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1、现在学习的是第1页，共16页. 三大类从句 1.名词性从句 2.形容词性从句（定语从句） 3.副词性从句（状语从句）.名词性从句1.主语从句2.宾语从句3.表语从句4.同位语从句现在学习的是第2页，共16页名词性从句 名词从句，顾名思义，起着名词的作用，因此，在句中可充当主语、宾语、表语、和同位语等成分。名词从句，按其不同的成分作用，又可分为主语从句、宾语从句、表语从句和同位语从句。引导名词性从句的词可分为三类： 连词that：没有词义，在句中不担任语义成分。wh-疑问词，在句中担任一个语义成分。这些词包括who, whom, what, which, when, how和why. 它们通常称
2、为关系代词和关系副词。Whether和if 也属于这一类，但它们在句中也不担任词义成分。名词性关系词：这一类词没有疑问词义，它本身是先行词与另一个关系代词或关系副词的结合。这些词包括名词性关系代词、名词性关系副词。名词性关系代词有：What = the things which/that Whatever= anything that Who= the person who现在学习的是第3页，共16页Whoever= anyone whoWhom= the person whomWhich= the one thatWhichever= anything that名词性关系副词有： When
3、= the time whenWhere =the place whereHow = the way that Why=the reason why 1.主语从句主语从句 （subject clause）可以由连词 that, wh-疑问词或名词性关系词引导。连词 that 引导由连词that 引导的主语从句可以置于句首。但常见的形式是主语从句放在句末，作逻辑主语：句首用引导词it 作形式主语， 这样句子结构更为紧凑。现在学习的是第4页，共16页Examples:That all livings are composed of cells is known to all.It is belie
4、ved that the formation of the sun, the planets and other stars began with the condensation of a gas cloud.It is remarkable that a table spoonful of soil can tell us so much about the structure and early history of the moon. 用形式主语it 的主语从句常见结构有： It is a fact ( a good thing, good new, ect.) that It is
5、clear (necessary, important, possible, remarkable, etc.) that It is well-known (reported, recorded, noted, estimated, ect.) that It must be pointed out that It has been found that It turns out that It has been proved that It can be seen that现在学习的是第5页，共16页此外，当全句是一般疑问句时，也多用it 做形式主语， 如：Is it possible t
6、hat he will come today?. wh-疑问词引导 由wh-疑问词引导的名词从句既可以前置，又可以借助于先行词it 而后置。 Examples: How the prisoner escaped is a mystery. It depends on many factors whether infection occurs or not.It remains unknown who will come to the meeting.由 whether 引导的名词从句既可位于句首，又可位于句后；而由if 引导的从句只能位于主句后。Whether he will come is
7、uncertain. / it is uncertain whether / if he will come.现在学习的是第6页，共16页. 名词性关系词引导由名词性关系词引导的主语从句一般位于句首，Examples;What is written in the book should be tested in practice.What impressed me most is not what he did, but how he did it.Whatever brings about happiness has utility, according to the doctrine of
8、 utilitarianism.Excises:用主语从句翻译下列句子。 难的是一辈子做好事，不做坏事。 理论必须密切联系实际是我们应当经常记住的一条原则。 据说如果交通运输技术也像计算机那样飞速发展的话，今天人们跨越大西洋就只需几秒钟了。 确实，自从八十年代以来我们的总体生活水平提高了很多，我们可以夸耀我们在物质方面取得的进步。现在学习的是第7页，共16页2.宾语从句起宾语作用的名词性从句叫做宾语从句。宾语从句通常由连词 that, wh-疑问词与名词性关系词引导。宾语从句一般置于谓语动词后，但也可作某些介词与某些具有动作意义的形容如afraid, sure, aware, certain等
9、的宾语。 由连词 that 引导的宾语从句在动词believed, think, know, say, suppose等后面时，连词that 可以省略。Example:We know foreign languages are useful tools in research work.在带有宾语补足语的句子中，往往用it 作形式宾语，而将that-从句置于句末作逻辑宾语，表达具体内容。Examples:We have made it clear that prevention is better than cure.We consider it necessary that theory s
10、hould be combined with practice.此外，在由不及物动词加介词构成的短语动词后也用先行代词it作形式宾语，后接由that 引导的宾语从句。Examples:We will answer for it that the product is of extra superior quality.You may depend on it that she is qualified for the task.现在学习的是第8页，共16页. 由wh-疑问词引导Examples:Most people know what it is like to have their blo
11、od pressure taken, but few people understand the meaning of the numbers used to record blood pressure.Progress depends primarily on whether the individual makes the effort.注意: whether, if 都可以引导宾语从句，二者的区别在于：whether 引导的宾语从句可以做介词宾语，而if则不能。Examples:It depends on whether he comes.I worry about whether I
12、hurt his feelings.由名词性关系词引导Examples:You can choose whichever book you like here.They should enjoy complete freedom to live with whomever they desire to.现在学习的是第9页，共16页.跟在介词后面的宾语从句Examples:The resistance of a wire also depends upon what material it is made of.Physiology is the science of how the body
13、functions or works.介词后面的宾语从句一般不跟that 引导的宾语从句。在英语中，只有五个介词后面可跟that从句，它们是except, in, but, besides, save.Examples:Living things are different from non-living things in that the former perform life functions and the latter do not.I dont know his address except that it was Leadenhall Street.I agree with y
14、ou, save that you have got some facts wrong.They believed that land did not belong to people, but that people belong to land.Excises:用宾语从句完成下列句子。he differed from other people_(他在工作中比别人都看得远些)。_(从以上所说的) it can be seen that practice is the key to mastery of a foreign language.They gave_(来校的人) a warm we
15、lcome.现在学习的是第10页，共16页3. 表语从句起表语作用的句词性从句，叫做表语从句。连词that, wh-疑问词和名词性关系词都可以引导表语从句。由连词that 引导 What impressed me most was that he could speak both English and Japanese fluently and beautifully.由wh-疑问词引导The problem is what I can do to make up for the time lost.由名词性关系词引导This is why our teaching method must
16、be improved.表语从句也可用because引起，但通常只用”this (that,it) is because”这种结构。“can you tell me why women live longer than men after retirement?”“Thats because women can continue to do something they are used to doing.”现在学习的是第11页，共16页 Excises: the question is _(怎样给老人提供更舒适安全的生活环境)。 one reason why Hamlet is such a
17、 popular play is (它对各阶层的人都有吸引力)。 the problem is _(人们从未像今天这样对婚姻抱如此之高的期望)。现在学习的是第12页，共16页4.同位语从句起同位语作用的名词性从句叫做同位语从句。它表示与之同位的名词中心词的实际内容。这些名词中心词常见的有: fact, news, hopes, opinion, order, question, problem, belief, truth, theory, decision, discovery, conclusion, statement, promise, rumor等。同位语从句一般由连词that 和
18、wh-疑问词引导。 以连词that 引导 The fact that deeds are better than words is quite clear. 以wh-疑问词引导 The question how I did it is hard to answer. They had no idea where they should go to find some food. My problem whether I should go to see him was solved when I learned that he was ill.现在学习的是第13页，共16页 Excises:
19、用同位语从句翻译下列句子 中国人一直保持着春节全家人团圆的传统。 随着计算机科学的发展，计算机能否超越人类的问题就提出来了。 他们的唯一儿子在海中丧身的可怕事实使他们痛苦不堪。现在学习的是第14页，共16页同位语从句与定语从句的区别同位语从句与定语从句的区别主要有三点：其一是同位语从句是用来表明与之同位的名词中心词的具体内容；而定语从句则是对其先行词加以限制、描绘或说明。第二点区是同位语从句的同位名词仅限于为数不多的具有内容含义的抽象名词如belief , doubt , fact , hope , idea , news , possibility , thought , order , s
20、uggestion , wish , answer , information , conclusion , decision , discovery , knowledge , law , opinion , problem , promise , proof , question , report , truth , risk 等 ；定语从句的先行词则没有限制， 不计其数。第三点区别是引导同位语从句的that 为连词，在从句中不担任任何成分；引导定语从句的that 为关系词，在从句中担任一定成分。Examples:The news that our womens volleyball team had won was know to all of us.The news that was informed of by Mr. Zhang proved to be a false one.现在学习的是第15页，共16页8/30/2022感谢大家观看感谢大家观看现在学习的是第16页，共16页