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1、精选学习资料 - - - - - - - - - 键入文字 高中英语语法总结 第一章 主谓一样5. each of + 复数代词 , 谓语动词用单数. 复数代词 +each, 谓语动词用单数.如:Each of us has something to say. 我们每个人都有话要说；6. 如主语中有 more than one 或 many a/an , 尽管从意义上看是复数, 但它的谓语一 语法一样原就: 即主语为单数,谓语用单数 ,主语为复数 ,谓语也用复数. 以下为动词仍用单数；但 more+复数名词 +than one 做主语时 , 谓语动词仍用复数. 如: Many a boy li
2、kes playing basketball. 很多男生都喜爱打篮球. 留意事项 : 1. 单数主语即使后面带有with , along with, together with, like 像 , but 除More than one student was late. 不只一个同学迟到了,except, besides, as well as, no less than, rather than而不是 , including, in addition to 引导的短语 , 谓语动词仍用单数 . More persons than one come to help us. 不止一个人来帮忙我们
3、；如: Air as well as water is matter. 空气和水都是物质 . 7. none 做主语时 ,谓语动词可用单数 , 也可用复数 ; 但在代表不行数的东西时No one except two servants was late for the dinner. 除了两个仆人外 , 没有一 总是看作单数 ,因而谓语动词要用单数 . 如: 个人迟来用餐；None of us are is perfect. 人无完人；None of this worries me. 这事一点不使我焦急；2. 用 and 连接的并列主语 ,假如主语是同一个人 ,同一事 ,同一概念 , 谓语动词
4、用单数, 否就用复数 . 如 : 8. 名词如 : trousers, scissors, clothes, goods, glasses 等作主语时 , 谓语动词必需用The poet and writer has come. 那位诗人兼作家来了.一个人 复数 . 如: .如: His clothes are good. 但这些名词前如显现a pair of , 谓语一般用单数A hammer and a saw are useful tools. 锤子和锯都是有用的工具. 两样物 用 and 连接的成对名词习惯上被看成是一个整体, 如:bread and butter黄油抹面A pair
5、of glasses is on the desk. 桌上有一副眼镜；包, knife and fork 刀叉 等作主语时 , 谓语动词用单数；3. 不定式 短语 , 动名词 短语 , 或从句作主语时, 谓语动词用单数. 如: 9. 形复意单名词如:news ; 以 ics 结尾的学科名称如: physics, mathematics, economics; 国名如 : the United States; 报纸名如 : the New Times; 书名如 : Arabian Serving the people is my great happiness. Night ; 以及 The U
6、nited Nations 等作主语时 , 谓语动词用为人民服务是我最大的幸福. 单数；When well go out for an outing has been decided. 10. “ a +名词 +and a half “ , “ one and a half + 名词”, “ the number of + 名词”我们什么时候出去郊游已打算了；4. 用连接的并列主语被each, every 或 no 修饰时 , 谓语动词用单数. 等作主语时 , 谓语动词要用单数. 如: Only one and a half apples is left on the table. Every
7、 boy and every girl likes to go swimming. 每个男孩和每个女孩都喜爱去游留意 : one or two + 复数名词作主语, 谓语动词用复数形式, 如: One or two places have been visited. 参观了一两个地点；二 内容一样原就 : 泳. No teacher and no student was absent from the meeting. 没有老师也没有同学开会缺席 . Each man and each woman is asked to help. 每个男人和每个女人都被请去帮1.主语中有 all, half
8、, most, the rest 等 , 以及” 分数或百分数+名词” 做主语时 ,谓语忙；名师归纳总结 - - - - - - -动词单复数取决于连用的名词.如 : The rest of the bikes are on sale today. 剩下的自行车,今日出售；第 1 页,共 31 页精选学习资料 - - - - - - - - - 键入文字 60%of the apple was eaten by little boy. 这个苹果的60%都被这个小男孩吃了；等Where is your wife and children to stay while you are away. M
9、ost of the apples were rotten. 大部分的苹果都是烂的；你不在这儿的时候, 你爱人和孩子在哪儿呆呢？2. 用连词 or, either. or, neither .nor, not only .but also 等连接的并列主语, 谓Most of the apple was eaten by a rat. 这个苹果的大部分被老鼠吃了；2. 不定数量的词组, 如:part of , a lot of , lots of , one of , a number of , plenty of作主语时 , 谓语动词的单复数取决于量词后面名词的数.如: 语动词与靠近它的主语
10、在数上一样；如：A part of the textbooks have arrived. 一小部分教科书已运到；Neither the students nor the teacher knows anything about it 同学和老师都不知道这A part of the apple has been eaten up by the pig. 这个苹果的一部分被猪吃光了；事. He or you have taken my pen. 他或你拿了我的钢笔；3. 加减乘除用单数.如: 留意 : one of +复数名词 +who/that/which 引导的定语从句中, 定语从句的动词为
11、复数；如：Fifteen minus five is ten . 15 减去 5 等于 10；Mary is one of those people who keep pets. 玛丽是饲养宠物者之一；4. 表示时间 , 金钱 , 距离 , 度量等的名词做主语时, 尽管是复数形式, 它们做为The only one of + 复数名词 + who/that./which 引导的定语从句中, 定语从句的动词一个单一的概念时, 其谓语动词用单数.如: 应为单数；Ten miles is a good distance. 十英里是一个相当的距离；Mary is the only one of tho
12、se people who keeps pets. 玛丽是唯独一个饲养宠物的人；5. 1 通常作复数的集体名词. 包括 police , people, cattle 等, 这些集体名词通常其次章：非谓语动词用作复数 .如: The British police have only very limited powers. 2 通常作不行数名词的集体名词 . 包括 equipment, furniture, clothing, luggage 等. 3 可作单数也可作复数的集体名词. 包括audience, committee, government, family, enemy, group
13、, party, team, public 等.如: The committee has/have decided to dismiss him. 委员会打算解雇他；不定式（ infinitive ）、分词（ participle ）、动名词（ gerund）是非谓语动词,在句 ；以下表格列出了他们各悠闲句中的作用；（表示可以在句中担任的语法成分, 就表示不行以；）定语状语种类作用主语宾语宾语补足语表语不定式6. the +形容词 /过去分词形式” 表示一类人或事物, 作主语时 , 谓语动词用复数.动名词如: 分词The injured were saved after the fire. 非
14、谓语动词在句中的特点、性质、用法、区分及使用留意事项分述如下：三 就近原就第一节、非谓语动词作主语1. 由 here, there, where 等引导的倒装句中, 有时主语不止一个时谓语动词与靠可作主语的非谓语形式为：不定式和动名词；其表达形式为：近它的主语在数上一样.如: 不定式： 主动态to do; 被动态to be done; 动名词： 主动态doing; 被动态being Here comes the bus 公共汽车来了 . done；Here is a pen and some pieces of paper for you. 给你一支钢笔和几张纸；例 1：To act like
15、 that is foolish. 名师归纳总结 第 2 页,共 31 页- - - - - - -精选学习资料 - - - - - - - - - 键入文字 例 2：It is impossible for me to buy the car with cash. 要我用现金买那辆车是不行 2My hobby is collecting stamps. （动名词说明主语内容）能的；练习 1. The purpose of new technologies is to make life easier, _it more difficult.例 3：Walking is a good form
16、 of exercise for both young and old. （ 99 全国） A. not make B. not to make C. not making D. do not make 例 4：What made you so late for work today . 2.分析句子是否正确 : What we do is prepare our students to face fierce Driving to the office was very slow this morning because of heavy competitions when they ent
17、er society. traffic. 由于交通拥挤,今早开车上班特别慢；答案 1、B；is 后有两个表语, 两者必需在结构上对称；第一个表语为不定式 to make 一般说来,动名词和不定式作主语,可以互换,其意义没有多大差别,但须 life easier ,就其次个表语也应当为不定式,所以选 B；留意以下两点：2、正确； 当主语部分有实义动词 do 时,作表语的不定式可以省略 to; 如没1表示详细的,特殊是未发生的动作,倾向用不定式（如例 2）；有实义动词 do,表语中 to 不能省略；表示无时限的泛指动作（如例 3）或描述当时的情形 （如例 4）,倾向用动名词；第三节、非谓语动词作宾
18、语2在以下句型用动名词作主语可作宾语的非谓语动词为：不定式和动名词；It is no good doing. （ 没有用）1不定式作宾语There is no doing. （ 不行能）例 1He demanded to know the truth. It is no good arguing with him. 和他争辩没有用；例 2The car failed to stop at the red light. 那辆轿车看到红灯没有停；There is no knowing what may happen. = It is impossible to know what may happ
19、en. 英语中有相当数量的动词,只能以不定式作宾语； 如： agree（同意）,decide, refuse, 练习 1（改错） As is known, learn a foreign language well requires great efforts. pretend（假装）,manage（设法）,promise, seem, happen, hope, wish, offer to do（表2（改错） Though flying balloons are easy, balloonists must watch the weather 示愿望） afford to do（买得起,承
20、担得起） ,bother todo（特意）,choose to do（愿carefully. 意或打算）attempt / seek to do（试图）learn to do（学习或学会）短语 would like（ love）to do,would prefer to do（更情愿）,be about to do（即将） , 3（挑选） _ to sunlight for too much will do harm to ones skin.介词but / except to do A. Exposed to B. Exposing C. Having exposed D. Being ex
21、posed 例 1）I have no choice but to give up the plan. 2）There was nothing we could do except wait. 答案 1learn learning 原形动词不能作主语；2are is 单个动名词作主语,谓语用单数； 3.答案 D；句义：遭太阳暴晒对皮肤有害；此题考查动名词作主语；分析注： but / except 前有实义动词do, 其后 to 必需省去句子结构可知,待选项在句中作主语,又由于人与expose 为被动关系,请留意以下几点：所以选 D；其次节、非谓语动词作表语 可作表语的非谓语动词为：不定式,动名
22、词；1）疑问代词如what,which ；疑问副词如when, whether （why 除外）引导的不定式可作 know, decide 等的宾语,在意义上相当与一个未曾发生的宾语从句；例 1We havent decided what steps to take next. 1 Your task this morning is to deliver the mail to Professor Smith. 你今日上午的任 We haven t decided what steps we should take next. 2I really dont know whether to wr
23、ite to her or give her a phone call. 务是把这个邮件送给史密斯教授；（不定式说明主语内容）名师归纳总结 - - - - - - -第 3 页,共 31 页精选学习资料 - - - - - - - - - 键入文字 I really dont know whether I should write to her or give her a phone call.表示当时想做,而实际不能做到这种结构也可以作主语和表语 例 1What to do next remains to be discussed. 下一步该怎么办有待于争论；I was to have pi
24、cked you up at the airport, but I forgot about it. I intended to have helped you out but I had no money then. 我当时真想帮忙例 2Our difficulty is where to get enough money. 摆脱困境,可是我那时身无分文；2动名词作动词或介词的宾语2） 为了防止重复,不定式可省去与前边重复的动词原形,而保留“to” ；例：Would you like to go for a picnic with me . I d love to, but I cant s
25、pare any time at present.（to 后省略了 go for a I can t imagine marrying a girl of that sort. 我很难想象与那种女子结婚后的情形；picnic with you ）3） 不定式的时态与语态：I narrowly missed being killed in the car accident. 在那次车祸中我死里逃命；He admitted having stolen my bicycle. 他承认偷了我的自行车；主动语态被动语态There is no point in arguing any further. 再
26、争议下去毫无意义；1）以下动词必需带动名词结构作宾语：understand（懂得）,admit（承认）,keep（on）（连续）,practise（练习）,finish（完成）,imagine（想象）,miss（错过,防止） ,avoid（防止）,escape（逃 避）,suggest（建议）,dislike （厌恶）,enjoy（喜爱）,delay（推迟）,excuse（原谅）,mind（介意）,appreciate（感谢）,oppose（反对）；形式时 间 概 念形式时间概念to do 一般时 1）未发生 2）和谓语动作to be done 同 左同时to be doing 进行谓语动作发
27、生时,正在进时 行to have done 完成发生在谓语动作之前to have been 同 左另外,有的词既可带动名词做宾语,亦可带不定式做宾语补足语,请区分清晰；时 done 如： allow doing（比较： allow sb. to do ）advise doing（比较： advise sb. to do）不定式的进行时和完成常常用在以下句型中：seem / appear（似乎） to happen（碰巧） to pretend to be said（据说） to be reported（据报导） to be thought / supposed / considered/ be
28、lieved（据认为） to be known（知道） to 请留意：考查不定式的时态和语态,主要集中在以上句型中,是高考的重点 和热点；I happened to be standing next to him when he fell down. The bank is reported in the local newspaper to have been robbed in broad daylight yesterday. 据当地报纸指导,这家银行昨天在光天化日之下遭到抢劫；He is known to have been arrested by the police. 人们都知道他
29、曾被警察逮捕过；4）was / were to have done ；would like to have done wished（hoped / wanted / intended / meant）to have done 2）以下短语必需带动名词结构作宾语：be worth（值得）,pay attention to （留意）,object to（反对）,can t help（不自禁）,devote oneself to（致力于）,put off（推迟）,be / get used to（习惯于）,feel like （想要）,look forward to （希望）,get down to
30、（开头做,仔细做某事）,how / what about（ 怎么样） ,There is no point in doing sth 做某事毫无意义 3 以下动词可以用不定式作宾语,也可以用动名词作宾语,但有明显的语义差别；remember doing 回忆起过去做过的事remember to do 记住要做的事forget doing 遗忘了曾做过的事forget to do 遗忘该做的事regret doing 对已发生的事表示懊悔名师归纳总结 - - - - - - -第 4 页,共 31 页精选学习资料 - - - - - - - - - 键入文字 regret to do 对现在要发
31、生的事表示愧疚汽车半路抛主动语态被动语态mean doing 意味着,意思是形式时 间 概 念形式时 间 概 念mean to do 准备,想要doing 1）正在进行being done 动作正在进行try doing 试一试某种方法2）与谓语动作同时同左try to do 设法去做一件事having done 分词动作发生在谓语动作之前having been done 比较 1I don t mean to give up the plan.我不准备舍弃这个方案；A break down on our way would mean our walking for hours. 3分词表示时
32、间、缘由、条件、让步、相伴或补充说明等锚意味着我们要步行几个小时；a） 分词做时间、缘由、条件、让步状语的表达形式如下：比较 2I have always deeply regretted selling （ having sold）the farm.我始终为卖 掉这个农场而懊悔不已；doing done having done S（主语） + V having been done S（主语） + V We regret to tell you that you owe the bank &100. 我们很遗憾地告知你, 你（主动关系）（被动关系）欠银行 100 英镑；第四节、非谓语动词作状语
33、作状语的非谓语动词为：分词和不定式 1现在分词和过去分词的区分Not understanding its meaning, he asked the teacher to explain the word. （表缘由：understanding 与句子主语he 之间是主动关系,同谓语动词asked 同时发生）Having made a decision, they immediately set out to work. （表时间： make a decision1）现在分词表示主动,译为“ 令人 ”；过去分词表示被动,译为“ 感到 这”与句子主语之间是主动关系且发生于谓语动词set out
34、之前）是两者最重要的区分 The weather of this summer is disappointing. My parents will be disappointed with me if I fail the exam. Having been experimented many times, this new product will be put into mass production. 由于这一新产品已试验过多次,不久将投入批量生产；（表缘由：experimented 与主语 product 为被动关系,且先于谓语动词put 之前发生）描述事物或事情的性质一般用现在分词；
35、描述人的情感一般用过去分词；词作上述状语时,它的位置可置于主句之前,也可置于主语之后；例： They, having made a decision, set out to work. I dont think it surprising for such a bad man to have been punished.（it 指“ 象这 挑选： The research is so designed that once_nothing can be done to change it.样的坏人受到惩处” 这件事）（02 全国）A. begins B. having begun C. begi
36、nning D. begun There was a surprised expression in her eyes.她的眼里显露出惊奇的表情； （人的此题考查状语从句的省略,难度较大；如时间、缘由、条件和让步状语从句的主表情是情感的详细表现,故应用过去分词来修饰expression）语与主句主语相同,且从句部分有be 时,可省略从句主语及be；省略后的形式2）现在分词通常表示动作正在进行；过去分词通常表示动作已完成；Power stations employ falling water to produce electricity. The ground is covered with f
37、allen leaves. 2现在分词的时态与语态名师归纳总结 - - - - - - -如下：1 when（while, until, once, as, if, though等）+ doing 从句谓语动词与主语为主动关系（2 when（while, until, once, as, if, though等）+ done 从句谓语动词与主语为被动第 5 页,共 31 页精选学习资料 - - - - - - - - - 键入文字 关系,begin 既可用主动态,也可以用被动态；状语从句表达Will you be so kind as to turn down the radio . 请把收音
38、机开小一点；表示“ 某一大事的开头”He can t have done such a terrible thing as to keep you waiting so long.形式：（1） Once it beings；这种形式,不具备省略条件；他不行能做出这样糟糕的事,让你等这么长的时间；（2）Once it is begun；具备省略条件 （有 be）；省略后的形式为： Once begun；留意：表示一种事先没有预料的结果,用不定式；不定式前可用 only 来加强所以此题选 D；意想不到的语气； 如：04 福建卷 The news reporters hurried to the a
39、irport ,only b）分词作相伴状语时 , 其形式为：（1）doing（2）done；到底用现在分词仍是过 to be told the film stars had left. 然而,要表示在事情进展过程中必定会产生去分词,取决于该动作与句子主语是主动仍是被动关系 的结果,就要用分词来表达；分词前可加 thus, 加强必定的语气；The new “We can t going out in this weather, d Bob, looking out of the window. （04 重庆）machine will work twice as fast, thus great
40、ly reducing costs. 新机器的运转速The boy sat in the dark room, frightened and trembling. 男孩一个人做在黑洞洞的 度提高一倍,因而大大降低了成本；房间里,吓得浑身颤抖；3）方式状语留意：作相伴状语的分词,与谓语动作同时；这是判定一个动词是否作相伴状 结构：S（人,物） be + adj to do 语的主要尺度；请留意以下固定短语在作状语时的表达形式：特点（ 1）句子的主语在规律关系上为不定式动作的宾语Generally speaking 一般地说Strictly speaking 从严格意义上说（2）形容词为： eas
41、y, hard, difficult, comfortable, dangerous 等；1.Some books are interesting to read, but boring to learn. Judging from / by 依据 判定Given / Allowing for 考虑到Given their inexperience, they have done a good job. 在缺少体会的情形下,他有些书读起来很好玩,但学起来很厌恶；们的工作算是做得不错；2.The telephone number is easy to remember. 他的电话号码很难记；4不
42、定式用作表目的,结果,方式和形容词缘由状语 3.That man is difficult to deal with. 那个人很难应付；1）目的 4.The river is dangerous to swim in. To win over the undecided voters, they are working twice as hard. 留意： 以上句子, 尽管句子的主语和不定式动作为被动关系,但只能用主要为了把尚未拿定想法的选民争取过来,他们正在加倍努力工作；形式；如不定式动词为不及物,应加上适当介词,如例 4；He got up early not to miss the fi
43、rst bus.（not to 也可用 so as not to 或 in order not 4）形容词缘由状语；这类形容词通常是表示情感或评判行为表现的形容词；to 这一强调形式）I am shocked to hear the news of his sudden death. 2）结果 You were silly not to have locked your car. 04 湖南 不定式作结果状语,常见结构有：第五节、非谓语动词作宾语补足语too adj / adv to do ; too adj + a + n to do 作宾语补足语的非谓语动词是不定式和分词；so adj /
44、 adv as to do ; such + n as to do 英语中有相当一批动词必需 以不定式作宾语补充语；The boy is too young to dress himself. M y parents dont allow me to stay out late. He was too shrewd（精明的） a businessman to accept our offer. She waited impatiently for him to make up his mind. 名师归纳总结 他是个特别精明的商人,不会接受我们的开价；这些动词和短语为：第 6 页,共 31 页- - - - - - -精选学习资料 - - - - - - - - - 键入文字 wish, want, ask, require / request（要求）；order, warn（警告） allow / permit, forbid 上,把上衣盖在肚子上；（禁止） ,