略。He had no place to live (in). 他没地方住。2)中心词是序数词、the last、the only、最高级或被序数词、最高级修饰的词是chance, plan, way, need, intention 等时,多用不定式作定语。Is Zhang Jian the first Chinese to swim across the Bohai Strait? 精选学习资料 - - - - - - - - - 名师归纳总结 - - - - - - -第 6 页,共 18 页7 张健是第一个横渡渤
27、海海峡的中国人吗?At last he had a chance to go abroad. 他终于有了一个出国的机会。4. 作状语 :不定式作状语主要表示原因、目的、结果等。1)作原因状语 :不定式往往放在系表结构的后面,表示产生某种情绪或状态的原因。She was surprised to see George walk in. 看到乔治进来,她很惊讶。Im ashamed to have to trouble you. 我很惭愧不得不麻烦你。2) 作目的状语 :不定式可以单独作目的状语,有时为了突出和强调目的性,在不定式前可以加上in order, so as。To succeed, o
28、ne must first of all believe in himself. 要想成功,首先必须相信自己。In order to keep warm, we shut all the windows. 为了保暖,我们关上了所有的窗户。She raised her voice so as to make herself heard. 为了能被别人听见,她提高了嗓门儿。3)作结果状语 :不定式表示结果,常用在 too.to, enough.to, so/such.as to 结构中。有时可指出人意料的结果,这时不定式前常加上only,以加强语气。The child is old enough
29、to dress himself. 这孩子这么大了,可以自己穿衣服了。I worked hard, only to fail at last. 我努力工作,结果最后却是失败。4)作评论性状语:有些不定式是用来说明说话者的观点和态度的,放在句子之外,修饰整个句子,称之为评论性状语。He is a nice person, to be sure. 毫无疑问,他是一个好人。To put it another way, she was sweet-tempered. 换句话说,她脾气非常好。5. 作补足语 :在“动词+ 宾语+ 不定式”结构中,不定式作宾语补足语,“宾语+ 不定式”构成了复合宾语。1)
30、带符号to 的宾语补足语:有些动词如ask, want, wish, order, tell, persuade, advise, allow, warn, encourage, cause, require 等常用带 to 的不定式作补语。We all expect you to come this weekend. 我们都期望你本周末来。Its hard to persuade Dad to give up smoking. 说服爸爸戒烟很难。2)不带 to 的宾语补足语:有些感官动词和使役动词,如see, watch, hear, feel, notice, observe, make,
31、 look at, listen to, let, have 等常用省略to 的不定式作补语。I will have all my friends come over this weekend. 精选学习资料 - - - - - - - - - 名师归纳总结 - - - - - - -第 7 页,共 18 页8 本周末我要让所有的朋友都来。My parents used to make me recite poems. 我父母过去常让我背诵诗句。注意:以省略to 的不定式作补足语的动词变成被动语态时,不定式前要加上被省略掉的to ( let 除外)My neighbor was heard t
32、o lock the door. 有人听见我邻居锁门的声音。6. 作表语 :不定式作表语表示主语的职业、职责、目的或解释主语的内容等。Your assignment is to be handed in tomorrow. 你的作业必须明天上交。The purpose of the meeting is to elect a new captain. 这次会议的目的就是选举新的队长。II 动名词动名词是非谓语动词的一部分,它的构成形式与现在分词的构成形式相同,在动词原形后加 -ing,也有不少语法书把二者合称为动词的-ing 形式。动词的 -ing 形式有时候相当于名词的功能,称为动名词。动名
33、词既具有动词的特征,可以有自己的状语和宾语,也具有名词的特征,在句中可作主语、表语、宾语等。1. 动名词的构成形式动名词有时态和语态的变化,其变化形式如下表所示(以动词do 为例)主动式被动式一般式doing being done 完成式having done having been done 否定式其否定形式是在doing 之前加上not 1)一般式 :表示没有时间先后的动作,即没有明确过去、现在或将来的动作,也可以表示发生在谓语动词之前的动作,有时可以表示发生在谓语动词之后的动作。We know that driving without a seat belt is unsafe. 我们知
34、道没有系安全带驾驶是不安全的。(没有时间先后)I must apologize for not letting you know it ahead of time. 我很抱歉没能让你提前知道这事。(谓语动作之前发生)We insist on helping them without pay. 我们坚持无偿帮助他们。(谓语动词之后发生)2)完成式 :表示动作发生在谓语动词之前。I still remember having been taken to the zoo for the first time. 我依然记得第一次被带到动物园时的情景。He hated himself for not h
35、aving worked hard. 他恨自己没有用功。3)被动式 :表示动名词动作的逻辑主语为动名词动作的承受者。I hate being laughed at in public. 我讨厌被当众嘲弄。Being exposed to sunlight for too much time will do harm to ones skin. 精选学习资料 - - - - - - - - - 名师归纳总结 - - - - - - -第 8 页,共 18 页9 过长时间暴露在阳光下,皮肤会受到损害。4) 否定形式 :在动名词之前加not。Tony was very unhappy for not
36、 having been invited to the party. 没有被邀请参加聚会托尼感到很不高兴。His not passing the exams made his parents angry. 他未通过考试使得他的父母非常恼火。2. 动名词的复合结构当动名词的逻辑主语与句子的主语不一致时,要在动名词之前加上物主代词或名词所有格,这便构成了动名词的复合结构。动名词之前的形容词性物主代词或名词所有格形式即为其逻辑主语。但有时也可用人称代词宾格或名词的普通格。1)形容词性物主代词或名词所有格形式作动名词复合结构的逻辑主语当动名词的复合结构在句子中作主语时,其逻辑主语只能用形容词性物主代词
37、或名词所有格。I would appreciate your (you) calling back this afternoon. 你今天下午回电话来我将非常感激。I can hardly imagine Peters (Peter) sailing the Atlantic Ocean in five days. 我几乎想象不出彼得能在五天之内横渡大西洋。Her coming to help encouraged all of us. 她来帮忙鼓舞了我们所有的人。2)人称代词宾格或普通格形式作动名词复合结构的逻辑主语在口语中, 如果动名词复合结构作宾语,其逻辑主语可以用人称代词的宾格或名词的
38、普通格代替形容词性物主代词或名词的所有格。Would you mind my/me using your telescope? 用一下你的望远镜介意吗?We are looking forward to Li Yang ( Li Yangs ) coming to give us a lecture. 我们一直盼望李阳来给我们做报告。动名词的用法1)作主语 :动名词作主语往往表示一种概念、习惯或经验。Finding a job is difficult these days. 现在找工作不容易。Smoking may cause cancer. 吸烟会致癌。注意:动名词作主语有时用it 作形式
39、主语,把动名词置于句尾。常见于Its use/ good/ fun., Its useful/ nice/ useless. 等句式中。Its no use crying over spilt milk. 覆水难收。2)作表语 :动名词作表语表示抽象性或习惯性的动作。作表语的动名词在意义上与主语表达同一概念,可以与主语的位置互换。My hobby is painting. (Painting is my hobby.) 我的爱好是绘画。My job is teaching English. (Teaching English is my job.) 我的工作是教英语。What I hate m
40、ost is being laughed at. (Being laughed at is what I hate most. ) 精选学习资料 - - - - - - - - - 名师归纳总结 - - - - - - -第 9 页,共 18 页10 我最痛恨的是被别人嘲笑。3)作宾语 : (1)常跟动名词作宾语的动词(短语) 有:admit, advise, allow, avoid, consider, delay, enjoy, finish, imagine, include, keep, mind, miss, permit, practise, resist, suggest, b
41、ear, cannot help, give up 等。I suggest putting off the meeting. 我建议推迟会议。Would you mind opening the door? 你介意把门打开吗?(2)作介词的宾语My parents are fond of going to art galleries and often take me with them. 我父母喜欢去美术馆而且经常带着我去。I had difficulty in getting in touch with him. 我和他取得联系很容易。注意:下列皆为“动词(+名词 /副词) + 介词”结构
42、,其后如果出现非谓语形式,只能用动名词,其中to 皆为介词,而不是不定式符号。admit to 承认be/ get/ become used to 习惯于be equal to 等于object to 反对stick to 坚持take to 开始look forward to 期待(3)作其他情况的宾语,如do ones (some/ any/ the) + 动名词“做 .事” ,go + 动名词“去做某事” ,以及作形容词的宾语等。Im doing some washing now. 我正在洗衣服。The music is well worth listening to more than
43、 once. 这首曲子很值得多听几遍。注意:常见的do + some + doing/ go + doing 结构有:do some running 跑步go swimming 去游泳do some reading 读书go skating 去滑冰do some writing 写字go hunting 去打猎4) 作定语 :动名词作定语一般放在被修饰词的前面,表示一种用途、功能等,相当于“名词+ for + doing ”结构。They are waiting for the train in the waiting room. 他们正在候车室候车。a swimming pool 游泳池a
44、walking stick 拐杖a reading room 阅览室a bathing cap 浴帽a racing bicycle 赛车a writing table 写字台III 分词现在分词的各种构成形式主动形式被动形式一般式doing being done 完成式having done having been done 精选学习资料 - - - - - - - - - 名师归纳总结 - - - - - - -第 10 页,共 18 页11 注意:其否定形式是在doing 之前加上not。过去分词过去分词只有一种形式,即由“原形动词+ ed”构成,也有一部分动词是不规则变化的。1)及物动
45、词的过去分词,表示被动意义和完成意味。As soon as she entered the room, the girl caught sight of the flowers bought by her mother. 女孩一进入房间就看见了她母亲买的花。When asked about his family, he made no answer. 当被问及他的家庭情况时,他没作回答。2)不及物动词的过去分词只表示完成意义,不表示被动意味。The ground is covered by fallen leaves. 地上铺满了落叶。分词的句法功能1. 作表语 :作表语的分词,往往具有形容词
46、的性质。现在分词往往带有主动意义,说明主语的性质或特征;过去分词带有被动意义,表示主语因外部原因而产生某种状态。The book is rather boring. 这本书相当枯燥乏味。All the students were bored with this film. 学生都对这部电影感到厌烦。The shop has remained shut for a week. 这家商店关门一周了。2. 作定语 :单个的分词作定语常放在被修饰词的前面,而分词短语作定语常放在被修饰词的后面。现在分词表示主动或正在进行意义;过去分词表示被动或完成意义。China is a developing cou
47、ntry. 中国是一个发展中国家。We only sell used books in our bookstore. 我们的书店只卖二手书。The man sitting at the back is Mr. Smith. 坐在后面的男子是史密斯先生。3. 作补语 :现在分词作宾语补足语说明宾语的性质或宾语正在做的动作;I find this book very interesting. 我发现这本书非常有趣。Our English teacher caught Tom cheating in the exam. 我们的英语老师逮住汤姆在考试中作弊了。过去分词作宾语补足语说明宾语的状态或一个被
48、动、完成的动作。When he returned, he found the house broken into. 当他回来的时候发现有人强行进入过他的家。If you want to make yourself respected, you are above all to respect others. 如果你想让自己被尊重,你必须首先尊重别人。注意: have 后可用过去分词作宾语补足语,表示特殊的含义。精选学习资料 - - - - - - - - - 名师归纳总结 - - - - - - -第 11 页,共 18 页12 1)Did you have your homework fin
49、ished? 作业做完了吗?(自己做)2)Now lets have all the windows cleaned. 现在咱们来把所有的窗户都擦擦吧。(自己和别人一块做)3)I had my computer repaired yesterday. 昨天我找人修好了电脑。(找人做)4)She had her money stolen in the bus. 在公交车上她的钱被偷了。(遭遇某种情况)4. 作状语 :1) 时间状语 :Hearing the news, they all jumped for joy. 听到这个消息,他们都高兴得跳了起来。Having finished his s
50、peech, he answered our questions. 做完演讲后,他回答了我们的问题。Asked about his address, the boy didnt respond. 问及他的地址时,小男孩没有作答。Seen from the hill, the city looks magnificent. 从小山上看时,这个城市很壮观。2)原因状语 :Living far from the school, I have to get up early every morning. 由于住得离学校远,我每天早晨只好早起。Not knowing her address or pho