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1、精选学习资料 - - - - - - - - - 高中英语语法学问点详解:非谓语动词用法非谓语动词指的是在句中不能单独作谓语,但保留动词的某些特点(如有自己的宾语或状语等)的动词形式;非谓语动词包括:动词不定式 、动名词形式 、和 分词 形式三类;留意:非谓语动词没有人称和数的变化,但却有时态和语态的变化,在句中可以作除谓语之外的各种成分;I 不定式 两种形式:一种是带 to 的不定式;一种是不带 to 的不定式;不定式的构成形式构成形式(主动)语态形式(被动)时态形式一般式 to do to be done 进行式 to be doing 完成式 to have done to have b
2、een done 完成进行式 to have been doing 1. 不定式的一般式:表示的动作发生在谓语动词之后,有时表示同时发生,动作通常时间 性不强 ;To talk with him is a great pleasure. 和他谈话是一件开心的事;Our plan is to finish the work in two weeks. 我们的方案是在两周内完成这项工作;2. 不定式的进行式:表示的动作与谓语动词表示的动作同时进行 ;The children pretended to be reading aloud when the teacher came in. 老师进来时,
3、孩子们假装在大声朗读;I happened to be watching TV when she called. 她打电话来时,我恰巧正在看电视;3. 不定式的完成式:不定式表示的动作发生在谓语动词所表示的动作之前,强调动作的先 后次序;I am very sorry to have troubled you with so much questions. 问了你很多问题,打搅你了;She is said to have studied abroad last year. 据说去年他在国外学习过;4. 不定式的完成进行式:表示不定式的动作在谓语动词的动作的时间之前,始终在进行;They sus
4、pected us to have been quarreling. 他们怀疑我们刚刚吵过架;We are glad to have been working with you. 我们很兴奋这段时间和你们在一起工作;5. wh-/ how + to do 构成不定式短语疑问代词 who, whom, which, whose 和疑问副词when, where, why, how 等放在不定式前构成一类特别的不定式,其功能相当于一个名词或代词,常在句中作 主语、宾语、表语、同位语等 ;How to solve the problem remains to be discussed. (作主语)如
5、何解决这个问题仍需要争论;1 名师归纳总结 - - - - - - -第 1 页,共 18 页精选学习资料 - - - - - - - - - Many people are thinking of how to try their luck, that is, how to earn their bread. (作同位语)很多人在考虑碰运气,也就是如何谋生;I dont know what to say before you. (作宾语)在你面前,我不知道该说些什么;The question is whether to take the children to the theatre or
6、to leave them at home. (作表语)问题是带孩子们去剧院仍是让他们留在家里;不定式的语态形式1. 通常不定式的主动语态形式表示不定式的 作的执行者;规律主语 是其所表示的动Its not very good for you to smoke so much. 抽这么多烟对你身体不好;Its hard for me to answer your question. 要我回答你的问题很难;Its foolish of you to trust him. 你真傻,竟然信任他;2. 不定式的被动形式通常表示不定式的规律主语是其所表示的动作的 承担者;I am very happy
7、to be thus praised. 受到如此褒奖我特别兴奋;I hope to be promoted. 我期望能被升职;It is impossible for him to be appointed. 他不行能被任命;留意: 不定式的主动形式表示被动意义1. 不定式用于某些动词(have, get, want, need 等)的宾语后作定语,与被修饰的名词或代词有规律上的动宾关系,主谓关系的用主动形式表示被动;I have a lot of papers to deal with. 我有很多文件要处理;又与句子中另一名词或代词有规律上的The poor old man only has
8、 a very small room to live in. 这位可怜的老人只有一间小房子住;Weve lots of difficulties to overcome for the time being. 目前我们仍有很多困难要克服;2. 不定式作表语形容词的状语,和句中主语构成规律上的动宾关系时,不定 式多用主动形式; (此时是形容词后省略 for sb. )easy, hard, difficult, interesting, heavy, pleasant, 此类形容词有 comfortable, safe, dangerous, impossible 等;These apples
9、are good to eat. 这些苹果很好吃;I find the lecture difficult to understand. 我发觉这个报告很难懂;He is a man easy to get on with. 2 名师归纳总结 - - - - - - -第 2 页,共 18 页精选学习资料 - - - - - - - - - 他是一个简单相处的人;3. 与疑问代词连用的不定式用主动形式表示被动;We must know what to say at the meeting. 我们必需清晰会议上该说什么;He could not tell whom to trust. 他不知道该
10、信任谁;Tom had no idea which book to read first. 汤姆不知道应当先读哪本书;Jim is not sure whose to choose. 吉姆不知道应当选谁的;4. 在 there be 结构中, 当说话人考虑的是必需有人去完成某件事时,不定式用 主动形式;假如说话人强调的是事情本身必需被完成,就用被动形式;There is a lot of work to do. Someone has to do the work. 有很多工作要做;There is a lot of work to be done. The work has to be do
11、ne. 有很多工作需要有人做;5. 当动词不定式的规律主语并非是句子的主语时,此时主动和被动结构都可用,而且在语意上并没有多大区分;Give me a list of the people to invite/ to be invited. 给我一个需要邀请的人的名单;Esther is the very man to choose/ to be chosen for the work. 艾斯特是这项工作的正确人选;6. 某些动词的不定式与be 连用时,用主动形式表示被动;这类动词常用的有 to blame(批评),to seek(查找),to rent(出租)等;不定式的复合结构有时为了明确
12、不定式所表示的动作的执行者,需指明不定式的规律主语,此常常 用介词 of 或 for 引出; of/ for sb. to do 称作不定式的复合结构;I think it necessary for you to write a letter to her. 我认为你有必要给她写封信;It is hard for me to persuade him to give up that foolish plan. 让我说服他舍弃那个愚蠢的方案很难;It was careless of you to leave with the door unlocked. 你真马虎,不锁门就走了;I think
13、 it foolish of you to believe in such a person. 我觉得你信任这种人是很傻的;留意 :当形容词修饰说明不定式的性质或特点常常用 常常用 of; to的使用情形for ,修饰说明作规律主语人1. 只保留符号 to 的不定式:为了防止重复,有时不定式可以省略与上文相同的主要动词,只保留不定式符号 to;常保留 to 的动词结构有 used to, be going to, mean to, ought to, try to, plan to, would like/ love/ be happy to 等;You can go with us if y
14、ou want to. 3 名师归纳总结 - - - - - - -第 3 页,共 18 页精选学习资料 - - - - - - - - - 假如你想去可以和我们一起去;You dont know her. But you ought to. 你不熟悉她?不过你应当熟悉的;2. to 的省略: 1)在感官动词和使役动词后作宾语补足语的不定式常省略 to,但被 动语态中就带 to;Its a fine day. Lets go fishing, shall we. 今日天气很好;我们去钓鱼好吗?I hate to see you leave so soon. 我不想你这么早离开;Someone
15、was heard to come up the stairs. 听,有人上楼来了;留意:接不带 to 的不定式作宾语补足语的动词 五看: look at, see, watch, notice, observe 二听: listen to, hear 三使役: make, let, have 一感觉: feel 2)动词 help 之后的不定式作宾语补足语时,to 有时可省略;但当主语是表示物的名词或主语不能发出不定式的动作时需要带 to;My sister usually helps me to choose clothes in the shop. 通常姐姐帮我在商店里选购衣服;Your
16、 perfect spoken English can help to find a good job. 你美丽的英语口语会有助于找到一份好工作;3)当主语部分含有动词do 的某种形式时, 作表语的不定式可省略to;All you need to do is to press the button. 你所要做的就是按一下按钮;The first thing I do every morning is to take plenty of exercise. 我每天早上做的第一件事是大运动量锤炼;4)以 why 开头的省略疑问句中不定式前的to 肯定要去掉;Why get upset just b
17、ecause you got one bad grade. 何必由于一次成果不好就不高兴呢?5)固定搭配中不带 to 的情形 最好做某事: had better do sth. had best do sth. 宁愿干 .而不愿干 .:would rather do sth. than do sth. prefer to do rather than do sth. (别无挑选)只好做某事:can not but do sth. can not help but do sth. can do nothing but do sth. can not choose but do sth. have
18、 nothing to do but do sth. The enemy can do nothing but except surrender. 敌人除了投降之外,别无出路;You had better not go. 4 名师归纳总结 - - - - - - -第 4 页,共 18 页精选学习资料 - - - - - - - - - 你最好别走;3. 并列不定式:当有两个或多个不定式并列使用时,通常只在第一个不定式前加 to,后面的不定式前的 to 常省略; 但假如二者有对比关系,每个不定式前 都应带 to;Id like to stay with you, help you and le
19、arn from you. 我情愿留在你身边、帮忙你并向你学习;I havent decided whether to quit or to stay. 我仍没打算是去仍是留;I came here not to play but to work. 我来不是为了玩而是为了工作;不定式的特点1. 由及物动词或及物动词短语构成的不定式后面可以接宾语;I happened to have read a book about Thomas Jefferson. 我碰巧读过一本有关托马斯杰斐逊的书;It is important and necessary to master a foreign lan
20、guage. 把握一门外语很重要也很必要;2. 不定式可以有自己的状语;Parents want their children to develop fully. 父母想让他们的孩子全面进展;He told me to drive the car carefully and slowly. 他告知我开车要当心,速度要缓慢;3. 不定式没有人称和数的变化;She likes to play the piano. 她喜爱弹钢琴;We managed to finish the work by ourselves. 我们设法独自完成任务;4. 不定式有自己的规律主语;每个不定式都有自己的规律主语,它
21、可能是句子中的某个代词或名词,也可能由for 或 of 引出;当作表语的形容词是表示人的性格、品质(good 好的, kind 和气的,cruel 残酷的, brave 英勇的, honest 诚恳的,等)时,常用of 引出,否就用for 引出;The box is too heavy for me to carry. (to carry 的规律主语是 me)箱子太重了,我搬不动;Its very kind of you to help me. ( to help 的规律主语是you)感谢你帮忙我;Id prefer you to keep the news secret. (to keep
22、的规律主语为 you)我想让你对这个消息保密;不定式的用法1. 作主语 :不定式在句中作主语,相当于名词或代词的作用;不定式作主语往往用形式主 语 it 替代,然后将不定式置于句尾;To live in China is Mr. Smiths dream. = It is Mr. Smiths dream to live in China. 5 名师归纳总结 - - - - - - -第 5 页,共 18 页精选学习资料 - - - - - - - - - 生活在中国是史密斯先生的理想;To stop the work now seems impossible. = It seems impo
23、ssible to stop the work now. 现在停止这项工作好像是不行能的;2. 作宾语 :1)不定式作动词的宾语时,往往跟在某些及物动词的后面;如 want, wish, hope, offer, decide, ask, promise, pretend, manage, agree, prepare, determine 等;I hope to go to college. 我期望上高校;He pretended not to know the facts. 他佯装不知实情;2)作介词的宾语时,不定式需要加 后可以接( to)do. wh-/ how ,但 besides,
24、 except, but 三个介词I am interested in what to do but not how to do it. 我对该干什么感爱好,而对如何做并不感爱好;I have no choice but to work hard. 我别无挑选,只有努力工作;She did nothing but cry. 她什么也没做,只是哭;留意: 1)but, except, besides 后接不定式时,to 是保留仍是省略取决于其前是否有实义动词 do,有 do 就省略 to;2)不定式作动词宾语,其后跟补足语时,常用 it 作形式宾语,而把不定式后置;I think it esse
25、ntial to reserve air tickets. 我认为预定机票是有必要的;3)常见只接不定式作宾语的动词有:afford 负担得起agree 同意ask 要求choose 挑选decide 打算demand 要求desire 期望expect 期望3. 作定语 :不定式作定语可以用来修饰人和物,一般放在被修饰词的后面;主要有两种情形:一是不定式与被修饰词构成规律上的主谓关系;He is always the first one to get up. 他总是第一个起床;二是不定式与被修饰词构成规律上的动宾关系;I have a few words to say about this
26、question. 关于这个问题我有几句话要说;其后应有必要的介 留意: 1)假如不定式中的动词是不及物动词,词,但当被修饰词是 time, way, place 时,其介词常省略;He had no place to live in. 他没地方住;2)中心词是序数词、the last、the only 、最高级或被序数 chance, plan, way, need, intention 词、最高级修饰的词是 等时,多用不定式作定语;Is Zhang Jian the first Chinese to swim across the Bohai Strait. 6 名师归纳总结 - - -
27、- - - -第 6 页,共 18 页精选学习资料 - - - - - - - - - 张健是第一个横渡渤海海峡的中国人吗?At last he had a chance to go abroad. 他最终有了一个出国的机会;4. 作状语 :不定式作状语主要表示缘由、目的、结果等;1)作缘由状语 :不定式往往放在系表结构的后面,的缘由;表示产生某种心情或状态She was surprised to see George walk in. 看到乔治进来,她很惊奇;Im ashamed to have to trouble you. 我很惭愧不得不麻烦你;2) 作目的状语 :不定式可以单独作目的状
28、语,有时为了突出和强调目的性,在不定式前可以加上 in order, so as;To succeed, one must first of all believe in himself. 要想胜利,第一必需信任自己;In order to keep warm, we shut all the windows. 为了保暖,我们关上了全部的窗户;She raised her voice so as to make herself heard. 为了能被别人听见,她提高了嗓门儿;3)作结果状语 :不定式表示结果,常用在 too.to, enough.to, so/such.as to 结构中;有时
29、可指出人意料的结果,这时不定式前常加上 only ,以加强语气;The child is old enough to dress himself. 这孩子这么大了,可以自己穿衣服了;I worked hard, only to fail at last. 我努力工作,结果最终却是失败;4)作评论性状语 :有些不定式是用来说明说话者的观点和态度的,放在句子 之外,修饰整个句子,称之为评论性状语;He is a nice person, to be sure. 毫无疑问,他是一个好人;To put it another way, she was sweet-tempered. 换句话说,她脾气特别
30、好;5. 作补足语 :在“ 动词+ 宾语 + 不定式” 结构中,不定式作宾语补足语,“ 宾语+ 不定式” 构成了复合宾语;1)带符号 to 的宾语补足语:有些动词如ask, want, wish, order, tell, persuade, advise, allow, warn, encourage, cause, require 等 常用带 to 的不定式作补语;We all expect you to come this weekend. 我们都期望你本周末来;Its hard to persuade Dad to give up smoking. 说服爸爸戒烟很难;2)不带 to 的
31、宾语补足语:有些感官动词和使役动词,如 see, watch, hear, feel, notice, observe, make, look at, listen to, let, have 等 常用省略 to 的不定式作补语;I will have all my friends come over this weekend. 7 名师归纳总结 - - - - - - -第 7 页,共 18 页精选学习资料 - - - - - - - - - 本周末我要让全部的伴侣都来;My parents used to make me recite poems. 我父母过去常让我背诵诗句;留意:以省略
32、to 的不定式作补足语的动词变成被 动语态时,不定式前要加上被省略掉的 to ( let 除外)My neighbor was heard to lock the door. 有人听见我邻居锁门的声音;6. 作表语 :不定式作表语表示主语的职业、职责、目的或说明主语的内容等;Your assignment is to be handed in tomorrow. 你的作业必需明天上交;The purpose of the meeting is to elect a new captain. 这次会议的目的就是选举新的队长;II 动名词 动名词是非谓语动词的一部分,它的构成形式与现在分词的构成形
33、式相同,在动词原 形后加 -ing,也有不少语法书把二者合称为动词的-ing 形式;动词的 -ing 形式有时候相当于名词的功能,称为动名词;动名词既具有动词的特点,可以有自己的状语和宾语,也具出名词的特点,在句中可作主语、表语、宾语等;1. 动名词的构成形式 动名词有时态和语态的变化,其变化形式如下表所示(以动词 do 为例)主动式 被动式 一般式 doing being done 完成式 having done having been done 否定式 其否定形式是在 doing 之前加上 not 1)一般式 :表示没有时间先后的动作,即没有明确过去、现在或将来的动作,也可以表示 发生在谓
34、语动词之前的动作,有时可以表示发生在谓语动词之后的动作;We know that driving without a seat belt is unsafe. 我们知道没有系安全带驾驶是担心全的;(没有时间先后)I must apologize for not letting you know it ahead of time. 我很愧疚没能让你提前知道这事;(谓语动作之前发生)We insist on helping them without pay. 我们坚持无偿帮忙他们;(谓语动词之后发生)2)完成式 :表示动作发生在谓语动词之前;I still remember having been
35、 taken to the zoo for the first time. 我依旧记得第一次被带到动物园时的情形;He hated himself for not having worked hard. 他恨自己没有用功;3)被动式 :表示动名词动作的规律主语为动名词动作的承担者;I hate being laughed at in public. 我厌恶被当众嘲弄;Being exposed to sunlight for too much time will do harm to ones skin. 8 名师归纳总结 - - - - - - -第 8 页,共 18 页精选学习资料 - -
36、 - - - - - - - 过长时间暴露在阳光下,皮肤会受到损害;4) 否定形式 :在动名词之前加 not;Tony was very unhappy for not having been invited to the party. 没有被邀请参与聚会托尼感到很不兴奋;His not passing the exams made his parents angry. 他未通过考试使得他的父母特别恼火;2. 动名词的复合结构当动名词的规律主语与句子的主语不一样时,有格,这便构成了动名词的复合结构;要在动名词之前加上物主代词或名词所动名词之前的形容词性物主代词或名词全部格形式即为其规律主语;但
37、有时也可用人称代词宾格或名词的一般格;1)形容词性物主代词或名词全部格形式作动名词复合结构的规律主语当动名词的复合结构在句子中作主语时,名词全部格;其规律主语只能用形容词性物主代词或I would appreciate your you calling back this afternoon. 你今日下午回电话来我将特别感谢;I can hardly imagine Peters Peter sailing the Atlantic Ocean in five days. 我几乎想象不出彼得能在五天之内横渡大西洋;Her coming to help encouraged all of us.
38、 她来帮忙鼓励了我们全部的人;2)人称代词宾格或一般格形式作动名词复合结构的规律主语 其规律主语可以用人称代词的宾格或名 在口语中, 假如动名词复合结构作宾语,词的一般格代替形容词性物主代词或名词的全部格;Would you mind my/me using your telescope. 用一下你的望远镜介意吗?We are looking forward to Li Yang Li Yangs coming to give us a lecture. 我们始终希望李阳来给我们做报告;动名词的用法1)作主语 :动名词作主语往往表示一种概念、习惯或体会;Finding a job is dif
39、ficult these days. 现在找工作不简单;Smoking may cause cancer. 吸烟会致癌;留意:动名词作主语有时用it 作形式主语,把动名词置于句尾;常见于Its use/ good/ fun., Its useful/ nice/ useless. 等句式中;Its no use crying over spilt milk. 覆水难收;2)作表语 :动名词作表语表示抽象性或习惯性的动作;作表语的动名词在意义上与主语 表达同一概念,可以与主语的位置互换;My hobby is painting. Painting is my hobby. 我的爱好是绘画;My
40、job is teaching English. Teaching English is my job. 我的工作是教英语;What I hate most is being laughed at. Being laughed at is what I hate most. 9 名师归纳总结 - - - - - - -第 9 页,共 18 页精选学习资料 - - - - - - - - - 我最痛恨的是被别人嘲笑;3)作宾语 :(1)常跟动名词作宾语的动词(2)作介词的宾语(短语) 有:admit, advise, allow, avoid, consider, delay, enjoy, f
41、inish, imagine, include, keep, mind, miss, permit, practise, resist, suggest, bear, cannot help, give up 等;I suggest putting off the meeting. 我建议推迟会议;Would you mind opening the door. 你介意把门打开吗?My parents are fond of going to art galleries and often take me with them. 我父母喜爱去美术馆而且常常带着我去;I had difficult
42、y in getting in touch with him. 我和他取得联系很简单;留意:以下皆为“ 动词(+名词 /副词) + 介词” 结构,其后假如出现非谓语形式,只能用动名词,其中 to 皆为介词,而不是不定式符号;admit to 承认 be/ get/ become used to 习惯于be equal to 等于 object to 反对 stick to 坚持take to 开头 look forward to 期望(3)作其他情形的宾语,如 go + 动名词“ 去做某事”do ones some/ any/ the + 动名词“ 做 .事” ,以及作形容词的宾语等;Im d
43、oing some washing now. 我正在洗衣服;The music is well worth listening to more than once. 这首曲子很值得多听几遍;留意:常见的 do + some + doing/ go + doing 结构有:do some running 跑步 go swimming 去游泳do some reading 读书 go skating 去滑冰do some writing 写字 go hunting 去打猎4) 作定语 :动名词作定语一般放在被修饰词的前面,表示一种用途、功能等,相当于“ 名词 + for + doing ” 结构;
44、They are waiting for the train in the waiting room. 他们正在候车室候车;a swimming pool 游泳池 a walking stick 拐杖 a reading room 阅览室a bathing cap 浴帽 a racing bicycle 赛车 a writing table 写字台III 分词现在分词的各种构成形式一般式主动形式被动形式doing being done 完成式having done having been done 10 名师归纳总结 - - - - - - -第 10 页,共 18 页精选学习资料 - - - - - - - - - 留意:其否定形式是在 doing 之前加上 not;过去分词的;过去分词只有一种形式,即由“ 原形动词 + ed” 构成,也有一部分动词是不规章变化1)及物动词的过去分词,表示被动意义和完成意味;As soon as she entered the room, the girl caught sight of the flowers bought by her mother. 女孩一进入