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1、2013 考研英语二真题及答案解析 Section IUse of English Directions: Read the following text. Choose the best word(s) for each numbered blank and mark A, B, C or D on ANSWER SHEET 1. (10 points) Given the advantages of electronic money, you might think that we would move quickly to the cashless society in which al
2、l payments are made electronically. 1 a true cashless society is probably not around the corner. Indeed, predictions have been 2 for two decades but have not yet come to fruition. For example, Business Week predicted in 1975 that electronic means of payment would soon revolutionize the very 3 of mon
3、ey itself, only to 4 itself several years later. Why has the movement to a cashless society been so 5 in coming? Although electronic means of payment may be more efficient than a payments system based on paper, several factors work 6 the disappearance of the paper system. First, it is very 7 to set
4、up the computer, card reader, and telecornmunications networks necessary to make electronic money the 8 form of payment Second, paper checks have the advantage that they 9 receipts, something that many consumers are unwilling to 10 . Third, the use of paper checks gives consumers several days of flo
5、at - it takes several days 11 a check is cashed and funds are 12 from the issuers account, which means that the writer of the check can cam interest on the funds in the meantime. 13 electronic payments arc immediate, they eliminate the float for the consumer. Fourth, electronic means of payment may
6、14 security and privacy concerns. We often hear media reports that an unauthorized hacker has been able to access a computer database and to alter information 15 there. The fact that this is not an 16 occurrence means that dishonest persons might be able to access bank accounts in electronic payment
7、s systems and 17 from someone elses accounts. The 18 of this type of fraud is no easy task, and a new field of computer science is developing to 19 security issues. A further concern is that the use of electronic means of payment leaves an electronic 20 that contains a large amount of personal data.
8、 There are concerns that government, employers, and marketers might be able to access these data, thereby violating our privacy. 1. A HoweverB MoreoverC ThereforeD Otherwise 2. A offB backC overD around 3. A powerB conceptC historyD role 4. A rewardB resistC resumeD reverse 5. A silentB suddenC slow
9、D steady 6. A forB againstCwithD on 7. A imaginativeB expensiveC sensitiveD productive 8. A similarB originalC temporaryD dominant 9. A collectB provideC copyD print 10. A give upB take overC bring backD pass down 11. A beforeB afterC sinceD when 12. A keptB borrowedC releasedD withdrawn 13. A Unles
10、sB UntilC BecauseD Though 14. A hideB expressC raiseDease 15. A analyzedB sharedC storedD displayed 16. A unsafeB unnaturalC uncommonD unclear 17. A stealB chooseC benefitD return 18. A considerationB prevention C manipulationD justification 19. A cope withB fight againstC adapt toD call for 20. A c
11、hunkB chipC pathD trail Section II Reading Comprehension Part A Directions: Read the following four texts. Answer the questions below each text by choosing A, B, C or D. Mark your answers on ANSWER SHEET 1. (40 points) Text 1 In an essay entitled “Making It in America”, the author Adam Davidson rela
12、tes a joke from cotton about just how much a modern textile mill has been automated: The average mill only two employees today,” a man and a dog. The man is there to feed the dog is there to keep the man away from the machines.” Davidsons article is one of a number of pieces that have recently appea
13、red making the point that the reason we have such stubbornly high unemployment and declining middle-class incomes today is also because of the advances in both globalization and the information technology revolution, which are more rapidly than ever replacing labor with machines or foreign worker. I
14、n the past, workers with average skills, doing an average job，could earn an average lifestyle ,But ,today ,average is officially over. Being average just wont earn you what it used to. It cant when so many more employers have so much more access to so much more above average cheap foreign labor, che
15、ap robotics, cheap software, cheap automation and cheap genius. Therefore, everyone needs to find their extra-their unique value contribution that makes them stand out in whatever is their field of employment. Yes, new technology has been eating jobs forever, and always will. But theres been an acce
16、leration. As Davidson notes,” In the 10 years ending in 2009, U.S. factories shed workers so fast that they erased almost all the gains of the previous 70 years; roughly one out of every three manufacturing jobs-about 6 million in total -disappeared. There will always be changed-new jobs, new produc
17、ts, new services. But the one thing we know for sure is that with each advance in globalization and the I.T. revolution, the best jobs will require workers to have more and better education to make themselves above average. In a world where average is officially over, there are many things we need t
18、o do to support employment, but nothing would be more important than passing some kind of G.I.Bill for the 21st century that ensures that every American has access to poet-high school education. 21. The joke in Paragraph 1 is used to illustrate_. A the impact of technological advances B the alleviat
19、ion of job pressure C the shrinkage of textile mills D the decline of middle-class incomes 22. According to Paragraph 3, to be a successful employee, one has to_ A work on cheap software B ask for a moderate salary C adopt an average lifestyle D contribute something unique 23. The quotation in Parag
20、raph 4 explains that _ A gains of technology have been erased B job opportunities are disappearing at a high speed C factories are making much less money than before D new jobs and services have been offered 24. According to the author, to reduce unemployment, the most important is_ A to accelerate
21、the I.T. revolution B to ensure more education for people C to advance economic globalization D to pass more bills in the 21st century 25. Which of the following would be the most appropriate title for the text? A New Law Takes Effect B Technology Goes Cheap C Average Is Over D Recession Is Bad Text
22、 2 A century ago, the immigrants from across the Atlantic included settlers and sojourners. Along with the many folks looking to make a permanent home in the United States came those who had no intention to stay, and 7millin people arrived while about 2 million departed. About a quarter of all Itali
23、an immigrants, for example, eventually returned to Italy for good. They even had an affectionate nickname, “uccelli di passaggio,” birds of passage. Today, we are much more rigid about immigrants. We divide newcomers into two categories: legal or illegal, good or bad. We hail them as Americans in th
24、e making, or our broken immigration system and the long political paralysis over how to fix it. We dont need more categories, but we need to change the way we think about categories. We need to look beyond strict definitions of legal and illegal. To start, we can recognize the new birds of passage,
25、those living and thriving in the gray areas. We might then begin to solve our immigration challenges. Crop pickers, violinists, construction workers, entrepreneurs, engineers, home health-care aides and physicists are among todays birds of passage. They are energetic participants in a global economy
26、 driven by the flow of work, money and ideas .They prefer to come and go as opportunity calls them , They can manage to have a job in one place and a family in another. With or without permission, they straddle laws, jurisdictions and identities with ease. We need them to imagine the United States a
27、s a place where they can be productive for a while without committing themselves to staying forever. We need them to feel that home can be both here and there and that they can belong to two nations honorably. Accommodating this new world of people in motion will require new attitudes on both sides
28、of the immigration battle .Looking beyond the culture war logic of right or wrong means opening up the middle ground and understanding that managing immigration today requires multiple paths and multiple outcomes. Including some that are not easy to accomplish legally in the existing system. 26 “Bir
29、ds of passage” refers to those who_. A immigrate across the Atlantic B leave their home countries for good C stay in a foreign temporarily Dfind permanent jobs overseas 27 It is implied in paragraph 2 that the current immigration system in the US _. A needs new immigrant categories B has loosened co
30、ntrol over immigrants C should be adopted to meet challenges D has been fixed via political means 28 According to the author, todays birds of passage want_ A financial incentives. B a global recognition. C opportunities to get regular jobs. Dthe freedom to stay and leave. 29 The author suggests that
31、 the birds of passage today should be treated _ A as faithful partners. B with economic favors. C with regal tolerance. Das mighty rivals. 30 which is the best title of the passage? A come and go: big mistake B living and thriving : great risk C with or without : great risk Dlegal or illegal: big mi
32、stake Text 3 Scientists have found that although we are prone to snap overreactions, if we take a moment and think about how we are likely to react, we can reduce or even eliminate the negative effects of our quick, hard-wired responses. Snap decisions can be important defense mechanisms; if we are
33、judging whether someone is dangerous, our brains and bodies are hard-wired to react very quickly, within milliseconds. But we need more time to assess other factors. To accurately tell whether someone is sociable, studies show, we need at least a minute, preferably five. It takes a while to judge co
34、mplex aspects of personality, like neuroticism or open-mindedness. But snap decisions in reaction to rapid stimuli arent exclusive to the interpersonal realm. Psychologists at the University of Toronto found that viewing a fast-food logo for just a few milliseconds primes us to read 20 percent faste
35、r, even though reading has little to do with eating. We unconsciously associate fast food with speed and impatience and carry those impulses into whatever else were doing, Subjects exposed to fast-food flashes also tend to think a musical piece lasts too long. Yet we can reverse such influences. If
36、we know we will overreact to consumer products or housing options when we see a happy face (one reason good sales representatives and real estate agents are always smiling), we can take a moment before buying. If we know female job screeners are more likely to reject attractive female applicants, we
37、 can help screeners understand their biases-or hire outside screeners. John Gottman, the marriage expert, explains that we quickly “thin slice” information reliably only after we ground such snap reactions in “thick sliced” long-term study. When Dr. Gottman really wants to assess whether a couple wi
38、ll stay together, he invites them to his island retreat for a muck longer evaluation; two days, not two seconds. Our ability to mute our hard-wired reactions by pausing is what differentiates us from animals: doge can think about the future only intermittently or for a few minutes. But historically
39、we have spent about 12 percent of our days contemplating the longer term. Although technology might change the way we react, it hasnt changed our nature. We still have the imaginative capacity to rise above temptation and reverse the high-speed trend. 31. The time needed in making decisions may_. A
40、vary according to the urgency of the situation B prove the complexity of our brain reaction C depend on the importance of the assessment D predetermine the accuracy of our judgment 32. Our reaction to a fast-food logo shows that snap decisions_. A can be associative B are not unconscious C can be da
41、ngerous D are not impulsive 33. To reverse the negative influences of snap decisions, we should_. A trust our first impression B do as people usually do C think before we act D ask for expert advice 34. John Gottman says that reliable snap reaction are based on_. A critical assessment Bthin slicedst
42、udy C sensible explanation D adequate information 35. The authors attitude toward reversing the high-speed trend is_. A tolerant B uncertain C optimistic D doubtful Text 4 Europe is not a gender-equality heaven. In particular, the corporate workplace will never be completely familyfriendly until wom
43、en are part of senior management decisions, and Europes top corporate-governance positions remain overwhelmingly male. Indeed, women hold only 14 percent of positions on Europe corporate boards. The Europe Union is now considering legislation to compel corporate boards to maintain a certain proporti
44、on of women-up to 60 percent. This proposed mandate was born of frustration. Last year, Europe Commission Vice President Viviane Reding issued a call to voluntary action. Reding invited corporations to sign up for gender balance goal of 40 percent female board membership. But her appeal was consider
45、ed a failure: only 24 companies took it up. Do we need quotas to ensure that women can continue to climb the corporate Ladder fairy as they balance work and family? “Personally, I dont like quotas,” Reding said recently. “But i like what the quotas do.” Quotas get action: they “open the way to equal
46、ity and they break through the glass ceiling,” according to Reding, a result seen in France and other countries with legally binding provisions on placing women in top business positions. I understand Redings reluctance-and her frustration. I dont like quotas either; they run counter to my belief in
47、 meritocracy, government by the capable. Bur, when one considers the obstacles to achieving the meritocratic ideal, it does look as if a fairer world must be temporarily ordered. After all, four decades of evidence has now shown that corporations in Europe as the US are evading the meritocratic hiri
48、ng and promotion of women to top position no matter how much “soft pressure ” is put upon them. When women do break through to the summit of corporate power-as, for example, Sheryl Sandberg recently did at Facebookthey attract massive attention precisely because they remain the exception to the rule
49、. If appropriate pubic policies were in place to help all womenwhether CEOs or their childrens caregiversand all families, Sandberg would be no more newsworthy than any other highly capable person living in a more just society. 36. In the European corporate workplace, generally_. A women take the lead B men have the final say C corporate governance is overwhelmed D senior management is family-friendly 37. The European Unions intended legislation is _. A a reflection of gender balance B a reluctant choice C a response to Redings cal