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1、读书之法 , 在循序而渐进 , 熟读而精思高中英语语法非谓语动词不定式 (to do) 1. 不能作谓语非谓语动词动名词 (-ing) 特点2. 双重词性：动词和名词 /形容词 / 现在分词 (-ing) 副词过去分词 (-ed) 3. 有时态和语态A 动词不定式主动形式被动形式一般式to do to be done 完成式to have done to have been done 进行式to be doing 无完成进行式to have been doing 无一、不定式的意义形式对比项目动词不定式(to do) 动名词(doing)现在分词(doing) 过去分词(done) 意义相当于
2、名词、形容词、副词，往往有将来意味相当于名词， 指经常性、习惯性的动作相当于形容词、 副词，往往有现在意味相当于形容词、副词，本身兼有被动、完成意义充当句子成分主语、 宾语、 表语、宾补、定语、状语主语、宾语、表语、定语表语、宾补、定语、状语表语、宾补、定语、状语形式主动一般式to do doing doing done 被动式to be done being done being done 主动完成式to have done having done having done 被动完成式to have been done having been done having been done 否定式
3、在上述各种非谓语动词形式之前直接加not 非谓动动词词性的体现：可自带宾语和状语在句中作主、宾、表、补、定、状精选学习资料 - - - - - - - - - 名师归纳总结 - - - - - - -第 1 页，共 22 页读书之法 , 在循序而渐进 , 熟读而精思1. 不定式的一般式：一般式表示的动作或状态发生在谓语动词表示的动作或状态的同时或之后。 当不定式的逻辑主语是这个不定式所表示的动作的承受者时，不定式一般要用被动式(to be done). He seemed to be tired. The building to be finished next month is for ou
4、r teachers. 2. 不定式的进行式：进行式表示动作正在进行，与谓语的动作同时发生。When I went to his home, he happened to be traveling around the world. 3. 不定式的完成式： 如果不定式所表示的动作或状态发生在谓语动词所表示动作或状态之前，就用完成式；若是在此基础上的被动含义，就用完成被动式( to have been done). He is said to have written a novel about the Long March. He is said to have been taught Fre
5、nch when he was a child. 4. 不定式的完成进行式：如果不定式的动作是在谓语所表示的时间之前一直在进行或有可能继续进行的动作，就要用完成进行式. We re happy to have been working with the experts all the month. 二、动词不定式的用法：1. 动词不定式做主语： 不定式做主语一般表示 具体的某次动作 。 而动名词 doing 表示习惯的，经常的动作。1）动词不定式作主语时,谓语用单数。To do such things is foolish. 2）主系表结构。To see is to believe. 3）it
6、 形式主语。 当主语较长，谓语较短时，常用it 做形式主语，将不定式放到谓语的后面。常用于下列结构中：(1) It is/was +adj.+(of sb.) to do（如good/ kind/ nice/ clever/ foolish/ selfish）在 It is/was + 形容词 +不定式的复合结构中，若形容词侧重于评价人物的特性、特征，则构成不定式符合结构的介词应为of 前面常用的形容词有：kind, nice, foolish, silly, stupid, rude, cruel, wise, clever, brace, selfish, crazy, good, car
7、eful, careless, impolite, right, wrong等。It is very kind of you to help me. It is important for us to learn English well. (2) It is +adj.+(for sb.)+to do（如 easy / difficult / hard / possible/ necessary）(3) It is +a/an +名词 + to do.（如 a pity/ a shame / a pleasure /one s duty / an honor ）(4) It takes (s
8、b.) some time / courage / patience to do (5) It requires courage / patience / hard work to do2. 动词不定式做表语：1）表示主语的职业、职责或性质等。双重修饰精选学习资料 - - - - - - - - - 名师归纳总结 - - - - - - -第 2 页，共 22 页读书之法 , 在循序而渐进 , 熟读而精思Our duty is to help those people find their parents. 2）主语是aim, purpose, idea, intention, plan, w
9、ish, decision, choice等词时，表语通常用动词不定式。The intention of this book is to introduce popular science. My wish is to travel around the world. 3）主语为what 引导的名词性从句时，表语多用不定式。What strikes me most is to see him always busy. What made me fail is to ignore the facts. What he wanted to do was (to) become a skillful
10、 worker.（主语部分含有实义动词do 时，作表语的不定式可省略to）3. 动词不定式作宾语：只能用动词不定式作宾语的动词：decide/determine, learn, want, expect/hope/wish, refuse, manage, offer, care, pretend, order, promise, choose, plan, agree, ask/beg, help 意义不同： stop / go on/ remember/ forget/ regret/ try/ mean能用动词不定式或动名词作宾语的动词意义差别不大：start / begin/like/
11、love/ prefer 形式宾语：think, believe, consider, feel, find, make等后常用it 作形式宾语，真正的宾语仍是动词不定式：They find it difficult to repay the money. 4. 动词不定式作宾语补足语1）“ 动词 +宾语 +动词不定式宾补” 这样的动词有：ask, want, invite, get, force, expect, allow, persuade, order, warn, remind, permit, forbid, advise, teach, beg, cause, encourage
12、, intend, like, love, prefer, require, teach, tell, wish, think, wait for, call on, 2）在使役动词make, have, let 和感官动词see, watch, notice, observe, feel, hear, listen to, look at 等词后接不定式作宾补，不定式不带to，表示做某事的全过程。当他们转换成被动语态时，作为主语补足语的不定式必须带to。（五看三使两听一感觉）Nobody saw him come in. She was seen to enter the room last
13、 night. 决心学会想希望，拒绝设法愿假装；主动答应选计划，同意请求帮一帮。精选学习资料 - - - - - - - - - 名师归纳总结 - - - - - - -第 3 页，共 22 页读书之法 , 在循序而渐进 , 熟读而精思【特别提示】get 也能当使役动词，表示“ 使、让、叫 ” 之意，相当于have，但两者也有所不同。have sb. do sth. get sb. to do sth. 使 /让/叫某人去做某事have sth. done = get sth. done 使/让某事由别人去做have sb./sth. doing sth. 使 /让/叫某人 /物持续地做某事g
14、et sb./sth. doing 使/让/叫某人 /物开始行动起来You d better have/get your hair cut.He managed to get the horse running. 3）在动词help 后，做宾补和宾语的不定式符号to 带不带都可以。He helped her walk across the street. He often helps do some housework at home. 4）think, consider, believe, suppose, feel, find, imagine, prove 等动词的英语后可与带to be
15、 结构，也可以省略。【特别提示】如果不定式的动作发生在谓语动词之前，常用不定式的完成式。另外，这些动词也常用作被动语态后接不定式作主补。He found the answer (to be) satisfactory. We considered him to have acted excellently. 【知识扩充】常跟不带to 的不定式的结构有：had better 最好may/might as well 不妨；还是 的好would rather (that)宁愿 （也不）do no more than 只不过would rather than 宁愿 （也不）have nothing t
16、o do but 只好 would sooner than 宁愿 （也不）cannot help but cannot but 不得不；只得why do sth.? 为什么做某事？cannot choose but why not do sth.? 为什么不做某事？4动词不定式做定语：动词不定式作定语，放在所修饰的名词或代词后。与所修饰名词有如下关系：1）动宾关系：精选学习资料 - - - - - - - - - 名师归纳总结 - - - - - - -第 4 页，共 22 页读书之法 , 在循序而渐进 , 熟读而精思I have a meeting to attend. 注意： 不定式为不及
17、物动词时，所修饰的名词如果是地点、工具等， 应有必要的介词：He found a good house to live in. The child has nothing to worry about. 如果不定式修饰time, place, way，可以省略介词：He has no place to live. This is the best way to work out this problem. 2）主谓关系被修饰名词是不定式逻辑主语，当名词被first, last, second以及 only 等词修饰时，其后可用不定式作定语。且充当定语的不定式不含有将来意义或情态意义，却经常含有
18、过去意义。She was the first to come. He was the best man to do the job. She was the first woman to win the gold medal in the Olympic Games. Women and children were the first to get into the lifeboats. 3） 用来修饰的词是抽象名词时， 常见的有：ability, chance, idea, fact, excuse, promise, answer, reply, attempt, belief, way,
19、 reason, moment, time 等。Do you have the ability to read and write English? I have a chance to go sight-seeing. 4）主动表被动不定式作定语与被修饰名词构成动宾关系，且句中有动词不定式动作的执行者We have lots of difficulties to overcome for the time being. I m going to Beijing. Do you have anything to be taken to your brother? 在“be + 性质形容词+ 不
20、定式 ” 结构中此类形容词有easy, hard, difficult, interesting, heavy, pleasant, comfortable, safe, dangerous, impossible 等。当作定语的不定式所修饰的名词或代词是不定式动作的承受者时，不定式既可以用主动语态，也可用被动语态，但其含义有所不同。试比较：Have you anything to send? 你有什么东西要寄吗？（不定式to send 的动作执行者是“ 你” ）Have you anything to be sent? 你有什么要（我或别人）寄的东西吗？（不定式to be sent 的动作执
21、行者是“ 我” 或“ 别人 ” ）在 there be 结构中，当说话人考虑的是必须有人去完成某件事时，不定式精选学习资料 - - - - - - - - - 名师归纳总结 - - - - - - -第 5 页，共 22 页读书之法 , 在循序而渐进 , 熟读而精思用主动形式；如果说话人强调的事情本身必须被完成，则用被动形式。There is a lot of work to do. (Someone has to do the work. ) There is a lot of work to be done. (The work has to be done. ) 请注意下面两个句子的含义
22、的不同点：There is nothing to do. ( 无事可做，感到十分乏味。) There is nothing to be done. ( 某东西坏了，无法使之恢复正常。) 6. 不定式做状语 : 1）目的状语：He sat down to have a rest. (表目的 ) They went there to visit their teacher. 他们去那里拜访老师。（表目的）注意：强调动词不定式所表示的目的时，动词不定式可用 in order to (为了) 或so as to ( 以便) + 动词原形。 so as to 不用于句首。He got up early
23、in order to catch the first bus. 他早起为了赶上第一班车。The bus stopped so as to pick up passengers. 汽车停下来以便接纳乘客。2）结果状语：He woke up only / just to find everybody gone.他醒来发现大家都走了。（表示结果）My grandmother lived to see the liberation of China. 我祖母活到亲眼见到中国解放。（表示结果）【知识拓展】so as to do sth.We have got so plenty of food as
24、to treat our guests. such as to do sth.其中的动词不定式作结果状语。enough to do sth. Is that room big enough to seat all of us? too to do sth.3）原因状语：在某些表示喜、怒、衷、乐等形容词作表语时，后跟不定式表示产生某种情绪或状态的原因。I am very glad to see you. 我非常高兴地见到你。I am so sorry to hear your mother is ill. 听到你母亲生病真遗憾。这种形容词有： glad, sad, happy, sorry, p
25、leased, ready, surprised, disappointed, shocked 等。4）作评论性状语此时不定式用来表明说话者的观点和态度，放在句子之外，修饰整个句子。精选学习资料 - - - - - - - - - 名师归纳总结 - - - - - - -第 6 页，共 22 页读书之法 , 在循序而渐进 , 熟读而精思【评论性状语】to tell you the truth 说实话to be sure/ certain 的确；当然to be honest 诚实地说to make matters/things worse 更糟糕的是to be frank 坦诚地说to put
26、it another way 换句话说to sum up 总之to make a long story short 长话短说to begin with 首先not to mention 更不用说to start with 首先needless to say不用说to put it briefly 简而言之7、不定式符号 to 的保留问题1）不定式省 to 在 had better, would rather, would rather.than, would sooner.than （宁愿 而不） , cannot but（不得不、只好）, why (not)等结构后面的不定式符号to 通常被
27、省略。动词不定式短语作介词but, except, besides的宾语 ,且介词之前有行为动词do或它的其它形式时 ,不定式符号to通常被省略。两个或多个不定式短语表示并列关系时,后面不定式短语的不定式符号to 通常被省略 ;如果表示对比关系,则不定式中的不定式符号to 通常要保留。They didn t tell me whether to go on or to stop.(对比关系 ) 他们没有告诉我是继续下去还是停止。She told the child to stay there and wait till she came back.( 并列关系 ) 她让孩子待在那里等她回来。2
28、）不定式省 do留 to 为了避免重复,在 hope, wish, want, like, love, decide, plan, mean, prefer, want, have to, be able to, be going to, used to, ought to等动词及习语后面出现与上文相同的不定式时,常保留不定式符号to,而把其它部分省略。Ms King lied to us because she had to. 注意：在特定的上下文中,为了避免重复,如果不定式为一般式to be.或完成式to have done时,则不定式符号to 和 be或 have 常一并保留 ,be 或
29、 have 之后的部分通常要省略。Arent you the headmaster? 你难道不是校长吗? No, and I dont want to be. 我不是 ,而且我也不想当。Hasn t he finished writing the report?难道他还没写完报告吗? No, but he ought to have. 是的 ,但他本来应该写完。精选学习资料 - - - - - - - - - 名师归纳总结 - - - - - - -第 7 页，共 22 页读书之法 , 在循序而渐进 , 熟读而精思当不定式在ask, advise, persuade, wish, allow,
30、 permit, tell, expect, force, invite, beg 等动词后面充当宾语补足语时,为了避免重复,常保留不定式符号,而把后面的动词省略。She wants to come but her parents won t allow her to. If he doesn t want to go there, don t force him to. He didn t come, though we had invited him to. B 动名词1、动名词的复合结构“ 形容词性的物主代词/名词所有格 +动名词 ” 称为动名词的复合结构，在句子中可作主语、宾语、表语等
31、。物主代词和名词所有格是动名词的逻辑主语。Do you mind my/me smoking here? I insisted on my husband/husband s paying the bill. 【特别提示】在以下情况时，动名词的逻辑主语只能用形容词性物主代词或名词所有格： 动名词作主语时His smoking caused the fire in the forest. Her coming to help encouraged all of us. 类似 advise兼有 advise doing和 advise sb. to do sth. 两种结构的词 （如：allow,
32、 forbid, permit）， doing 前的逻辑主语只能用形容词性物主代词或名词所有格。The doctor advised his/Mike s giving up smoking. The doctor advised him/Mike to give up smoking. there be 的动名词的复合结构为there being What s the chance of there being a rain tomorrow?2、动名词的时态和语态主动语态被动语态一般式doing being done 完成式having done having been done 1）完成
33、式所表示的动作发生在句中谓语动词所表示的动作之前。He was accused of having stolen a watch. 2）一般式所表示的动作发生在谓语动词表示的动作的同时或之后。Children enjoy watching cartoons. 精选学习资料 - - - - - - - - - 名师归纳总结 - - - - - - -第 8 页，共 22 页读书之法 , 在循序而渐进 , 熟读而精思【知识拓展】有些动词可用动名词的一般式也可用完成式表示动作发生在谓语动作之前。I don t remember meeting/having met you somewhere.Tha
34、nk you for giving/having given us so much help. 3、动名词作主语：动名词或不定式都可以在句中作主语，但在下列句型中常用动名词作主语。（ 1）用形式主语it 的句型（此处不能用不定式）It is / was no use / good It is / was not any use / good It is / was of little use / good + doing sth. It is / was useless It is / was a waste of (time) It is / was worthwhile /worth on
35、e s while It is no use crying over spilt milk. 覆水难收。 It is of little good staying up too late every day. 每天都熬夜没有什么好处（ 2）There is no +动名词There is no sense/ no point in doing sth. 是毫无意义的 There is no saying what may happen.很难说将会发生什么事。 There is no point in getting angry. 发火是没有用的。 There is no holding bac
36、k the wheel of history. 历史的车轮不可阻挡。【注意】若主语和表语都是非谓语动词，应保持形式上的一致。Seeing is believing. To see is to believe. 眼见为实。4、动名词作宾语1）下列动词只能用动名词作宾语，请牢记下列小诗：考虑建议盼原谅，承认推迟没得想。避免错过继续练，否认完成停欣赏，不禁介意准逃亡。consider / suggest / advise, look forward to, excuse, pardon, admit, delay/ put off, fancy, avoid, miss, keep / keep o
37、n, practise, deny, finish, enjoy / appreciate, mind, allow / permit, escape, imagine, forbid, risk be used to, pay attention to, thank you for, give up, look forward to, can t stand (无法忍受 ), apologize for, stick to, be busy (in), lead to, devote to, object to, insist on, have difficulty / trouble (i
38、n), put off, get down to, 精选学习资料 - - - - - - - - - 名师归纳总结 - - - - - - -第 9 页，共 22 页读书之法 , 在循序而渐进 , 熟读而精思feel like can t helphave a good / wonderful /hard time (in) 等动词词组也要用动名词作宾语。 The squirrels was lucky that it just missed being caught. I can hardly imagine Peter sailing across the Atlantic Ocean i
39、n five days. I would appreciate your calling back this afternoon. 2）下列动词或词组既可以跟动名词作宾语，也可以跟不定式作宾语，但意义上有区别，要特别注意。forget to do sth. 忘记去做某事forget doing sth. 忘记已经做过某事remember to do sth. 记住去做某事remember doing sth. 记得曾经做过某事regret to do sth. 后悔 /遗憾去做某事regret doing sth. 后悔做过某事stop to do sth. 停下来去做另一件事stop doi
40、ng sth. 停止做一件事情try to do sth. 努力 /试图做某事try doing sth. 尝试着做某事mean to do sth. 意欲 /想 /企图做某事mean doing sth. 意味着做某事go on to do sth. (做完某事 )接着做另一件事go on doing sth.继续做同一件事(=go on with sth.) can t help to do sth. 不能帮助做某事can t help doing sth. 情不自禁地做某事 She reached the top of the hill and stopped to rest on a
41、big rock by the side of the path. The light in the office is still on. Oh, I forgot to turn it off. I usually go there by train. Why not try going by boat for a change ? You were brave enough to raise objections at the meeting. Well, now I regret having done that. 3）动词 like, love, prefer 后接不定式或动名词作宾
42、语均可。如表示经常性的行为可用动名词，如表示具体的行为常用动词不定式。但要注意：如果like, love, prefer 前有 would /should 后面则应接动词不定式。I like swimming, but I don t like to swim this afternoon.I d like to go swimming this weekend. 4）在动词 allow, advise, forbid, permit 后直接跟动名词形式作宾语，如果后面有名词或代词作宾语，其后用动词不定式作宾语补足语。allow / advise /forbid / permit doing
43、sth. We don t allow smoking here.allow / advise /forbid / permit sb. to do sth. We don t allow students to smoke.5）动词 need, require, want 作“ 需要” 解时，其后必须用动名词的主动形式或不精选学习资料 - - - - - - - - - 名师归纳总结 - - - - - - -第 10 页，共 22 页读书之法 , 在循序而渐进 , 熟读而精思定式的被动形式作宾语，表示事情需要做。这时动名词的主动式表示被动意义。be worth 后必须用动名词的主动形式表示
44、被动意义。此外，若动词need 表“ 需要” ， require 表“ 要求” ， want 表“ 想要 ” 这些意义时，其后须接名词或代词作宾语，然后接不定式作宾语补足语。need / require / want doing / to be done need / require / want sb. to do sth. be worth + n. ( 表示钱数或相当于钱数的名词) be worth doing be worthy of being done be worthy of + n. 值得 be worthy to be done The window needs / requ
45、ires / wants cleaning. The window needs / requires / wants to be cleaned. 窗户需要擦一下。The place is worth visiting. The place is worthy of a visit. The place is worthy of being visited. The place is worthy to be visited. 那个地方值得一去。 only one of these books is worth reading. -What do you think of the book ?
46、 - Oh, excellent, It s worth reading a second time. 5、动名词作表语动名词作表语与主语通常是对等的关系，表示主语的内容。主语和表语可互换位置。Your task is cleaning the window. Cleaning the window is your task. 6、动名词作定语表示被修饰词的某种用途，位于被修饰词之前。a walking stick (a stick for walking; a stick which is used for walking) a washing machine 洗衣机an operating
47、 table 手术台a reading room 阅览室a writing table 写字台a bathing cap 浴帽reading materials 阅读材料a changing room 更衣室closing speech 闭幕演讲a waiting room 等候室；候诊室a smoking room 吸烟室a guessing game 猜字游戏a dancing hall 舞厅a collecting tin 募捐箱sleeping pills 安眠药a hiding place 藏身处a racing bicycle 赛车精选学习资料 - - - - - - - - -
48、名师归纳总结 - - - - - - -第 11 页，共 22 页读书之法 , 在循序而渐进 , 熟读而精思C 现在分词现在分词既具有动词的一些特征，又具有形容词和副词的句法功能。1、现在分词的时态和语态：1）现在分词的主动语态：现在分词主动语态的一般式表示与谓语动词所表示的动作同时发生，完成式表示的动作在谓语动词所表示的动作之前发生，常作状语。They went to the park, singing and talking. 他们边唱边说向公园走去。Having done his homework, he played basket-ball. 做完作业，他开始打篮球。2）现在分词的被动
49、语态：一般式表示与谓语动词同时发生的被动的动作，完成式表示发生在谓语动词之前的被动的动作。The problem being discussed is very important. 正在被讨论的问题很重要。Having been told many times, the naughty boy made the same mistake. 被告诉了好几遍，这个淘气的孩子又犯了同一个错误。2现在分词的句法功能：1）作定语：现在分词作定语，当分词单独做定语时，放在所修饰的名词前；如果是分词短语做定语放在名词后。In the following years he worked even harde
50、r.在后来的几年中，他学习更努力了。The man speaking to the teacher is our monitors father.正与老师谈话的那个人是我们班长的父亲。现在分词作定语相当于一个定语从句的句法功能：in the following years 也可用 in the years that followed; the man speaking to the teacher 可改为 the man who is speaking to the teacher. 2）现在分词作表语：The film being shown in the cinema is excitin