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1、1,新编英汉翻译教程 A NEW COURSEBOOK ON ENGLISH-CHINESE TRANSLATION,第六章 翻译技巧之 正译与反译,2,I. Definition of Negation and Affirmation,Negation: with no, not never, non-,un-,im-, in-, ir-,-less 不、没、无、未、别、休、莫、非、 毋、勿 Affirmation: without the words, prefixes, suffixes mentioned above.,3,Affirmation in EnglishNegation
2、in Chinese (英语里有些从正面表达的词或句子，译文可从反面来表达，即正说反译法) Negation in English Affirmation in Chinese (英语里有些从反面表达的词或句子，译文可从正面来表达，即反说正译法),4,II. Purposes of Conversion between Affirmation and Negation,1. to make the meaning clear 2. to strengthen the rhetorical effect 3. to make it conform to the idiomatic use of
3、the target language,5,英语为肯定式，汉语译作否定式 形式: 不是由否定词缀构成，是肯定式； 意义:含有否定意义或近似否定意义 词义:它们大多数是某些词的反义词，通过长期的历史演变，这些曾完全作为反义词用的词义又引申出其它否定的词义。 “含蓄否定词”(implicit negative word)， “暗指否定词”。,III. Affirmative in English but negative in Chinese 正说反译法,6,1. 英语肯定句 汉语的否定句 You are quite a stranger here. 这儿的人都不认识你 Only five cus
4、tomers remained in the bar. 酒吧间只有五个顾客还没走。,7,2.英语中的含蓄否定词含蓄否定短语译成汉语的否定词组。 I failed to understand your meaning. 我弄不懂你的意思。 3) All international disputes must be settled through negotiations and the avoidance of any armed conflicts. 一切国际争端应通过谈判而不是武装冲突来解决。,8,下面按词性列举它们的翻译方法,9,1.名词 1) There was a complete a
5、bsence of information on the oil deposit in that area. 关于该地区的石油储藏情况，人们毫无所知。 2) Her child was in a terrible state of neglect. 她的孩子简直没人管。 3)Shortness of time has required the omission of some states. 由于时间不够，没能访问某些国家。,10,作为名词用的含蓄否定词还有：,defiance (不顾，无视) denial (否认，否定) exclusion (排除) freedom (不，免除) lack
6、(无，缺乏) failure (不成功，不足，不履行) refusal ( 不愿，不允许) loss (失去)等。,11,2. 动词 1) He hates going to work late. 他不喜欢上班迟到. 2) The motor refused to start. 马达开不动。,12,类似的动词还有: fail（to do）（未能、没做到） lack（缺乏，没有） deny（不承认，不给） defy（不服从，不遵从，不让） differ（不同，不同意，不合） miss（未打中，未见到，未达到） forbid（不许） stop（不准） ignore（不理，不肯考虑）等。,13,3.
7、形容词或形容词短语 1) She was deaf to all advice. 她不听一切劝告。 2) He would be the last man to say such things. 他决不会说这种话。,14,free from（不受。的影响，没有。的） Free from anxiety 无忧无虑。 Free from arrogance and rashness 不骄不躁。 Every person has the right to be free from hunger. 人人有不挨饿的权力。 These elements are shielded so that they
8、are free from the influence of magnetic field. 这些组件已加屏蔽，因此不受磁场的影响。,15,far from: （远远不，完全不） Your work is far from satisfactory. 你的工作一点儿也不令人满意。 The world today is far from peaceful. 今天的世界还很不安宁。 Far from admiring his paintings I dislike them intensely. 我不但不钦佩反而十分讨厌他的画。,16,类似的形容词及其短语有: absent （不在，不到） awk
9、ward（不熟练，不灵活，使用起来不方便） bad（令人不愉快的，不受欢迎的，不舒服的） blind（看不到、不注意） dead (无生命的、无感觉的、不毛的) difficult（不容易的） foreign to（不适合于，与无关） short of （不够） poor（不好的，不幸的） ignorant of (不知道),17,4.介词或介词短语 1) What you said is beside the question. 你所说的与本题无关。 2) But thats very extraordinary. It seems against nature. 不过那件事很不平常，似乎不
10、符合自然规律。 3) The Theory of Relativity put forward by Einstein is now above many peoples understanding. 爱因斯坦提出的“相对论”，现在还有不少人不理解。,18,类似这样的介词还有: below（与不相称，不足，不值得） beneath（不值得，与不相称） beyond（为所不及） under（未满足，不足） without（无，不，没有，毫不） except（不包括） within（不超出，不出） instead of（而不是）等。,19,5.副词 1) She said idly, “well,
11、 what does it matter?” 她漫不经心的说：“哼，这有什么关系？” 2) Slowly he pulled the letter out of the envelope, and unfolded it. 他不慌不忙地从信封里抽出信纸打开来。,20,6连接词及其短语 1) Ill do it now before I forget it. 我趁着还没有忘记的时候就做吧。 2) Life may well turn out to be the true, rather than exception. 很可能生命是普遍存在的，而不是一种例外，这一点很可能得到证实。,21,7.某些
12、含有否定意义的谚语和警句 英语中有些谚语和警句在结构形式上是肯定的，但却表示某种否定寓意。在翻译时，可采用正说反译法，尽可能用简练的汉语或相应的汉语成语来表达。 例如： 1) Better to reign in hell than serve in heaven. 宁为鸡口，不为牛后。 2) Seeing is believing. 百闻不如一见。,22,3) Bite off more than one can chew. 贪多嚼不烂。 4) Let sleeping dogs lie. 莫惹是生非。 5) A bird in the hand is worth two in the bu
13、sh. 双鸟在林不如一鸟在手。 6) Call a spade a spade. 直言不讳。,23,7) A dog in the manger. 占着茅坑不拉屎。 8) He who has a mind to beat his dog will easily find his stick. 欲加之罪，何患无辞。,24,Private. 闲人莫入。 Keep upright. 切勿倒置。 Wet paint. 油漆未干。 Urban clearway. 市区通道，不准停车。,25,IV. 反说正译法(negative in English but affirmative in Chinese
14、).,英语为否定式，汉语译作肯定式 英语否定句 汉语的肯定词和肯定句 英语中的双重否定句 汉语肯定句. I wrote three books in the first two years, a record never reached before. 这是他从前从未达到的纪录 我头两年写了三本书，打破了以往的纪录。,26,1.名词 1) The machine has two serious disadvantages. 那机器有两个严重缺陷。 2) The dishonesty of the city officials was exposed by the newspaper. 市政府官
15、员们的欺诈行为被报纸披露。,27,2.动词 1) By a sudden attack we uncovered the enemys right flank. 我们以突袭使敌人右翼暴露. 2) The cannons were dismounted for shipping. 这些炮弹被拆卸了以便运输,28,3.形容词 1) He gave me an indefinite answer. 他给我一个含糊的答复 2) He was in an uncomfortable predicament. 他陷于困窘的艰难处境中. 3) It was inconsiderate of him to m
16、ention the matter in her hearing. 他实在轻率，竟在她在场时谈论此事。,29,4.副词 1) “I dont know if I ought to have come,” she said breathlessly, grasping Sandys arm. “我不知道我该不该来”，她气喘吁吁地说，一把抓住桑迪的胳膊。 2）This country is now unprecedentedly expanding its industry. 这个国家目前正在以空前的规模发展其工业。,30,5.短语 1）To be or not to be, that is th
17、e question. 生存还是毁灭，这是值得考虑之点。 2）Dont lose time in cleaning this machine. 赶快把这部机器擦好。 3）All men between 18 and 45 without exception are expected to serve in the army during the war. 所有18岁至45岁的男子统统要在战时服役。,31,6.双重否定句 (double negative )双重否定句通常译成汉语的肯定句,1）There is no grammatical rule that has no exception.
18、条条语法规则都有例外。 2）It is none other than aluminium. 这就是铝。,32,3）There is no evil without compensation. 恶有恶报。 4）Nothing is impossible to a willing mind. 有志者事竟成。 5) They never work without helping each other. 他们工作时总是互相帮助。,33,V. Some Idiomatic Expressions,1. riot police 防暴警察 (即anti-riot police) 2. crisis law
19、 反危机法案 (即anti-crisis law) 3. spy film 反谍影片 4 Keep in lane! 不准换线！ 5. Keep off the lawn! 请勿践踏草地！ 6. I couldnt agree more with you. 我完全同意你的看法。 7. Just make yourself at home. 不要客气。/别见外。,34,Exercises: 1) I wrote three books in the first two years, a record never reached before. 我头两年写了三本书，打破了以往的纪录。 2)The
20、machine is far from being complicated. 这部机器一点也不复杂。 3. They are non-local laborers in Beijing 他们是在北京打工的外地民工。 4. I do think that it is beyond his power to fulfill the task. 我的确认为要完成这项任务是他力所不及的。,35,5. We believe that the younger generation will prove worthy of our trust. 我们相信年青一代将不会辜负我们的信任。 6.We must never stop taking an optimistic view of life. 我们要永远对生活抱乐观的态度。 7. Mr. Wang has never missed a days work for years. 王先生这几年一直是全勤。,