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1、Unit Two,Space Invaders,Why do they do that?,If you get on this subway, where would you sit?,If you have to go to the further end of the supermarket, how would you get over there?,So.,People need personal space to feel comfortable.,Personal Space,In 1966 Anthropologist Edward Hall identified four di
2、fferent zones of personal space Americans like to keep around them,How would you feel if you were in any of these situations?,So.,“Space invaders” make people feel uneasy.,Shared places,Elevators, buses, theaters, and many other similar “shared places” tend to reduce personal space. People who routi
3、nely find themselves in such situations tend to have smaller personal space and more tolerance for “space invasion” than those who are not used to crowding.,Different cultural ideas of personal space,Latin Americans commonly put a hand on their conversation partners shoulder while speaking, esp. whe
4、n both participants are of the same sex. There is a common shock in American businessmen when they go to Latin America. Latin men think nothing of giving each other a hearty hug when they meet. That might freak out an American man, who might want to slap his conversation partner on the arm or back a
5、n action a Latino would find startling or threatening.,Different cultural ideas of personal space,The closest distance between two people in a conversation takes place in Middle Eastern. They even push and shove each other.,Different cultural ideas of personal space,The British keep a big distances
6、when they talk to each other. The Arab kept moving forward, while the Briton kept backing away to establish the distance at which he felt most comfortable. The result was a comical chase around the party hall, the Briton backing away with the Arab in pursuit.,Different cultural ideas of personal spa
7、ce,Asians tend to keep much more distance between each other than Westerners do. The perception of personal space is very strong in Japan. Crossing between two people or intruding into anothers space to move through a crowded room is seen as ruder than in other cultures.,Different cultural ideas of
8、personal space,In Germany, Austria, Eastern Europe and the Middle East, the buttock slap is given as a sign of insult. buttock pat, used in American sports as a sign of encouragement.,Para 1,How does the author describe the violation of personal space that happened in a bank? - He uses a series of v
9、erb phrases and adverbials vividly described the process in which the people in line, though reluctant, had to give away their personal space to the invaders.,Para 1,How many people at least are described here? - Five. Can you play the process? - Yes!,Para 1,Which word in the paragraph can vividly s
10、ummarize the process? - Slinky,Slinky,Para 1,Why does the writer tell his experience at the bank? - Because he wants to show the importance of personal space in maintaining public order. If ones personal space is invaded, he may, in preserving his own space, break into others personal space. This ch
11、ain of reations can cause chaos in public order.,Para 2,Can you draw the personal space according to the authors discription? - Yes!,Para 2,What definition does the author give to personal space? - The last sentence.,Para 3,Whats the topic sentence? - The first sentence. Whats the function of the fo
12、llowing sentences? - Examples to illustrate the topic sentence.,Para 3,How many examples are there? What are the occasions?,Wedge,n. a wedge of cake vi. force into a narrow space The dictionary wont wedge into such a narrow space.,Wedge,vt. wedge sth./sb. into /through The people sitting close to me
13、 were wedging me into the corner. be wedged (in) between two persons wedge a window to prevent it from rattling,Wedge,我被紧紧夹在两个乘客中间下不了公共汽车了 - I was so tightly wedged between two other passengers that I couldnt get off the bus. 她的箱子里再也塞不进别的东西了。 - She couldnt wedge another item into her suitcase.,A Bus
14、 in Wuhan,Zigzag,n. adj.,Zigzag,vi. move forward by going at an angle first to one side then to the other We are zigzagging up the hill. The motor bike was zigzagging in and out of the traffic. Lightning zigzagged across the sky. adv. The path ran zigzag up the hill.,Zigzag,那个醉鬼歪歪倒倒地沿街走去。 - The drun
15、ken man zigzagged down the street.,Jostle,vi. vt. push, elbow, or bump against (someone) roughly, typically in a crowd jostle ones way jostle against sth. Synonym: bump, push, shove, thrust, press Dont jostle (against) me. The crowd jostled into the new stadium.,Jostle,Synonym: push, elbow, press, s
16、hove,Jostle,我们被人群挤来挤去。 - We were jostled in the crowd. 我终于挤下了车。 - I finally jostled my way off the bus.,Carve out,establish or create something through painstaking effort He carved himself out a nice position in the business. He carved out a career for himself., riders are no longer taking pains to
17、carve out little zones of space ,- subway passengers are no longer trying to establish some personal space between them 地铁乘客不再努力营造小范围的私人空间。,Fidgety,adj. impatient or uneasy Traveling in planes makes me fidgety Mary is always fidgeting about her mothers health.,Fidget,v. make small movements, especia
18、lly of the hands and feet, through nervousness or impatience Hurry up, your father is beginning to fidget. Whats fidgeting you? fidget about/with,Fidget,n. (pl.) I always get fidgets during long meetings. - 会议开得长我就坐不住了 Having to sit still for a long time often gives small children the fidgets. - 久坐往
19、往使小孩子们烦躁不安。,Para 4,What does this tendency refer to? - The phenomenon exemplified in the previous paragrapgh, that is, personal space is being invaded more than ever before. What did the author think caused it? - population explosion; season; stimulating effect of caffeine.,Para 4,Which expressions
20、give you the clue? - attribute. to; wondered if.; or perhaps. Whats the main idea of this paragraph? - Possible causes of space invasion,attribute . to .,believe (something) to be the result of Jim attributes his success to hard work. The car accident was attributed to faulty breaks. Synonym: owe to
21、 ascribe to ,attribute . to .,他们把成功归因于老师的鼓励。 - They attribute their success to their teachers encouragement. 两位教皇都死于心脏病。 - The deaths of both popes were attributed to heart attacks.,relentless,adj. never ending; oppressively constant He was relentless in his pursuit of fame and fortune. without pity
22、 relentless persecution by Bloody Mary,relentless,relent v. become less severe; give up unkind or cruel intentions Father objected at first but then relented and let us go camping by ourselves. relentlessly adv. He beat his child relentlessly.,relentless,绵绵秋雨后，气温下降了。 - It cools down after a relentle
23、ss autumnal rain.,Malthusian logic:,note 4, p21 Family Planning System in China,T-shirt weather,weather in which people wear T-shirts,proximity,n. (formal) nearness in space, time, or relationship in (close) proximity to; in the proximity of in the proximity (ie neighbourhood) of the building The re
24、staurant benefits from its proximity to several cinemas. Synonym: nearness, closeness,proximity,proximate adj. nearest,proximity,多少世纪以来，它们的巢穴一直都紧靠人类。 - For centuries and centuries, their nests have been placed in closest proximity to man. The research was facilitated by proximity to a large library.
25、 -靠近大图书馆给那项研究提供了便利。,alluring,adj. charming, fascinating Drizzling makes the small town more alluring. Wearing the new blouse, she looked more alluring.,allure,v. powerfully attract allure sb. from; allure (sb.) into The window displays allure customers to buy goods. Rewards allure men to brave dange
26、r. 重赏之下必有勇夫。 Synonym: lure, tempt n. attractiveness; charm, Ive wondered if its the season: . (or much, much less).,- I have suspected that maybe the cause (of the space invasion) is the season: summer may either make people want to be closer to each other or more likely, to keep a distance between
27、each other. 我怀疑是季节造成了空间侵略：T恤也许会让人们想亲密接触（也更可能让彼此疏远）,Proliferation,n. rapid increase in numbers nuclear non-proliferation treaty 防止核扩散条约,proliferate,vi. increase rapidly in numbers 因为核武器的扩散，世界变得越来越不安全。 - The world is becoming more and more unsafe due to the proliferation of nuclear weapons.,infuse,vt.
28、 put, pour (a quality, etc.) into, fill (somebody with) sth into sb/sth; sb/sth with sth The leader had the gift of being able to infuse enthusiasm into the most skeptical member of the group. The news infused the workers with new life. infusion n.,infuse,将军的话使士兵充满勇气。 - The words of the general infu
29、sed fresh courage into the soldiers. Now there are more and more returned students, who will infuse new blood into the technology development in China. - 现在海归越来越多,这将给我国的科技发展注入新鲜的血液。,jangle,v. cause to give out a harsh metallic noise; quarrel nosily Her voice jangles on my ears n. the jangle of the t
30、elephone the jangle of the wailing of police sirens,keep to oneself,remain private; avoid meeting other people socially Nobody knows much about him; he keeps (himself) (very much) to himself. -谁都不太了解他,因为他很少与人来往。,Or perhaps the proliferation of coffee bars.no longer keep to themselves.,- Or perhaps t
31、he increasing coffee bars in Manhattan attract more and more people, who are stimulated and excited by the caffeine, so that they become eager to meet others and no longer want to remain in privacy. - 或者可能是曼哈顿不断涌现的咖啡厅它们的数量似乎每三个月就会增加一倍给已经闹个不停的当地人灌下了大量咖啡因，使他们再也耐不住寂寞。,Para 5,What does the author mean b
32、y saying “personal space is mostly a public matter”? - Personal space, first of all, is the space you expect and are expected to keep between you and other people in public places in order to maintain the appropriate interpersonal relationship. Which is the topic sentence? - The second sentence.,we
33、allow all kinds of invasions . wouldnt exist without them.),- privately we allow may people around us to invade our personal space in order to establish close relationships with them, which ensures that human beings develop a society of intimacy and love. - 私下里我们允许各种入侵私人空间的形式。（没有它们就不会存在仁爱社会。）,The lo
34、gistics of it vary according to geography,- People in different regions are given different sizes of personal space - 对私人空间的安排随地域变化。,logistics,- the skillful organization of doing something so that it can be done successfully,tread,v. set ones foot down; walk or step tread on sbs toes: offend or ann
35、oy sb I dont want to tread on anyones toes. tread on air: be very happy (at some news) At the news that he passed the driving test, he trod on air all afternoon. Synonym: trample,coin,v. make (coins) by stamping metal invent (a new word or phrase),someone with a spread,-those people who have a farm
36、and thus have a large space to themselves,“Dont tread on me” could have been coined only by someone with a spread.,- “Dont step into my space.” This could have been said only by a person who has a large personal space. - “别挤到我的地盘。”这样的话只会出自一位有很大私人空间的人士。,wager,v. (more formal term for) bet wager on st
37、h. wager sb. that You wont find better goods anywhere else, Ill wager. n. lay/make a wager; lose/win a wager,wager,I wager you 5 pounds that they will win the next election. - 我和你赌5英镑，他们会赢得下届选举。,trespass,v. enter someones land or property without permission trespass on someones private property take
38、 advantage of sth in a selfish way; use sth unreasonably I dont want to trespass on your hospitality. 我不想叨扰你。 n.,trespass,他们不该耽误她的工作时间。 - They should not trespass on her working time.,To an Englishman, a handshake . may come across as chilliness.,- (Englishmen usually have a roomier concept of perso
39、nal space, therefore,) even a handshake can be taken as an invasion, while Brazilians would only accept a hug as a warm greeting. - 对于英国人，握手都显得有些冒犯；但是对于巴西人，不拥抱就让人觉得冷漠。,Para 6,Whats the key word in this paragraph? - Manners. Why did the author discuss manner here? - He considered the decline of manne
40、rs to be one of the cuases of space invasion.,plow,n. v. force a way (and make a track),mutter,v. say something in a low, or barely audible voice The old woman muttered to herself. The dissatisfied workman muttered a threat. Synonym: murmur, grumble n.,mutter,当那人走过时，我们听见他嘟哝着什么。 - We heard the man mu
41、ttering something as he walked by. 当士兵们得知所有假期都被取消时，他们生气地低声抱怨。 - The soldiers muttered angrily when they heard that all leaves had been canceled.,bump,v. knock or strike (something) with a dull-sounding blow The child bumped his head on the table. bump into: encounter by chance, run across Mary was w
42、alking down the street, when she suddenly bumped into Joan.,bump,v. move with a jerky, jolting motion (like a cart on a bad road) The heavy bus bumped along the rough mountain road.,bump,bump n. bumpy adj. They suffered the bumpy ride for 3 hours.,lament,v. express regret or disappointment over some
43、thing considered unsatisfactory, unreasonable or unfair lament (for) a dead friend lament (over) ones misfortunes n. lamentable adj. regrettable,lament,Proper form of lament. His examination results were _. The poor lady _ over her misfortune.,lamentable,lamented,The decline of manners has been wide
44、ly lamented.,- We have been grieving at the deteriorated manners of our society. 我们对礼节的退化深表遗憾。,grant,v. agree to give or allow (something requested) The firm granted him a pension. agree (that something is true) n. money or land from a government Students in this country receive a grant from the gov
45、ernment.,grant,Collocation 1) Granted, but “Weve been successful this year.” “Granted. But can we do it again next year?” Paraphrase: Yes,we have. But can we be successful again next year?,grant,2) Granted (that) / Granting (that) Granting his honesty, he may be mistaken. Paraphrase: Although he is
46、an honest person, he does wrong sometimes. 3) take for granted,Para 7,Do space invaders respect other peoples personal space? - No. They want to have as much space to themselves as possible.,Ive also noticed an increase . a sense of manifest destiny.,- Ive also noticed that the problem of space inva
47、sion becomes more and more serious, and those space invaders, acting in the same way as the territory expansionists usually do, seize public space as a matter of course. 我注意到入侵私人空间的行为日益严重，这些地盘扩张者把占据公共空间视为理所当然。,stake (out) a claim to.,mark out (a piece of land, etc) as ones own 中国声称对南沙群岛拥有主权。 - China
48、 stakes a claim to the Spratly Islands(Nansha Islands).,annex,v. take control of land or property without permission Japan annexed Korea in 1910. - 日本在1910年吞并了朝鲜。 n. an addition that extends a main building annexation n.,elbow room,space in which one can move freely I need (some) more elbow-room. -
49、我需要大一些的活动空间.,routine,adj. usual, ordinary, habitual; regular the routine procedure a dull routine job n. fix and regular way of doing things do sth as a matter of routine routinely adv.,commandeer,v. take possession of something officially or unfairly The policemen commandeered a taxi to chase the robbers. The local hotel was commandeered for the wounded.,booth,n. small enclosure or compartment for a specific purpose a telephone booth a polling booth,Para 8,Why is the personal spa