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1、-英语句子成分划分详解-第 6 页概念句子是由词按照一定的语法结构组成的。组成句子的各个部分叫做句子的成分。句子的成分包括:主语、谓语、表语、宾语(直接和间接宾语)、宾语补足语、定语和状语。主语和谓语是句子的主体部分(在英语中,一般句子必须有主语和谓语),表语、宾语和宾语的补足语是谓语里的组成部分。其他成份如定语和状语是句子的次要成分。句子成分分类1主语 主语是谓语讲述的对象,表示所说的“是什么”或“是谁”。一般由名词、代词、不定代词或相当于名词的单词或短语来充当,也有从句充当的现象。大多数主语都在句首。如:l 讲述“谁”-人没有区别嘛We work in a big factory. l 讲
2、述“什么”-物The classroom is very big. l 数词作主语-人或物Three are enough. 三个人就够了l 不定式作主语-事相当于语文中的短语:争取冠军是有可能的To operate on the blind is one of the ORBIS Doctors job.l 从句作主语-一件事(句子)例:张三打人是不对的What we need is food. 我们最需要的是食物. 在“There be ”句型中,主语的位置在中间。如:There are some bottles of milk in the box.some bottles of mil
3、k are in the box. 在个别句型中,主语在整个句子后面,这时前面用it作形式主语。如:it也是代表的一件事 It is very interesting to play the game called “treat or trick”. It took two workers about three months to build the house.2谓语谓语时用来说明主语“做什么”、“是什么”或“怎么样”,谓语必须是动词,谓语和主语在“人称”和“数”两方面必须一致。如:He is very generous.She looks very smart and coolWe ha
4、ve finished the job.He can speak German. (can在中文中是助词,帮助动词的,状语;英语中叫情态动词,作状语)3表语 表语说明主语“是什么”或“怎么样”,由名词、形容词、介词、副词、不定式及相当于名词的词或短语来充当,它的位置在系动词后面。可怜:在中文中就是动词,在英语中叫系动词了(是/呈现/象/中文中的发红,发白,变紫,变淡,看起来) 形容词作表语You are younger than before. 名词作表语系动词是什么?和动词区别? My father is a teacher. 副词作表语Everyone is here.介词短语作表语The
5、y are at the 不定式作表语My job is to teach them English.注意:英语中句子有名词的功能的,可作主语/宾语/表语动名词作表语(动词不能作宾语,汉语也是的,所以要变成名词形式)Her job is training the nurses.从句作表语That is (why he didnt come to school )yesterday.4宾语宾语是动作、行为的对象,由名词、代词、不定式、或相当于名词的词或短语或从句来充当,它和谓语动词一起说明主语是什么,通常放在谓语动词后面。有时,会有双宾语。如:名词作宾语He never forgives oth
6、ers for their mistakes.代词做宾语He often helps me.不定式作宾语He likes to sleep in the open air.动名词作宾语The Americans enjoyed living in China.从句做宾语-一个句子做宾语I believe(相信) that they can finish(完成) the work in time.(及时)直接宾语和间接宾语show me your book两个宾语及物动词作谓语时,后面要跟宾语,宾语分直接宾语和间接宾语。直接宾语是及物动词的对象。但有些动词除了直接宾语外,还需要有一个间接宾语,间
7、接宾语表语动作是对谁做的,所以只能用名词或代词来充当。如:We bought(BUY) them some food.(some food. To them)主 谓 间宾 直宾间接宾语可以放在直接宾语后面,但必须加to 或 for。5宾语的补足语-省略了句子的部分成分 在英语的句子中有些句子里只有宾语并不能表达完整的意思,还必须在宾语后面加上宾语的补足语才能表达完整的意思。我们把“宾语宾语补足语”合起来称为复合宾语。复合宾语所表达的意思相当于一个句子的意思。名词、动词、形容词、副词、介词短语、不定式、现在分词、过去分词都可以作宾语补足语.如:名词作宾补If you let me go, Ill
8、 make you king.形容词作宾补Dont make hands dirty.宾语原来是主语,给打了,做了俘虏!副词作宾补We found Li Ming out when we arrived.介词短语作宾补Make herself at home.省略to的不定式作宾补I saw a girl go into the house.带to的不定式作宾补The boy ordered the dog to lie down.在英语中,常见的“宾语宾语补足语”的结构有:“宾语+名词”。常用于改结构的动词有:call, name, make, find, choose, think, le
9、ave等。 We call him Jack. They made Li Lei their monitor(班长).“宾语+形容词”。常见的动词有think, believe, leave, drive, make, keep, turn, wish, want等。如:Do you think his idea wrong?We must keep. our classroom cleanWe cant leave him alone(单独).Can you get everything ready for the party before Friday?“宾语+副词”。副词作宾补常表示宾语
10、的状态,与宾语有逻辑上的主表关系。常见的副词有:down, up, here, there, home, in, out, anywhere等。如: Let him in/ out. Mr. Li drove us home.When got there, we found him out.“宾语+介词短语”。介词短语作宾补常表示其逻辑主语(即宾语)所处的状态,两者有主表的关系。如: We found everything in good order. We regard him as our good friend.He find out some of his friends in the
11、 rain.“宾语+不定式”。充当宾补的不定式有三种: A 要求带to的不定式The cool water of the lake invited us to swim. B 要求不带to 的不定式 let, make, see, hear, watch等 The boss made the workers work 12 hours a day. I often hear him read English in his room. C 单词help 后可加 to 或不加 to She sometimes helps her mother (to) do housework.6定语 定语用来修
12、饰名词或代词。形容词、代词、数词、名词、介词短语、不定式或相当于形容词的词或短语等都可以充当定语。因为它是修饰名词或代词的,而名词和代词可以作主语、表语或宾语,所以定语的位置很灵活,凡是有名词、代词的地方都可以有定语。如: 形容词作定语 The black bike is mine.和中文没有区别 代词作定语 Whats your name?名词作定语They made some paper flowers.介词短语作定语 The boys in the room are in Class Three, Grade One.不定式作短语 I have lots to eat and drink
13、.从句作定语 The tall boy( who is standing there) is Peter. 在英语中,并不是所有的定语都放在被修饰词的前面,有的是放在被修饰词的后面,故称“后置定语”。7状语 状语用来修饰动词、形容词或副词。它表示行为发生的时间、地点、目的、方式、程度等,一般由副词、介词短语、不定式,从句或相当于副词的词或短语来充当。状语一般放在句末,但有时也可以放在句首、句中。如:没有中文的补语,就都叫状语了(V前V后都一样。 He did it carefully They missed me very much. Without his help, we couldnt work it out. In order to catch up with my classmates, I must study hard. When I was young, I could swim well。