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1、-英语句子结构和成分详解-第 - 13 - 页第一章 句子成分和简单句基本句型一、句子成分构成篇章的基本单位是句子，组成句子的各个部分叫做句子成分。句子成分都是由单词、短语或从句充当的。句子成份包括以下九类。成分意义位置主语主语是句中动作、行为、性质和状态的主体，是一个句子谈论的主题。常位于句首谓语谓语是用来说明主语的动作或状态；是英语句子的灵魂、核心主语后宾语宾语表示动作、行为的对象动词或介词后表语表语用来说明主语的性质、身份、特征和状态，与连系动词一起构成复合谓语。系动词后宾补补充说明宾语的动作和状态宾语后定语定语是用来描述名词或代词，说明人或事物的性质、特征、所属等。名词前后状语状语是用
2、来修饰句中谓语动词或整个句子的，说明动作“何时、何地、如何”发生；说明形容词或副词的程度位置灵活同位语对被修饰对象进行补充说明或作进一步解释修饰词后插入语对一句话作一些附加的说明,用来表示说话者对句子表达的意思的态度。句前或句中其中，主语和谓语是句子的主体部分。表语、宾语和补足语是谓语的组成部分。其他成分如定语和状语是句子的修饰部分。二、充当句子成分的各种形式主语: 主语可以由名词、代词、数词、动词不定式、动名词、从句等来担任。1.名词All efforts will be in vain if we cant learn English by practicing repeatedly.如果
3、我们不通过反复练习来学习英语，所有的努力将付之东流。2.数词Two thirds of them can play more than one musical instrument.他们中有2/3的人不只能演奏一种乐器。3.代词Who knows the answer? 谁知道答案？4.不定式To see is to believe.眼见为实Its an honor to make a speech here. 在这里发言我很荣幸。5.动名词In my opinion, cloning should be dealt with carefully. 我认为应该慎重对待克隆。6.名词化的形容词或
4、分词The old should be respected.老人因该受到尊重。The disabled will receive more money. 残疾人会收到更多的钱。7.名词性短语The teacher with his students is going to visit the museum.老师和同学们要去参观博物馆。8.主语从句What he said didnt agree with what he did. 他的言行不一。主语从句常使用it 作形式主语。It is uncertain whether he can come to Jennys birthday party
5、 or not.It happened that he was out when I got there.当我到那儿时，碰巧他不在。考查对句中主语的确定【技巧点拨】1对句中主语的考查通常出现在强调句型中，即“ It is/ was + 主语（强调部分）+ that+谓语部分”。注意充当主语的应该是名词、代词、名词性词组或名词性从句。动词原形，介词词组或一个具有完整意义但缺少连词的简单句都是不能充当主语的。2.句中的主语直接决定了谓语动词的单复数。对主语的确定不能被一些表象所迷惑。尤其要能辨识下面这种现象，即当主语后面跟有as well as, along with, together with
6、, like ,but, except, in addition to 等引导的词组时，其谓语动词的单复数按主语的单复数而定。It was _ computer games that cost the boy a lot of time that he ought to have spent on his lessons.A. to have played B. playing C. played D. having played【答案与解析】 B 该句是一个强调句型，强调部分是句子的主语成分，所以用动名词充当。注意having done 这种结构通常在句中做句首状语，表明其动作发生在谓语动词
7、之前。【举一反三】41.What made him so angry? _.A. Because his son lied to him B. His son lied to him C. Because of his sons lie D. His sons lying to him2. Dr. Smith, together with his wife and daughters,_ visit Beijing this summer. ( 09陕西)A. is going to B. are going to C. was going to D. were going to 3. Pro
8、fessor James will give us a lecture on the Western culture, but when and where_ yet.(07浙江)A. hasnt been decidedB. havent decidedC. isnt being decidedD. arent decided反馈训练1 改正下列句子中的错误。1. China is no longer what used to be.2. His son was missing in the earthquake made him very anxious.3. There was an a
9、ccident happened to him.4. Those came to see me that afternoon are some friends of mine.5. Without a friend will feel lonely.6. Large quantities of money has been collected to help those suffering from the floods7. It is important for us cooperating with each other; otherwise, we will never accompli
10、sh the aim.谓语 谓语是构成句子的最主要成分之一，谓语由动词来担任。谓语的中心词有人称、数、语气、语态和时态的变化。如：1. She speaks English fluently. 她的英语讲得很流利。2. Linda worked in the company for two years. 琳达在那个公司工作过两年。3. Without your help, we couldnt have finished the work ahead of time. 4.You are sincerely invited to a party to be given at the Teach
11、ers Club.5. Make sure to form the habit of turning off the electric facilities whenever you leave the classroom.6. The teacher insisted that we (should) use an English- English dictionary.反馈训练2 改正下列句子中的错误。1. He against your plan.2. A week past before his letter arrived.3. I watched him until he was
12、disappeared from sight in the distance.4. The economic crisis worsening in some countries.5. The professor has come to China for five years.6. Because he was seriously ill, he laid in bed waiting for the doctor to come.7. Pollution effects more people living in todays society than it did in previous
13、 years.8. The film started for fifteen minutes when I got to the cinema.9. If he knew the answer, he will tell me.10. Waiting outside until you are asked.宾语: 宾语表示动作、行为的对象，由名词、代词、数词、动名词、动词不定式和宾语从句充当，和及物动词一起说明主语做什么。如：1.名词She has a very pleasant smile and always has a twinkle in her eyes. 她笑得很灿烂，总是闪烁着那
14、双大眼睛。2.代词 Please wake me up at six tomorrow morning. 请明天早上六点叫醒我。3.数词I need three more. 我还需要三个。4.同源宾语She dreamt a sweet dream. 她做了个美梦。5.动名词短语He doesnt allow smoking in his office. 他不允许在他办公室里吸烟。6.动词不定式短语I meant to have told you about it, but I forgot to do so. 我本打算告诉你，但我忘记了。7.疑问词+不定式We havent decided
15、where to meet. 我们没有决定在那见面。8.宾语从句No one can deny that smoking leads to cancer. 没有人能否认吸烟能致癌的事实。We took it for granted that they would accept the proposal.我们以为他们会理所当然地接受这项建议。宾语补足语: 有些动词除有宾语外,有时还需要有宾语补足语,句子意义才能完整。 所以宾语补足语说明宾语是什么、做什么、处于什么状态的成分，其逻辑主语为句子的宾语。根据宾语和宾补在逻辑上存在的主谓（主动）或动宾（被动）关系，选用不同的非谓语动词形式作宾补。宾语与
16、宾补一起构成复合宾语。一常用的复合宾语结构为：主语+ 谓语+ 宾语 + 宾语补足语， 其中宾语补足语可由下列形式充当。1.名词They all made him monitor. 我们都选他当班长。2.形容词After-class activities will not only make our school life colorful, but also improve our learning.课外活动不仅让我们的学校生活丰富多彩，还能够提高我们的学习。3.副词Will you please invite all of them in? 你能把它们都邀请近来吗？4.介词词组After-
17、class activities free students from the heavy study. 课外活动把学生从繁重的学习中解脱出来。5.动词不定式Nowadays，students are encouraged to take part in varieties of after-class activities.现在学生被鼓励参加各种各样的课外活动。6.省to的动词不定式Sports help us build up our body, improve our ability of balance, develop our endurance and cooperation se
18、nse. 体育运动有助于我们增强体质，提高平衡能力，培养耐力和合作精神。7.现在分词短语I saw a stranger waving to me. 我看见一个陌生人给我挥手。8.过去分词短语They found their house broken into. 他们发现房屋被盗。9. it作形式宾语的复合宾语结构I found it pleasant to be with your family. 我发现和你的家人在一起很令人愉快。10. with 的复合宾语结构They stayed in the cave, with nothing to eat. 他们呆在山中，没有东西可吃。With
19、the Internet becoming more and more popular, we have fewer face to face talks with our friends. 随着因特网的日益普及， 我们和朋友之间面对面的交流更少了。考查宾语及宾补的正确形式【技巧点拨】1.对宾语的考查主要涉及动名词和不定式做宾语的情况。用不定式还是动名词作宾语取决于谓语动词本身的用法特点。所以，要解好这类题的关键是熟记常见的用不定式或动名词作宾语的动词。2.有些及物动词后既可用动名词，也可用不定式作宾语，但两种结构在意义上差别很大。所以，解题的关键也是先要熟记这类动词的用法，才能在具体的语境中
20、灵活运用。3对宾补的考查主要涉及非谓语动词作宾补的辨析。具体选用哪种形式既要看谓语动词本身的用法特点，比如catch sb. doing sth, let sb.do sth.等这样的固定的宾补形式，又要看宾语和宾补之间是主动还是被动关系。比如：see sb. do/doing sth. (主动)，see sb./sth. done (被动关系)。如：I cant stand_with Jane in the same office. She just refuses_talking while she works.(2006北京)A. working ; stoppingB. to work
21、; stoppingC. working ; to stopD. to work; to stop【答案与解析】 C。cant stand（不能忍受）后要接动名词作宾语；refuse 后则只能接不定式作宾语。又如： Claire had luggage _ an hour before her plane left. （2011陕西卷） A.check B.checking C.to check D.checked【答案与解析】 D。luggage 与check 之间具有被动关系，所以宾补应用过去分词。【举一反三】51.There is a story here in the paper ab
22、out a 110-year - old man.My Goodness! I cant imagine_that old.(2006陕西)A.to be B.to have been C.being D.having been2. Let those in need_ that we will go all out to help them. （2013陕西卷）A. to understand B. understand C. understanding D. understood3.All the staff in our company are considering_to the ci
23、ty centre for fashion show.( 2007上海春招)A.to go B.going C.to have gone D.having gone反馈训练3 一单句改错。 1. The speaker spoke louder but still couldnt make himself understand. 2. We all made Jason the director of English Department. 3. The teacher asked us not make so much noise. 4. Dont leave the water run w
24、hile you brush your teeth. 5. He pushed the door opening. 6. She looked around and caught a man put his hand into the pocket of a passenger. 二、用所给词的适当形式填空1. He narrowly escaped _ (hit) by the car.2. His doctor advised him _ (take) the medicine twice a day.3. The final exam is over. We are looking fo
25、rward to _ (have) an exciting summer holiday.4. Drivers are not allowed _ (park) their car here, for it may cause an accident. 表语： 表语用来说明主语的性质、身份、特征和状态，与连系动词一起构成复合谓语。系动词之后的词、短语或句子都称之为表语。表语可以由名词、代词、形容词、副词、介词短语不定式、动名词、起形容词作用的分词以及表语从句担任。1.名词 Jobs was an IT leader who combined art and technology perfect
26、ly.乔布斯是一个将艺术和科技完美结合的IT 领袖。2.代词 Seventy four years old? You dont look it. 74岁了？ 你看起来不像这个年纪。3.副词Class was over at last.课终于结束了。4.介词词组It is beyond our wildest imagination that she has been addicted to books since she was 44 years old, which paves the way for her future writing. 很难想象，她在四岁时就迷上了书籍，这为她未来的写作
27、打下了基础。5.不定式短语My plan was to start tomorrow. 我的计划就是明天开始。6.动名词短语His job is teaching English. 他的工作就是教英语。7.形容词或分词短语Leaves turn yellow in autumn.秋天树叶变黄。He was puzzled about what had happened. 他对发生的一切感到迷惑。8.表语从句Maybe its because we have seldom sat down and exchanged our feelings and thoughts.那可能是因为我们很少坐下来
28、交流思想感情。Jobs motto is that we should stay hungry and stay foolish.乔布斯的座右铭是我们应该求知若渴、处事若愚。反馈训练4 找出下列句子中正确的表达。1他身体健康。Her body is healthy.He is healthy.2.这道数学题看起来有点难。This maths problem looks a little difficult.This maths problem is looked a little difficult.3.这种巧克力味道不错。This chocolate tastes well.This cho
29、colate tastes nice.4.问题是我们当时没有带足够的钱。The problem is that we didnt bring enough money.The problem is we didnt bring enough money.5. 我难过的原因是他不理解我。The reason why I was sad was because he didnt understand me.The reason why I was sad was that he didnt understand me.定语: 定语是用来描述名词或代词，说明人或事物的性质、特征、所属的词、短语或句子
30、。定语可分为前置定语和后置定语两种。1.代词Open your mouth and put out your tongue. 张开嘴，伸出舌头。2.数词She cut the cake into two pieces. 她把蛋糕切成了两块。3.名词This is a stone table.这是一张石头桌子。4.介词短语Im writing this E-mail to ask you for some advice on how to form a band.我写这份电子邮件想向您征求一些如何成立乐队的建议。5. 形容词This is the most interesting book I
31、have ever read.6.副词The photo above was taken fifty years ago.上面的那张照片是五十年前拍的。7.动名词Put the child in the sleeping bag. 把孩子放在睡袋里。8.现在分词短语The girl singing in English aloud is Lucy. 那个大声用英语唱歌的女孩是露西。9.不定式The best time to come to China is spring or autumn. 来中国最好的时间是春天或秋天。10.过去分词短语Whats the language spoken i
32、n that area? 那个地区讲什么语言？11.定语从句tEven the students who used to dislike English have turned out to be interested in the subject.甚至过去不喜欢英语的学生，结果他们也对英语感兴趣了。As we know, books are the source of knowledge. 正如我们所知，书籍是知识的源泉。反馈训练5 用所给词的适当形式填空1. He gave us a _ (frighten) account of his experience in the Middle
33、East.2. Here are a few pictures _ (show) you how I was getting along abroad.3.The time _ （need)for completing the experiment can certainly be shortened because of all the support we have got from you.4.Now the need _ (learn) other peoples language is becoming popular.5.Id like to buy a cell phone. I
34、 have several models _ (choose) from.状语: 状语是用来修饰句中谓语动词或整个句子的，表示动作行为或状态发生的时间、地点、原因、目的、结果、方式、条件或伴随、程度等情况,因此就有相应的时间状语、地点状语、原因状语等等。如：1.程度状语Tom speaks very fast. 汤姆讲话很快。2.方式状语He makes his living by selling newspapers. 他靠卖报为生。3.目的状语In face of the disaster, people united to fight against the floods. 灾难面前，人
35、们团结起来，与洪水斗争。4.时间/地点状语A performance will be given in the lecture hall at 7oclock on September 9th, 2014. 在2014年9月9日7点将在报告厅举行一场文艺演出。5.现在分词作时间状语Hearing the news, she burst into tears. 听到这个消息，她的眼泪都流出来了。7.过去分词作伴随状语The teacher came into the lab, followed by some students. 老师来到实验室，后面跟着一些学生。8.固定结构作评注状语Gener
36、ally speaking, the more expensive the camera is, the better its quality will be. 总体上说，相机越贵，质量越好。9.条件状语 In case he comes, let me know. 如果他来的话，告诉我一声。10.原因状语 Considering that everyone is here, lets begin our discussion. 既然大家都到了，我们就开始讨论吧。11.结果状语 He was so tired as to be unable to walk. 他累得走不动了。12.形容词短语作
37、状语Tired and breathless, I reached the top of the mountain. 我到了山顶，感到既疲惫又接不上气。13.分词的独立主格作原因状语The earthquake having destroyed their homes, they had to live in a tent. 地震毁灭他们的家园，因此他们不得不住在帐篷里。14.独立主格结构作伴随状语He entered the house, his nose red with cold. 他进了屋子，鼻子冻得通红。反馈训练6 单项选择1. Having walked such a long d
38、istance, he felt _ tired.A.pretty B.too much C.more D.much2. He came to work at the university thirty years _ today.A.ago B.before C.since D.from3. We will take our holiday _ in August, I think.A.some time B.sometime C.sometimes D.some times4._ you live next door to Mr Roberts, you ought to be able
39、to recognize him.A.If B.Although C.Seeing that D.Just as5. Greatly _ ,he decided to consult his lawyer about the matter.A.frustrated B.frustrating C.to frustrate D.be frustrated同位语: 对句子中某一成分做进一步解释、说明，与前面的名词在语法上处于同等地位的句子成分叫做同位语。同位语常常置于被说明的词之后。一般可由下列形式充当。1.名词We have two foreign teachers, a Canadian an
40、d an American. 我有两个外教，一个加拿，一个美国人。2.代词They each can get a chance to get education. 他们每一个人都有受教育的机会。He himself went to London to watch the basketball match between Ameirca and Spain. 他自己去伦敦观看美国和西班牙的篮球赛。3.数词Are you three ready to start out? 你们三个准备好出发了吗？4. 动名词 The young man tried to achieve his aim- ente
41、ring the key university. 这个年轻人想实现他的目标-进入重点大学。5同位语从句We all have the opinion that the basketball match was encouraging. 我们都有这个看法，就是那场篮球比赛很鼓舞人心。反馈训练7 选择填空。1. We each_ (has/have)the same opinion, but each of them _ (has/have)a different point of view.2. Meeting my childhood friend was a great moment for
42、 me, _ (the one/ one)I will never forget.3. His suggestion, _( have / having ) a big party, is worth thinking.4. He is a strict but kind- hearted father, _(for whom/ one whom) the children respect but are afraid of.插入语 对一句话作一些附加的说明,用来表示说话者对句子表达的意思的态度。通常与句中其他部分没有语法上的联系，将它删掉之后，句子结构仍然完整。插入语可能是一个一个短语或一个
43、句子。1. 常用的插入语 1）副词如strangely, however, luckily, besides, first, second, especially, surprisingly, additionally 等。Strangely, he has not been here. Still more strangely, he has not called me. 奇怪，他没来过这儿。更奇怪，他没给我打电话。2) 不定式短语To tell the truth, to begin with, to be honest, to be frank，to make things worse,
44、 to sum up等。To be honest, getting a high grade in every subject requires great effort. 老实说， 想要每门学科都得高分需要非常努力。3)现在分词generally speaking, judging from/ by 等。Judging from his expression, hes in a bad mood. 根据他的表情判断，他的心情不好。4)介词短语in a word, in addition, on the other hand, in other words, in ones opinion,
45、for one thing, for another(thing), to ones surprise, for example, as a result等。To my surprise, he has just won the first place in the match.让我吃惊的是，他在比赛中赢得了第一名。5)从句if you dont mind, if you like, if you please, if necessary, if any, if so 等。You can, if you please, come to join us in the game. 如果你乐意，可以来加入我们的游戏。6)固定短语More importantly, worse still， that is (to say), whats more, all in all, believe it or not, last but not least(最后也是同等重要的是)等。Worse still, the lion could even carry off the baby in its mouth. 更糟糕的是，狮子有可能把婴