《2022年高中英语语法归纳总结2.docx》由会员分享,可在线阅读,更多相关《2022年高中英语语法归纳总结2.docx(47页珍藏版)》请在taowenge.com淘文阁网|工程机械CAD图纸|机械工程制图|CAD装配图下载|SolidWorks_CaTia_CAD_UG_PROE_设计图分享下载上搜索。
1、精品_精品资料_第一章 主谓一样高中英语语法总结如:Each of us has something to say. 我们每个人都有话要说.6. 如主语中有 more than one 或 many a/an , 尽管从意义上看是复数, 但它的谓语动词仍用单数.但 more+复数名词 +than one 做主语时 , 谓语动词仍用复数. 如:可编辑资料 - - - 欢迎下载精品_精品资料_ 一 语法一样原就 : 即主语为单数 ,谓语用单数 ,主语为复数 ,谓语也用复数 . 以下为留意事项 :1. 单数主语即使后面带有 with , along with, together with, like
2、 像 , but 除了,except, besides, as well as, no less than, rather than 而不是 , including, in addition to 引导的短语 , 谓语动词仍用单数 .如: Air as well as water is matter. 空气和水都是物质 .No one except two servants was late for the dinner. 除了两个仆人外 , 没有一个人迟来用餐.2. 用 and 连接的并列主语 ,假如主语是同一个人 ,同一事 ,同一概念 , 谓语动词用单数, 否就用复数 . 如:The po
3、et and writer has come.那位诗人兼作家来了 .一个人 A hammer and a saw are useful tools.锤子和锯都是有用的工具. 两样物 用 and 连接的成对名词习惯上被看成是一个整体, 如:bread and butter 黄油抹面包, knife and fork 刀叉等作主语时 , 谓语动词用单数.3. 不定式 短语 , 动名词 短语 , 或从句作主语时 , 谓语动词用单数 . 如: Serving the people is my great happiness.为人民服务是我最大的幸福.When we ll goout for an ou
4、ting has been decided.我们什么时候出去郊游已打算了.4. 用连接的并列主语被each, every 或 no 修饰时 , 谓语动词用单数 .Every boy and every girl likes to go swimming.每个男孩和每个女孩都喜爱去游泳.No teacher and no student was absent from the meeting.没有老师也没有同学开会缺席 .Each man and each woman is asked to help.每个男人和每个女人都被请去帮忙.5. each of+ 复数代词 , 谓语动词用单数. 复数代
5、词 +each, 谓语动词用单数.Many a boy likes playing basketball.很多男生都喜爱打篮球 . More than one student was late.不只一个同学迟到More persons than one come to help us. 不止一个人来帮忙我们.7. none 做主语时 ,谓语动词可用单数 , 也可用复数 ; 但在代表不行数的东西时总是看作单数 ,因而谓语动词要用单数. 如:None of us are is perfect.人无完人.None of this worries me.这事一点不使我焦急.8. 名词如 : trous
6、ers, scissors, clothes, goods, glasses 等作主语时 , 谓语动词必需用复数 . 如:His clothes are good. 但这些名词前如显现a pair of ,谓语一般用单数 .如: A pair of glasses is on the desk. 桌上有一副眼镜.9. 形复意单名词如:news; 以 ics结尾的学科名称如:physics,mathematics, economics; 国名如 : the United States;报纸名如 : the New Times;书名如 : Arabian Night; 以及 The UnitedN
7、ations 等作主语时 , 谓语动词用单数.10. “ a +名词 +and a half “ , “ one and a half + 名词” , “ the number of +名词” 等作主语时 , 谓语动词要用单数. 如:Only one and a half apples is left on the table.留意 : one or two +复数名词作主语 , 谓语动词用复数形式 , 如:One or two places have been visited.参观了一两个的点.二 内容一样原就 :1. 主语中有 all, half, most, the rest 等, 以及
8、”分数或百分数 +名词”做主语时 ,谓语动词单复数取决于连用的名词.如:The rest of the bikes are on sale today.剩下的自行车,今日出售.60%of the apple was eaten by little boy.这个苹果的 60%都被这个小男孩吃了.可编辑资料 - - - 欢迎下载精品_精品资料_Most of the apples were rotten.大部分的苹果都是烂的.Most of the apple was eaten by a rat.这个苹果的大部分被老鼠吃了.2. 不定数量的词组 , 如:part of , a lot of ,
9、lots of , one of , a number of , plenty of等作主语时 , 谓语动词的单复数取决于量词后面名词的数.如:A part of the textbooks have arrived.一小部分教科书已运到.A part of the apple has been eaten up by the pig.这个苹果的一部分被猪吃光了.3. 加减乘除用单数 .如:Fifteen minus five is ten . 15减去 5 等于 10.4. 表示时间 , 金钱 , 距离 , 度量等的名词做主语时, 尽管是复数形式 , 它们做为一个单一的概念时, 其谓语动词用
10、单数.如:Ten miles is a good distance. 十英里是一个相当的距离.5. 1通常作复数的集体名词 . 包括 police , people, cattle等, 这些集体名词通常用作复数 .如:The British police have only very limited powers.(2) 通常作不行数名词的集体名词. 包括 equipment, furniture,clothing,luggage等.(3) 可作单数也可作复数的集体名词. 包括audience, committee,government, family, enemy, group, party
11、, team, public等.如:The committee has/have decided to dismiss him.委员会打算解雇他.6. the +形容词 / 过去分词形式”表示一类人或事物, 作主语时 , 谓语动词用复数 .如:The injured were saved after the fire.三 就近原就1. 由 here, there, where 等引导的倒装句中, 有时主语不止一个时 谓语动词与靠近它的主语在数上一样.如:Here comes the bus 公共汽车来了 .Here is a pen and some pieces of paper for y
12、ou.给你一支钢笔和几张纸.Where is your wife and children to stay while you are away.你不在这儿的时候, 你爱人和孩子在哪儿呆了?2. 用连词 or, either. or, neither .nor, not only .but also 等连接的并列主语, 谓语动词与靠近它的主语在数上一样.如:Neither the students nor the teacher knows anything about it同学和老师都不知道这事.He or you have taken my pen.他或你拿了我的钢笔.留意 : one o
13、f +复数名词 +who/that/which引导的定语从句中, 定语从句的动词为复数.如:Mary is one of those people who keep pets.玛丽是饲养宠物者之一.The only one of + 复数名词 + who/that./which引导的定语从句中, 定语从句的动词应为单数.Mary is the only one of those people who keeps pets.玛丽是唯独一个饲养宠物的人.其次章:非谓语动词作用种类主语宾语宾语补足语表语定语状语非谓语动词在句中的特点、性质、用法、区分及使用留意事项分述如下:第一节、非谓语动词作主语可
14、作主语的非谓语形式为:不定式和动名词.其表达形式为:不定式: 主动态 to do;被动态 to be done; 动名词: 主动态done.例 1: To act like that is foolish.doing; 被动态being例 2:It is impossible for me to buy the car with cash.要我用现金买那辆车是不行不定式( infinitive )、分词( participle )、动名词( gerund)是非谓语动词,在句 子中不能作谓语 .以下表格列出了他们各悠闲句中的作用.(表示可以在句中 担任的语法成分,就表示不行以.)不定式动名词分
15、词可编辑资料 - - - 欢迎下载精品_精品资料_能的.例 3: Walking is a good form of exercise for both young and old.例 4: What made you so late for work today . Driving to the office was very slow this morning because of heavy traffic. 由于交通拥挤,今早开车上班特别慢.一般说来,动名词和不定式作主语,可以互换,其意义没有多大差别,但须留意以下两点:1. 表示详细的,特殊是未发生的动作,倾向用不定式(如例 2).表
16、示无时限的泛指动作 (如例 3)或描述当时的情形 (如例 4),倾向用动名词.2. 在以下句型用动名词作主语It is no good doing. (没有用)There is no doing.(不行能)It is no good arguing with him.和他争辩没有用.练习 1. The purpose of new technologies is to make life easier,it more difficult.( 99 全国) A. not makeB. not to makeC. not makingD. do not make 2.分析句子是否正确 : What
17、 we do is prepare our students to face fierce competitions when they enter society.答案 1、B.is 后有两个表语, 两者必需在结构上对称. 第一个表语为不定式to makelife easier ,就其次个表语也应当为不定式,所以选B .2、正确. 当主语部分有实义动词do 时, 作表语的不定式可以省略to; 如没有实义动词 do,表语中 to 不能省略.第三节、非谓语动词作宾语可作宾语的非谓语动词为:不定式和动名词.1不定式作宾语例 1 He demanded to know the truth.例 2 T
18、he car failed to stop at the red light.那辆轿车看到红灯没有停.可编辑资料 - - - 欢迎下载精品_精品资料_There is no knowing what may happen. = It is impossible to know what may happen.英语中有相当数量的动词,只能以不定式作宾语. 如: agre(e同意),decide, refuse,可编辑资料 - - - 欢迎下载精品_精品资料_可编辑资料 - - - 欢迎下载精品_精品资料_练习 1(改错) As is known, learn a foreign language
19、 well requires great efforts.2(改错) Though flying balloons are easy, balloonists must watch the weather carefully.3(挑选)to sunlight for too much will do harm to one s skin.A. Exposed toB. ExposingC. Having exposedD. Being exposed答案 1 learn learning原形动词不能作主语.2. are is单个动名词作主语,谓语用单数.3. 答案 D.句义:遭太阳暴晒对皮肤有
20、害.此题考查动名词作主语.分析句子结构可知,待选项在句中作主语,又由于人与expose 为被动关系, 所以选 D.其次节、非谓语动词作表语可作表语的非谓语动词为:不定式,动名词.1. Your task this morning is to deliver the mail to Professor Smith.你今日上午的任务是把这个邮件送给史密斯教授.(不定式说明主语内容)2. My hobby is collecting stamps.(动名词说明主语内容)pretend(假装),manage(设法),promise, seem, happen, hope, wish, offer to
21、 do(表示愿望) afford to do(买得起,承担得起) ,bother todo(特意),choose to do(情愿或打算) attempt / seek to do(试图) learn to do (学习或学会)短语 would like( love )to do,would prefer to do (更情愿),be about to do(即将) ,介词 but / except to do例 1) I have no choice but to give up the plan.2) There was nothing we could do except wait.注:
22、 but / except 前有实义动词do, 其后 to 必需省去请留意以下几点:1) 疑问代词如 what, which .疑问副词如when, whether ( why 除外)引导的不定式可作 know, decide 等的宾语,在意义上相当与一个未曾发生的宾语从句.例 1 We havent decidedwhat steps to take next. We havent decided what steps we should take next.2 I really don t wknhoewther to write to her or give her a phone ca
23、ll. I really dont know whether I should write to her or give her a phone call.可编辑资料 - - - 欢迎下载精品_精品资料_这种结构也可以作主语和表语例 1 What to do next remains to be discussed. 下一步该怎么办有待于争论.例 2 Our difficulty is where to get enough money.2) 为了防止重复,不定式可省去与前边重复的动词原形,而保留“to”.例: Would you like to go for a picnic with me
24、 . I d love to, but I can t spare any tnimt.(e atot p后re省se略了 go for a picnic with you )3) 不定式的时态与语态:主动语 态被动语 态形式时 间 概 念形 式时间概念1)未发生 2)和谓语动作I was to have picked you up at the airport, but I forgot about it.I intended to have helped you out but I had no money then.我当时真想帮忙摆脱困境,可是我那时身无分文.2动名词作动词或介词的宾语I
25、 can t imagine marrying a girl of ht at sort. 我很难想象与那种女子结婚后的情形. I narrowly missed being killed in the car accident.在那次车祸中我死里逃命. He admitted having stolen my bicycle.他承认偷了我的自行车.There is no point in arguing any further. 再争议下去毫无意义.1) 以下动词必需带动名词结构作宾语: understand(懂得),admit(承认),keep( on)(连续),practise(练习),
26、finish可编辑资料 - - - 欢迎下载精品_精品资料_to do 一般时 to be doing 进行时to have done 完成to be done同 左同时谓语动作发生时,正在进行tohavebeen(完成),imagine(想象), miss(错过,防止) ,avoid(防止),escape(躲避),suggest(建议),dislike (厌恶),enjoy(喜爱),delay(推迟),excuse(原谅), mind (介意), appreciate(感谢), oppose(反对).另外,有的词既可带动名词做宾语, 亦可带不定式做宾语补足语, 请区分清晰.可编辑资料 - -
27、 - 欢迎下载精品_精品资料_发生在谓语动作之前时同 左done如: allow doing(比较: allow sb. to do ) advise doing(比较: advise sb. to do)可编辑资料 - - - 欢迎下载精品_精品资料_不定式的进行时和完成常常用在以下句型中:seem / appear(似乎) to happen(碰巧) topretend tobe said(据说) tobe reported(据报导) to be thought / supposed / considered/ believed (据认为) tobe known(知道) to请留意:考查不
28、定式的时态和语态,主要集中在以上句型中,是高考的重点和热点.I happened to be standing next to him when he fell down.The bank is reported in the local newspaper to have been robbed in broad daylight yesterday. 据当的报纸指导,这家银行昨天在光天化日之下遭到抢劫.He is known to have been arrested by the police.人们都知道他曾被警察逮捕过.4) was / were to have done . woul
29、d like to have done wished( hoped / wanted / intended / meant ) to have done 表示当时想做,而实际不能做到2) 以下短语必需带动名词结构作宾语:be worth (值得), pay attention to (留意), object to(反对),can t he(lp不自禁),devote oneself to(致力于),put off( 推迟),be / get used to(习惯于),feel like (想要), look forward to (希望), get down to(开头做,仔细做某事),how
30、 / what about (怎么样) ,There is no point in doing sth 做某事毫无意义 3 以下动词可以用不定式作宾语,也可以用动名词作宾语,但有明显的语义差别.remember doing回忆起过去做过的事remember to do记住要做的事 forget doing遗忘了曾做过的事 forget to do遗忘该做的事regret doing对已发生的事表示懊悔regret to do对现在要发生的事表示愧疚可编辑资料 - - - 欢迎下载精品_精品资料_mean doing意味着,意思是mean to do准备,想要形式时 间 概 念形式时 间 概 念
31、1)正在进行可编辑资料 - - - 欢迎下载精品_精品资料_try doing试一试某种方法try to do设法去做一件事doingbeing done动作正在进行2)与谓语动作同时可编辑资料 - - - 欢迎下载精品_精品资料_比较 1 I don t mean to give up the plan我. 不准备舍弃这个方案.A break down on our way would mean our walking for hours.汽车半路抛锚意味着我们要步行几个小时.比较 2 I have always deeply regretted selling ( having sold
32、) the farm. 我始终为卖掉这个农场而懊悔不已.We regret to tell you that you owe the bank &100.我们很遗憾的告知你, 你欠银行 100 英镑.第四节、非谓语动词作状语作状语的非谓语动词为:分词和不定式1. 现在分词和过去分词的区分1) 现在分词表示主动, 译为“令人” .过去分词表示被动, 译为“感到这”是两者最重要的区分The weather of this summer is disappointing.My parents will be disappointed with me if I fail the exam.描述事物或事
33、情的性质一般用现在分词.描述人的情感一般用过去分词.I don t think it surprising for such a bad man to have been punished(. it 指“象这样的坏人受到惩处”这件事)There was a surprised expression in her eyes.她的眼里显露出惊奇的表情. ( 人的表情是情感的详细表现,故应用过去分词来修饰expression)2) 现在分词通常表示动作正在进行.过去分词通常表示动作已完成.Power stations employ falling water to produce electrici
34、ty.The ground is covered with fallen leaves.2. 现在分词的时态与语态主 动语态被动 语态having done分词动作发生在谓语动作之前having been done同左3. 分词表示时间、缘由、条件、让步、相伴或补充说明等a) 分词做时间、缘由、条件、让步状语的表达形式如下:doingdonehaving doneS(主语) + Vhaving been doneS(主语) + V(主动关系)(被动关系)Not understanding its meaning, he asked the teacher to explain the word
35、. (表缘由: understanding 与句子主语 he 之间是主动关系,同谓语动词asked 同时发生) Having made a decision, they immediately set out to work. (表时间: make a decision 与句子主语之间是主动关系且发生于谓语动词set out 之前)Having been experimented many times, this new product will be put into mass production.由于这一新产品已试验过多次,不久将投入批量生产.(表缘由: experimented 与主语
36、 product 为被动关系,且先于谓语动词put 之前发生)词作上述状语时,它的位置可置于主句之前,也可置于主语之后.例: They, having made a decision, set out to work.挑选: The research is so designed that oncenothing can be done to change it.( 02 全国)A. beginsB. having begunC. beginningD. begun此题考查状语从句的省略,难度较大.如时间、缘由、条件和让步状语从句的主语与主句主语相同,且从句部分有be 时,可省略从句主语及be
37、.省略后的形式如下:1 when( while, until, once, as, if, though等)+ doing从句谓语动词与主语为主动关系( 2 when( while, until, once, as, if, though等)+ done 从句谓语动词与主语为被动关系可编辑资料 - - - 欢迎下载精品_精品资料_表示“某一大事的开头” ,begin 既可用主动态,也可以用被动态.状语从句表达形式:(1) Once it beings.这种形式,不具备省略条件.(2)Once it is begun .具备省略条件 (有 be).省略后的形式为: Once begun.所以此题
38、选 D.b) 分词作相伴状语时, 其形式为:( 1)doing( 2)done.到底用现在分词仍是过去分词,取决于该动作与句子主语是主动仍是被动关系“ We can t going out in this weather,” said Bob, looking ou(t o0f4th重e庆wi)ndow.The boy sat in the dark room, frightened and trembling.男孩一个人做在黑洞洞的房间里,吓得浑身颤抖.留意:作相伴状语的分词,与谓语动作同时.这是判定一个动词是否作相伴状语的主要尺度.请留意以下固定短语在作状语时的表达形式: Generall
39、y speaking一般的说Strictly speaking从严格意义上说Judging from / by 依据判定Given / Allowing for考虑到Given their inexperience, they have done a good job.在缺少体会的情形下,他们的工作算是做得不错.4. 不定式用作表目的,结果,方式和形容词缘由状语1) 目的To win over the undecided voters, they are working twice as hard.为了把尚未拿定想法的选民争取过来,他们正在加倍努力工作.He got up early not
40、to miss the first bus.( not to 也可用 so as not to 或 in order not to 这一强调形式)2) 结果不定式作结果状语,常见结构有:too adj / adv to do ; too adj + a + n to do so adj / adv as to do ; such + n as to do The boy is too young to dress himself.He was too shrewd(精明的) a businessman to accept our offer.他是个特别精明的商人,不会接受我们的开价.Will
41、you be so kind as to turn down the radio . 请把收音机开小一点.He can t have done such a terrible thing as to keep you waiting so long.他不行能做出这样糟糕的事,让你等这么长的时间.留意:表示一种事先没有预料的结果,用不定式.不定式前可用only 来加强意想不到的语气. 如:04 福建卷 The news reporters hurried to the airport ,onlyto be told the film stars had left.然而,要表示在事情进展过程中必定
42、会产生的结果,就要用分词来表达.分词前可加thus, 加强必定的语气.The newmachine will work twice as fast, thus greatly reducing costs.新机器的运转速度提高一倍,因而大大降低了成本.3) 方式状语结构: S(人,物) be + adj to do特点( 1)句子的主语在规律关系上为不定式动作的宾语( 2)形容词为: easy, hard, difficult, comfortable, dangerous 等.1. Some books are interesting to read, but boring to learn
43、.有些书读起来很好玩,但学起来很厌恶.2. The telephone number is easy to remember.他的电话号码很难记.3. That man is difficult to deal with.那个人很难应付.4. The river is dangerous to swim in.留意: 以上句子, 尽管句子的主语和不定式动作为被动关系,但只能用主要形式.如不定式动词为不及物,应加上适当介词,如例4.4) 形容词缘由状语.这类形容词通常是表示情感或评判行为表现的形容词.I am shocked to hear the news of his sudden deat
44、h.You were silly not to have locked your car. 04湖南 第五节、非谓语动词作宾语补足语作宾语补足语的非谓语动词是不定式和分词.英语中有相当一批动词必需以不定式作宾语补充语.M y parents don t allowtomsetay out late.She waited impatiently for him to make up his mind.这些动词和短语为:wish, want, ask, require / request( 要求).order, warn(警告) allow / permit, forbid可编辑资料 - - -
45、欢迎下载精品_精品资料_(禁止) , expect, remind(提示),encourage, inspire(鼓励) call on(号召, 要求), depend on, long for sb. to do (期望)请特殊记住以下动词的宾补形式,表达的意义及判定的依据.1 make(使) + O + C +do宾语与宾补动作为主动关系.done宾语与宾补动作为被动关系.S + be made to do主语与不定式动作为主动关系.done 主语与分词动作为被动关系.注:句型“ O”代表宾语,为名词或代词. “ C”代表宾补.例: Those who wont work should be made to work. 那些不愿工作的人应强制他们去工作.He couldn t make himself hear他d.无法让别人听到他说的话.2. Keep( leave) + O + Cdoing 宾语与宾补动作为主动关系. (使处于某种状态)done宾语与宾补动作为被动关系.S + be + kept( left) doing 主语与分词动作为主动关系.do