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1、 定语从句 名词性从句定语从句 定语从句（Attributive Clauses）在句中做定语，修饰一个名词或代词，被修饰的名词,词组或代词即先行词。定语从句通常出现在先行词之后，由关系词（关系代词或关系副词）引出。关系代词有：who,whom,whose,that,which 等。关系副词有：when,where,why 等。关系代词引导的定语从句 关系代词所代替的先行词是人或物的名词或代词，并在句中充当主语、宾语、定语等成分。关系代词在定语从句中作主语时，从句谓语动词的人称和数要和先行词保持一致。1）who,whom,that（人）这些词代替的先行词是人的名词或代词，在从句中所起作用如下：
2、Is he the man who/that wants to see you?他就是你想见的人吗？（who/that 在从句中作主语）Fengjie is the woman whom/that Obama saw yesterday.凤姐就是奥巴马昨天见的那个女人。（whom/that 在从句中作宾语）2)Whose 用来指人或物，(只用作定语,若指物，它还可以同of which 互换）,They rushed over to help the man whose car had broken down.那人车坏了，大家都跑过去帮忙。Please pass me the book whos
3、e(of which)cover is green.请递给我那本绿皮的书。3）which,that（物）它们所代替的先行词是事物的名词或代词，在从句中可作主语、宾语等，例如：A prosperity which/that had never been seen before appears in the countryside.农村出现了前所未有的繁荣。（which/that 在句中作主语）The package(which/that)you are carrying is about to come unwrapped.你拿的包快散了。(which/that 在句中作宾语）关系副词引导的定语
4、从句 关系副词可代替的先行词是时间、地点或理由的名词，在从句中作状语。1）when,where,why 关系副词when,where,why 的含义相当于 介词+which 结构，因此常常和 介词+which 结构交替使用，例如：There are occasions when(on which)one must yield.任何人都有不得不屈服的时候。Beijing is the place where(in which)I was born.北京是我的出生地。Is this the reason why(for which)he refused our offer?这就是他拒绝我们帮助他的
5、理由吗？2）that 代替关系副词 that 可以用于表示时间、地点、方式、理由的名词后取代when,where,why 和 介词+which 引导的定语从句，在口语中that 常被省略，例如：His father died the year(that/when/in which)he was born.他父亲在他出生那年逝世了。He is unlikely to find the place(that/where/in which)he lived forty years ago.他不大可能找到他四十年前居住过的地方。判断关系代词与关系副词 方法一：用关系代词，还是关系副词完全取决于从句中的
6、谓语动词。及物动词后面无宾语，就必须要求用关系代词；而不及物动词则要求用关系副词。（看需不需要介词）This is the mountain village where I stayed last year.Ill never forget the days when I worked together with you.（错）This is the mountain village where I visited last year.（错）I will never forget the days when I spent in the countryside.（对）This is the m
7、ountain village(which)I visited last year.（对）Ill never forget the days(which)I spent in the countryside.方法二：准确判断先行词在定语从句中的成分(主、谓、宾、定、状)，也能正确选择出关系代词/关系副词。例1.Is this museum _ you visited a few days age?A.where B.that C.on which D.the one 例2.Is this the museum _ the exhibition was held.A.where B.that C
8、.on which D.the one 答案：例1 D，例2 A 例1 变为肯定句：This museum is _ you visited a few days ago.例2 变为肯定句：This is the museum _ the exhibition was held.在句1 中，所缺部分为宾语，而where,that,on which 都不能起到宾语的作用，只有the one 既做了主句的表语，又可做从句的宾语，可以省略关系代词，所以应选D。而句2 中,主、谓、宾俱全，从句部分为句子的状语表地点，既可用副词where，又因 in the museum 词组，可用介词in+which
9、 引导地点状语。而此题中，介词on 用的不对，所以选A。关系词的选择依据在从句中所做的成分，先行词在从句中做主、定、宾语时，选择关系代词(who,whom,that,which,whose)；先行词在从句中做状语时，应选择关系副词(where 地点状语，when 时间状语，why 原因状语)。限制性和非限制性定语从句 1)定语从句有限制性和非限制性两种。限制性定语从句是先行词不可缺少的部分，去掉它主句意思往往不明确；非限制性定语从句是先行词的附加说明，去掉了也不会影响主句的意思，它与主句之间通常用逗号分开，例如：This is the house which we bought last mo
10、nth.（限制性）The house,which we bought last month,is very nice.（非限制性）2)当先行词是专有名词或物主代词和指示代词所修饰时，其后的定语从句通常是非限制性的，例如：Charles Smith,who was my former teacher,retired last year.My house,which I bought last year,has got a lovely garden.This novel,which I have read three times,is very touching.3)非限制性定语从句还能将整个主
11、句作为先行词,对其进行修饰,这时从句谓语动词要用第三人称单数，例如：He seems not to have grasped what I meant,which greatly upsets me.他似乎没抓住我的意思，这使我心烦。Liquid water changes to vapor,which is called evaporation.液态水变为蒸汽，这就叫做蒸发。说明：关系代词that 和关系副词why 不能引导非限制性定语从句。介词+关系词 1）介词后面的关系词不能省略。2）that 前不能有介词。3）某些在从句中充当时间，地点或原因状语的介词+关系词 结构可以同关系副词whe
12、n 和where 互换。This is the house in which I lived two years ago.This is the house where I lived two years ago.Do you remember the day on which you joined our club?Do you remember the day when you joined our club?as,which 非限定性定语从句 由as,which 引导的非限定性定语从句，as 和which 可代整个主句，相当于and this 或and that。As 一般放在句首，wh
13、ich 在句中。As we know,smoking is harmful to ones health.As is known to all,smoking is harmful to ones health.The sun heats the earth,which is very important to us.典型例题 1）It rained hard yesterday,_ prevented me from going to the park.A.that B.which C.as D.it 答案B.as 和which 在引导非限制性定语从句时，这两个关系代词都指主句所表达的整个意
14、思，且在定语从句中都可以作主语和宾语。但不同之处主要有两点：(1）as 引导的定语从句可置于句首，而which 不可。(2）as 代表前面的整个主句并在从句中作主语时，从句中的谓语必须是系动词；若为行为动词，则从句中的关系代词只能用which.。在本题中，prevent 由于是行为动词，所以正确选项应为B。As 的用法 例1.the same as；suchas 中的as 是一种固定结构,和一样。I have got into the same trouble as he(has).例2.as 可引导非限制性从句，常带有 正如。As we know,smoking is harmful to
15、ones health.As is known,smoking is harmful to ones health.As 是关系代词。例1 中的as 作know 的宾语；例2 中，它充当从句的主语，谓语动词know 要用被动式。先行词和关系词二合一 1)Whoever spits in public will be punished here.(Whoever 可以用 anyone who 代替)2)The parents will use what they have to send their son to technical school.(what 可以用all that 代替)The
16、 parents will use all(that they have)to send their son to technical school.what/whatever;that/what;who/whoever 1）what=the thing which；whatever=anything What you want has been sent here.Whatever you want makes no difference to me.2)who=the person that whoever=anyone who（错）Who breaks the law will be p
17、unished.（错）Whoever robbed the bank is not clear.（对）Whoever breaks the law will be punished.（对）Who robbed the bank is not clear.3)that 和 what 当that 引导定语从句时，通常用作关系代词，而引导名词性从句时，是个不充当任何成分的连接词。宾语从句和表语从句中的that 常可省略。What 只能引导名词性从句，用作连接代词，作从句的具体成分，且不能省略。I think(that)you will like the stamps.What we need is
18、more practice.关系代词that 的用法 1）不用that 的情况 a)在引导非限定性定语从句时。(错)The tree,that is four hundred years old,is very famous here.b)介词后不能用。We depend on the land from which we get our food.We depend on the land that/which we get our food from.2)只能用that 作为定语从句的关系代词的情况 a)在there be 句型中，只用that，不用which。b)在不定代词，如：anyt
19、hing,nothing,the one,all,much,few,any,little 等作先行词时，只用that，不用which。c)先行词有the only,the very 修饰时，只用that。d)先行词为序数词、数词、形容词最高级时，只用that。.e)先行词既有人，又有物时。举例：All that is needed is a supply of oil.所需的只是供油问题。Finally,the thief handed everything that he had stolen to the police.那贼最终把偷的全部东西交给了警察。名词性从句 在句子中起名词作用的句子
20、叫名词从句(Noun Clauses）。名词从句的功能相当于名词词组,它在复合句中能担任主语、宾语、表语、同位语、介词宾语等，因此根据它在句中不同的语法功能，名词从句又可分别称为主语从句、宾语从句、表语从句和同位语从句。四大名词性从句 主语从句：句子的主语部分是一个独立完整的句子。What I saw is very terrible.宾语从句：He said that his father is Li Gang.表语从句 The fact is that all the students understand.同位语从句 I heard the news that Xiao Yueyue w
21、ent to Shanghai.I heard the news that is about Xiao Yueyue.(定从)区别：1.意思2.that 在定从中做成分，宾语可省，前无介词。同位语从不做成分，不可省。引导名词性从句的连接词 引导名词性从句的连接词可分为三类：连接词：that,whether,if 不充当从句的任何成分 连接代词：what,whatever,who,whoever,whom,whose,which.连接副词：when,where,how,why 不可省略的连词：1.介词后的连词 2.引导主语从句和同位语从句的连词不可省略。That she was chosen m
22、ade us very happy.We heard the news that our team had won.If&Whether比较：whether 与if 均为“是否”的意思。但在下列情况下，只能用whether：1.whether 引导主语从句并在句首 2.引导表语从句 3.whether 从句作介词宾语 4.从句后有or not 名词性that-从句 1）由从属连词that 引导的从句叫做名词性that-从句。That 只起连接主句和从句的作用，在从句中不担任任何成分，本身也没有词义。名词性that-从句在句中能充当主语、宾语、表语、同位语和形容词宾语，例如：主语：That he
23、 is still alive is sheer luck.他还活着全靠运气。宾语：John said that he was leaving for London on Wednesday.约翰说他星期三要到伦敦去。表语：The fact is that he has not been seen recently.事实是近来谁也没有见过他。同位语：The fact that he has not been seen recently disturbs everyone in his office.近来谁也没有见过他，这一事实令办公室所有的人不安。形容词宾语：I am glad that yo
24、u are satisfied with your job.你对工作满意我感到很高兴。2）That-从句作主语通常用it作先行词，而将that-从句置于句末，例如：It is quite clear that the whole project is doomed to failure.很清楚，整个计划注定要失败。Its a pity that you should have to leave.你非走不可真是件憾事。用it作形式主语的that-从句有以下四种不同的搭配关系：a.It+be+形容词+that-从句 It is necessary that 有必要 It is important
25、that 重要的是 It is obvious that 很明显 b.It+be+-ed 分词+that-从句 It is believed that 人们相信 It is known to all that 从所周知 It has been decided that 已决定 c.It+be+名词+that-从句 It is common knowledge that 是常识 It is a surprise that 令人惊奇的是 It is a fact that 事实是 d.It+不及物动词+that-分句 It appears that 似乎 It happens that 碰巧 It
26、 occurred to me that 我突然想起名词性wh-从句 1）由wh-词引导的名词从句叫做名词性wh-从句。Wh-词包括who,whom,.whose,whoever,what,whatever,which,whichever 等连接代词和where,when,how,why 等连接副词。Wh-从句的语法功能除了和that-从句一样外，还可充当介词宾语、宾语补语和间接宾语等，例如：主语：How the book will sell depends on its author.书销售如何取决于作者本人。直接宾语：In ones own home one can do what one
27、 likes.在自己家里可以随心所欲。间接宾语：The club will give whoever wins a prize.俱乐部将给得胜者设奖。表语：My question is who will take over president of the Foundation.我的问题是谁将接任该基金会主席职位。宾语补足语：She will name him whatever she wants to.她高兴给他起什么名字就取什么名字。同位语：I have no idea when he will return.我不知道他什么时候回来。形容词宾语：Im not sure why she re
28、fused their invitation.我尚不能肯定她为什么拒绝他们的邀请。介词宾语：That depends on where we shall go.那取决于我们去哪儿。if,whether 引导的名词从句 1）yes-no 型疑问从句 区别 从属连词if,whether 引导的名词从句是由一般疑问句或选择疑问转化而来的，因此也分别被称为yes-no 型疑问句从句和选择型疑问从句，其功能和wh-从句的功能相同，例如：主语：Whether the plan is feasible remains to be proved.这一计划是否可行还有等证实。宾语：Let us know whe
29、ther/if you can finish the article before Friday.请让我们知道你是否能在星期五以前把文章写完。表语：The point is whether we should lend him the money.问题在于我们是否应该借钱给他。同位语：They are investigating the question whether the man is trustworthy.他们调查他是否值得信赖。形容词宾语：Shes doubtful whether we shall be able to come.她怀疑我们是否能够前来。介词宾语：I worry about whether he can pass through the crisis of his illness.我担心他是否能度过疾病的危险期。2）选择性疑问从句 选择性疑问从句由关联词if/whetheror或whetheror not 构成，例如：Please tell me whether/if they are Swedish or Danish.请告诉我他们是瑞典人还是丹麦人。I dont care whether you like the plan or not.我不在乎你是否喜欢该计划。