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1、-英语句子成分和英语句子结构讲解和练习试题-第 38 页英语句子成分和英语句子结构讲解及练习简单句的五个基本句型v 主语 不及物动词 She came. v 主语 及物动词 宾语 She likes English.v 主语 系动词 主语补语 v She is happyv 主语 动词 间接宾语 直接宾语v She gave John a bookv She bought a book for me.v 主语 动词 宾语 宾语补语 v She makes her mother angry v The teacher asked me to read the passage.v （ There
2、+be There lies a book on the desk. 主谓宾 v 名代动词名代 v we- saw -you. v we- did -the work. v 主系表 v 名代系动词形容次名词代词v you are beautiful v you seems worried. v you are a stufent. v 相同点都三部分，主语也一样 不同动词和系动词，时态一样，否定式不同动词加助动词，系动词不用 表语可以是形容词，宾语不行 只有宾语有补足语2、句子成分：英语句子成分分为七种：v 主语、谓语、宾语、定语、状语、表语、宾语补足语。v 1、主语是句子所要说的人或事物,回
3、答是“谁”或者“什么”。通常用名词或代词担任。v 如：Im Miss Green.(我是格林小姐)v 2、谓语动词说明主语的动作或状态,回答“做(什么)”。主要由动词担任。v 如：Jack cleans the room every day. (杰克每天打扫房间)v 3、表语在系动词之后,说明主语的身份或特征,回答是“什么”或者“怎么样”。通常由名词、代词或形容词担任。v 如：My name is Ping ping .(我的名字叫萍萍) 4、宾语表示及物动词的对象或结果,回答做的是“什么”。通常由名词或代词担任。v 如：He can spell the word.(他能拼这个词)v 有些及物
4、动词带有两个宾语,一个指物,一个指人。指物的叫直接宾语,指人的叫间接宾语。间接宾语一般放在直接宾语的前面。v 如：He wrote me a letter . (他给我写了一封信)v 有时可把介词to或for加在间接宾语前构成短语,放在直接宾语后面,来强调间接宾语。如：He wrote a letter to me . (他给我写了一封信)5、定语修饰名词或代词,通常由形容词、代词、数词等担任。如： Shanghai is a big city .(上海是个大城市)6、状语用来修饰动词、形容词、副词,通常由副词担任。如：He works hard .(他工作努力) 7、宾语补足语用来说明宾语怎
5、么样或干什么,通常由形容词或动词充当。v 如：They usually keep their classroom clean.(他们通常让教室保持清洁) /v He often helps me do my lessons.(他常常帮我做功课) / v The teacher wanted me to learn French all by myself.(老师要我自学法语)8同位语通常紧跟在名词、代词后面,进一步说明它的情况。v 如：Where is your classmate Tom ?(你的同学汤姆在哪里？)1. 主语（subject）：句子说明的人或事物。 The sun rises
6、 in the east （名词） He likes dancing. （代词） Twenty years is a short time in history. (数词) Seeing is believing. （动名词） To see is to believe.（不定式） What he needs is a book.（主语从句） It is very clear that the elephant is round and tall like a tree.（It形式主语，主语从句是真正主语）(一）指出下列句中主语的中心词 The teacher with two of his s
7、tudents is walking into the classroom. There is an old man coming here. The useful dictionary was given by my mother last year. To do todays homework without the teachers help is very difficult.谓语（predicate）：是对主语加以陈述，表示主语的行为或状态，常用动词或者动词词组担任，放在主语的后面。We study English. He is asleep.(二). 选出句中谓语的中心词 I do
8、nt like the picture on the wall. A. dont B. like C. picture D. wall The days get longer and longer when summer comes. A. get B. longer C. days D. summer Do you usually go to school by bus? A. Do B. usually C. go D. bus There will be a meeting at the library this afternoon.A. will be B. meeting C. th
9、e library D. afternoon3. 表语（predicative）：系动词之后的成分，表示主语的性质、状态和特征。He is a teacher. （名词） You dont look it. （代词）Five and five is ten. （数词）He is asleep. （形容词）His father is in. （副词） The picture is on the wall. (介词短语)My watch is gone / missing / lost. （形容词化的分词）The question is whether they will come. （表语从句）
10、常见连系动词v “存在”类:表示存在或具有某种特征或状态.这类连系动词强调“存在”。常见的有:be(是),look(看起来),feel(摸上去),seem(似乎是),appear(似乎、显得),prove(证明是),smell(闻起来),taste(尝起来),sound(听起来)等。v 例如: The story sounds true. v Those oranges taste good star. 2. “持续”类:表示某种情况或状态的持续。这类连系动词强调“持续”。常见的有:remain(依然),keep(保持),stay(保持),continue(继续、仍旧),stand(处于某状况
11、或情形)等。例如: Why dont you put the meat in the fridge? It will stay fresh for several days. Its already ten in the morning. The store remains closed. Whats the matter? 3. “变化”类:表示由一种情况或状态变化成另一种情况或状态。这类连系动词强调“变化”后的情况或状态.常见的有:become(变成), turn(变成), grow(变得), get(变得)等。v 例如: Put the fish in the fridge, or it
12、 will go bad in hot weather.(三) 挑出下列句中的表语 The old man was feeling very tired. Why is he worried about Jim? The leaves have turned yellow. Soon They all became interested in the subject. She was the first to learn about it. tired worried yellow interested first 4. 宾语：1）动宾表示行为的对象，常由名词或者代词担任。放在及物动词或者介词
13、之后。如：I like China. （名词） He hates you. （代词）How many do you need? We need two. （数词）I enjoy working with you. （动名词）I hope to see you again. （不定式） Did you write down what he said? （宾语从句）2）介词后的名词、代词和动名词-介宾 Are you afraid of the snake? Under the snow, there are many rocks. 3）双宾语-间宾（指人）和直宾（指物）He gave me a
14、book yesterday. Give the poor man some money(四) 挑出下列句中的宾语v My brother hasnt done his homework.v People all over the world speak English.v You must pay good attention to your pronunciation.v How many new words did you learn last class?v Some of the students in the school want to go swimming.v his hom
15、ework English your pronunciation new words to go swimming5. 宾补：对宾语的补充，全称为宾语补足语。v We elected him monitor. （名词） v We all think it a pity that she didnt come here. （名词）v We will make them happy. （形容词）v We found nobody in. ( 副词 )v Please make yourself at home. （介词短语） Dont let him do that. （省to不定式）v His
16、father advised him to teach the lazy boy a lesson. （带to不定式）v Dont keep the lights burning. （现在分词）v Ill have my bike repaired. （过去分词）扩展：v 主补：对主语的补充。v He was elected monitor. v She was found singing in the next room.v He was advised to teach the lazy boy a lesson.(五) 挑出下列句中的宾语补足语v She likes the childr
17、en to read newspapers and books in the reading-room.v He asked her to take the boy out of school.v She found it difficult to do the work.v They call me Lily sometimes.v I saw Mr. Wang get on the bus.v Did you see Li Ming playing football on the playground just now?v to read newspapers and books in t
18、he reading-room to take the boy out of schoolv Lily get on the bus playing football on the playgroundv 划出句中的直接宾语和间接宾语v Please tell us a story.v My father bought a new bike for me last week.v Mr. Li is going to teach us history next term.v Here is a pen. Give it to Tom.v Did he leave any message for
19、me?6. 定语：修饰或限制名词或代词的词、词组或句子。v Yanling is a chemistry teacher.（名词）v He is our friend. （代词）v We belong to the third world.（数词） v He was advised to teach the lazy boy a lesson.（形容词）v The man over there is my old friend.(副词)v The woman with a baby in her arms is my sister. (介词)The boys playing football
20、are in Class 2. （现在分词）The trees planted last year are growing well now. （过去分词）I have an idea to do it well.（不定式） You should do everything that I do. （定语从句）(六) 挑出下列句中的定语v They use Mr., Mrs. with the family name.v What is your given name?v On the third lap are Class 1 and Class 3.v I am afraid some pe
21、ople forgot to sweep the floor.v The man downstairs was trying to sleep. family given third some downstairs7. 状语：用来修饰v., adj., adv., or 句子。表示时间、地点、原因、目的、结果、程度、条件、方式和让步。（以下例句按上述顺序排列）v I will go there tomorrow. v The meeting will be held in the meeting room.v The meat went bad because of the hot weath
22、er. v He studies hard to learn English well.v He didnt study hard so that he failed in the exam. v I like some of you very much.v If you study hard, you will pass the exam. v He goes to school by bike.v Though he is young, he can do it well.(七) 挑出下列句中的状语v There was a big smile on her face.v Every ni
23、ght he heard the noise upstairs.v He began to learn English when he was eleven.v The man on the motorbike was travelling too fast.v With the medicine box under her arm, Miss Li hurried off.v on the face Every night when he was eleven fast With the medicine box under her arm 八、同位语v 当一个概念词在前，后面的词、词组或者
24、句子是在解释前者时，而且两者的语法功能相同，后者就是前者的同位语。v Mr. Black, our English teacher, is a good tennis player. v 我们的英语老师布莱克先生是个优秀的网球手。v Football, the only interest in life, has brought him many friends.v 足球-他唯一的爱好，让他结交了许多朋友。Yesterday I met Tom, a friend of my brothers. v 昨天我遇到了我弟弟的朋友汤姆。 Thats her habit, reading in bed
25、.v 躺在床上看书是她的习惯。v Your suggestion, to strike while the iron is hot, seemed a good idea.v 你建议趁热打铁，这个建议很好。He gave orders that the work should be started immediately.v 他发出指示要立即开始工作。You still havent answered my question why you didnt come to school yesterday.v 你还没有回答我昨天为什么没有上学。同位语从句常跟在某些名词后，对其作进一步的解释。这些名
26、词包括：fact, doubt, idea, news, hope, indication, decision, possibility, assumption, suggestion, question.这类从句常常有that引导，有时也可以用what, why, whether, when 等引导。(九)插入语v 插入语是说话者对所表达的意思的补充、强调、解释或者说话的态度，其位置灵活常常用逗号或者破折号分开，并且在语法上不影响其他成份。v 1. 插入语常以副词（副词短语）、形容词（形容词短语）、介词短语、非谓语动词短语等形式出现。 v （ 1 ）常见的副词及短语： indeed， sur
27、ely， however， obviously， frankly， naturally， luckily / happily for sb. certainly 等。 (九) There be 句型 拓展：There be +句词词组”中，there为虚词，be后面的名词词组为句子的真正主语。该句式在使用时须注意如下几点：There be句式表示“有”时，它表示一种存在关系，通常带有一个地点状语，意为“什么地方（时候）有”。句式中的主语只能为表泛指的名词词组，此外，其主语还可以带前置或后置定语。例如：1. There is a blackboard in the classroom.2. Th
28、ere are five minutes to go.3. There are two old women waiting for you at the gate.在正式文体中，该句式中be动词的单复数形式取决于以下两种情况：v （1）该句式中只有一个主语，主语为单数时，be动词用单数；主语若为复数，be动词也用复数。v （2）该句式中有几个并列主语，则按就近原则处理，即与靠近be动词的第一个主语保持一致。例如：v 1. There is room for improvement.v 2. There are three apples on the table.v 3. There were
29、only two pens, a dictionary and a textbook on the desk.“There be +主语+不定式”中，不定式可以有主动和被动两种形式，不过在口语中主动形式更为常见。例如：1. There is a letter to type today.2. There is no time to lose.3. There are many things to be done now.There be句式中，be动词有各种变化形式。（1）be动词有时态变化，可以为一般现在时、一般过去时、现在完成时、过去完成时、将来时等。例如：1. There are a l
30、ot of people in the meeting-room.2. There was little left.3. There have been many such traffic accidents in the past few years.4. When he got there, he found there had been no one waiting for him in the room.5. Without air, there would be no living things.6. There is going to be a storm tomorrow mor
31、ning.（2）There be句式中，be之前可以有情态动词。例如：v 1. There may be some people who dont like the film.v 2. There used to be a temple in the village.句子种类一）按使用目的可分为陈述句、疑问句、祈使句和感叹句。v 1） 陈述句（Declarative Sentences）：说明一个事实或陈述一种看法。v Light travels faster than sound.光比声速度快。v The film is rather boring.这部电影很乏味。v I havent go
32、t a camera. 我没有相机.v They have never met before. 他们以前从没见过面.疑问句（Interrogative Sentences）：提出问题。有以下四种：a.一般疑问句（General Questions）：v Can you finish the work in time? v 你能按时完成工作吗？b.特殊疑问句（W Questions; H Questions）v Where do you live? 你住那儿？v How do you know that? 你怎么知道那件事 c.选择疑问句（Alternative Questions）：v Do
33、you want tea or coffee? v 你是要茶还是要咖啡？ d.反意疑问句（Tag-Questions）：v He knows her, doesnt he?v 他不认识她，对不对？= Does he know her?v yes, he does.v No , he doesnt.3） 祈使句（Imperative Sentences）：提出请求，建议或发出命令，例如：v Sit down, please.请坐。v Dont be nervous! 别紧张！4） 感叹句（Exclamatory Sentences）：表示说话人惊奇、喜悦、愤怒等情绪，例如：v What good
34、 news it is! 多好的消息啊！v How good the news is!v What beautiful flowers they are! 多美丽的花啊!v How beautiful the flowers are!v How lovely the child is! 多可爱的小孩啊!v What a lovely child he is! v what a cute child he is二）句子按其结构可以分为以下三类：v 1） 简单句（Simple Sentences）：只包含一个主谓结构句子叫简单句，例如：v She is fond of collecting sta
35、mps. v 她喜欢集邮。v We all study hard.v 我们都努力学习.I love sports very much. v 我非常喜欢运动.v Mum made a beautiful skirt for me.v 妈妈为我做了一条漂亮的裙子.v We elected him our class president.v 我们选了他做班长.v There are more than 3000 students in our school. v 我们学校的学生超过3000名.2） 并列句（Compound Sentences）：由两个或两个以上的简单句并列连接起来的句子叫并列句.v
36、 The food was good, but he had little appetite.v 食物很精美，但他却没什么胃口。v Lets hurry, or we will be late.v 咱们赶紧点,要不就迟到啦.v He studied hard( ,) and he passed the exam. v 他努力学习并通过了考试.v He felt no fear, for he was very brave. v 他很勇敢,毫不畏惧.v He was sick, so they were quiet.v 他病了,所以他们很安静.3） 复合句（Complex Sentences）：
37、包含一个主句从句和一个或几个从句的句子叫复合句，从句由从属连词引导，例如：v The film had begun when we got to the cinema.v 我们到达电影院的时候，电影已经开演了。v Do you know the man who is in the car? v 你认识坐在汽车里的人吗?v What he said is not true. v 他说的不是实话.I know its difficult to master a foreign language. v 我知道学好一门外语不容易.v The question is whether he will jo
38、in us next time.v 问题是下次他是否跟我们一起干.v The idea that Iraq could be taken within a week or two was an underestimation. v 伊拉克可以在一两周内就可以拿下的这一想法是估计不足的想法.v To get into university (= If you want to get into university) you have to pass a number of exams.v 进入大学,你必须通过一系列的考试. 元音和辅音的定义：发音时声带振 动，呼出的气流通过口腔时不受阻碍，这样形
39、成的语音称为元音。不论声带振动与否，发音时呼出的气流通过口腔或鼻腔时受到一定的阻碍，这样形成的语音称为辅音。发音时声带不振动的辅音称为清辅音。发音声带振动的辅音称为浊辅音。巧记48个国际音标单元音共十二，四二六前中后双元音也好背，合口集中八个辅音共计二十八八对一清又七浊， 四个连对也包括。有气无声清辅音， 有声无气浊辅音，发音特点应掌握 1.音标必须写在括号里，常用的音标括号有斜头和平头两种，其上端不顶第一线，大致与大写字母相齐，下端在第三格的中2.音标没有书写体，也没有大小写，因此书写时必须和印刷体一 样，直上直下，没有斜度，其书写规格如下所列。3.下面几个音标是最容易写错的，一定要注意：a
40、i和au不要写成Ai和Au，A:不要写成a:。在打字的时候，不要用a来代替A,把A:打成a:，也不要用g来代替G，把GE:l打成gE:l。4.音标没有书写体，也没有大小写，因此书写时必须和印刷体一样，直上直下，没有斜度，其书写规格如下页所列元音音标学习元音概述：元音是有噪音的语音。形成元音时，声带振动，气流经由咽腔和口腔逸出时，不受到任何阻碍，没有可以听得到的摩擦声。英语里共有20个元音（单元音1个，双元音个）。 元音之间的差异，是由发音时各发音器官所采取的不同位置形成的。所谓“不同位置”，指的是舌头的高低与前后，牙床的开合程度，以及唇形的大小和圆扁。但其中决定的因素是舌头的位置：舌头是在口腔
41、的前部、中部或者后部，决定所发的音是前元音、中元音还是后元音；舌身隆起的高度以及舌的哪一部分隆起最高，决定发出的元音是开口元音、半开元音、合口元音、还是半合元音。牙床开合的程度是由舌位的高低所决定的，而双唇的圆扁和大小对形成不同的元音也有相当的影响。因此，描述一个元音的发音部位，主要是描述它的舌位和唇形。Lesson 1元音i: i : 学习i: 发这个音的字母和字母组合e ea ee e: me be she he we evening ee:sweet bee sweep sheep see sleep three green ea:meat leaf sea pea teach eat
42、clean根据发音规则，圈出下列单词中元音字母组合发音相同的两个词。 1.seat rain bean cat 2.gift feet teacher d 3.pig star tree jeep 4.sweet sea fish thei 发这个音的字母和字母组合i e y ey ay i: pig fish in fifteen six ship thin e: begin behind jacket basketball y: happy heavy busy lorry carry sunny lovely study thirsty twenty thirty windy rainy
43、 ey: monkey money ay:Sunday Saturday Friday 根据发音规则，圈出每组中元音字母发音不相同的单词。 1.sofa sit kick lip 2.ink gift jam ship 3.hand picture big sister 4.hot lick pig jelly: 发这个音的字母和字母组合er ir ur ear or er: her serve term ir:bird girl skirt first dirty skirt shirt ur:nurse Thursday turtle purple curtain ear:early le
44、arn or: word work world根据发音规则，圈出每组中元音字母组合发音相同的单词。 1.thirty beer thirsty wheat 2. bank king her nurse 3.turtle bird rabbit knee 4.room run shirt term 发这个音的字母和字母组合ure er ar or a e ure: picture er:teacher brother dinner father sister ar: sugar or:doctor a:panda about above camera sofa China根据发音规则，找出发的2个单词写在后面的横线上。 1.mother sofa road smile 2.sit father sister food 3. hair de