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1、Unit 7 Letter to a B student,BOOK TWO,The text is a letter to a B student. In the letter the author intends to deal with the following three questions:,Global Reading - Text analysis,How should students regard grades, both good and bad? Are grades as important as they are assumed to be? Do good grad
2、es necessarily lead to achievements and bad grades result in failure in a students later life?,The theme of this piece of writing It is explicitly stated in the first sentence of the third paragraph:,to put a B students disappointment in perspective by considering exactly what the grade B means and
3、doesnt mean.,Global Reading - Text analysis,The whole letter can be roughly divided into three part,Part I: (Para.1-3),Global Reading - Text analysis,It introduces the purpose of the letter.,1. Para.4,What your grade means.,Grades do not mean everything.,Part II: (Para.4-8),Global Reading - Text ana
4、lysis,Part II: (Para.4-8),b. distinction between the student as a performer in the classroom and the student as a human being,Part III: (Para.9-10),perspective: the way we should regard grades,2. Para.5-8,a. what your grade doesnt mean.,far superior to: much better in quality than,This car is superi
5、or to that one. 这辆汽车比那辆要好。 His composition is far superior to mine. 他的作文比我的好多了。 He is superior to his brother in mathematics. 他的数学比他兄弟好。,e.g.,Derivation:,superiority n.,Antonym:,inferior a. inferiority n.,Its considered that “Gentlemans C” as an average grade(平均等级) is seriously behind the times (过时，
6、落伍), todays “average” grade is a “B”. A few years ago, the “Gentlemans C” prevailed (流行，盛行) in universities. Gentlemans agreement n. 君子协定 Gentlemanship n. 绅士的身份、品格,Gentlemans C: a decent (得体的，正派的) grade (in the past).,More,(1)How to Calculate Grades,More,norm n. 1) an accepted standard or a way of b
7、ehaving or doing things that most people agree with 标准,e.g.,You must adapt to the norms of the society you live in. 在社会中生活就要遵循社会行为准则。,Derivation:,normal a. normally ad. normalize v. normalization n.,2) the norm = a situation or type of behavior that is expected and considered to be typical,e.g.,Crim
8、inal behavior seems to be the norm in this neighborhood. 犯罪行为似乎是这一带的正常现象。,shift vt. weakness 毛病, 缺陷, 弱点,e.g.,I always suffer from feelings of inadequacy when Im with him.,Derivation:,inadequate a. inadequately ad.,Antonym:,adequacy,Practice,1) Unemployment can often cause feelings of inadequacy and
9、low self-esteem. 2) I always feel inadequate when faced with a difficult problem. 3) 这次失败是由于准备不足造成的。,失业常使人感到自信不足、自尊心受挫。,面对难题我总是觉得力不从心。,Translation:,More,The failure is due to the inadequacy of preparations.,Exercise: Use the following words to fill in the blanks.,1. Unemployment can often cause feel
10、ings of and low self-esteem. 2. He doubted her for the job. 3. Will future oil supplies be to meet world needs? 4. While some patients can be cared for at home, others are best served by care in a hospital. 5. Our scientific research is funded.,inadequacy,_,inadequacy inadequately adequacy adequate
11、adequately,inadequately,_,adequacy,_,adequate,_,adequately,_,repute n. reputation; fame 名望, 名气, 声望,a man of good repute a hotel of some repute,e.g.,She is reputed to be extremely wealthy.,reputed adj. reputedly adv.,Derivation:,e.g.,The committee had reputedly spent over $3000 on “business entertain
12、ment”.,e.g.,Antonym:,disrepute n. 声誉不好, 声明狼藉,Practice,1) He has little repute as an academic. 2) Andy is a man of bad repute in his hometown.,他是个名不见经传的大学教师。,.安迪在他的家乡臭名昭著。,Translation:,我们所生活的社会就像一个零和游戏，只要有人赢，就会有人输；只要有人感到幸福，就会有人感到沮丧。从来都不存在大家都成功而没有人失落的情况。这就是成功的核心因素。,The essence of success is that there
13、s never enough of it to go round in a zero-sum game where one persons winning must be offset by anothers losing, one persons joy offset by anothers disappointment.,Translation:,More,Explanation:,it to go round: the success which is enough to be given to everyone go round: be enough to divide 足够分配,es
14、sence n. the most basic and important idea or quality; inner nature; indispensable quality; the most important part 本质, 实质, 要素,e.g.,In the above chapter, we have learned what the essence of translation is. 在上一章中, 我们学习了翻译的本质。,Collocation:,in essence 本质上，大体上,of the essence 非常重要的，不可缺少的,e.g.,In essence,
15、 both sides agree on the issue.,e.g.,In any of these discussions, of course, honesty is of the essence.,Derivation:,essential a. offset) to counterbalance or compensate for 抵消，补偿,e.g.,1. The extra cost of travelling to work is offset by the lower price of houses here. 此处的低房价可以抵消从这里去上班时交通方面的额外支出。 2.
16、Higher mortgage rates are partly offset by increased tax allowances. 抵押贷款利率的提高，其中一部分可因免税额增加而相抵消。,Collocation:,sb. offset sth. by sth else. / doing sth. sth. offset sth. else,Practice,1. 得失相当。 2. 他提高了售价以补偿材料成本的增加。 3. 在篮球场上，他用速度及敏捷弥补了个子矮小的不足。,Translation:,He put up his prices to offset the increased c
17、ost of materials.,_,In basketball, he offsets his small size by his cleverness and speed.,_,The gains offset the losses.,_, winning is not the most important thing its the only thing.,Explanation:,This is a special type of negation. The author is not negating the importance of winning; rather, with
18、the sentence that follows the negative one, the author gives the utmost emphasis to the importance of winning. What the author wants to say is “Winning is of primary importance; nothing could be more important than winning.”,Translation:,成功不是最重要的事情它是唯一的事情。,Practice,e.g.,为了提高英语口语能力，实践不是最重要的事情它是唯一的事情。
19、 为了跟上时代的发展。不断地更新我们的知识不是最重要的事情它是唯一的事情。,Sth. is not the most important thing its the only thing.,To improve your oral English, practicing is not the most important thing its the only thing.,To keep up with the times, updating our knowledge is not the most important thing its the only thing.,To lose, t
20、o fail, to go under, to go broke these are deadly sins in a world where prosperity in the present is seen as a sure sign of salvation in the future.,Explanation:,Deadly sins: The phrase specifically refers to “the seven deadly sins”: pride, covetousness(贪婪), lust（色欲）, anger, gluttony（暴食）, envy and s
21、loth（懒惰）. 不可饶恕的罪（七宗罪),Translation:,失利失败，倾家荡产是很可怕的过错，因为在当今世界，人们认为眼下的兴隆发达预示着将来必能从困境中脱身。,Practice,Paraphrase:,Being unsuccessful in ones life and career and financially disadvantaged is regarded as shameful or even sinful because in this world people tend to think that only those who are successful now
22、 can be saved from evil in the future.,go under: to fail; to be overwhelmed 失败，破产；沉没,e.g.,1. The firm will go under unless business improves. 生意若无起色，公司非垮不可。 2. The ship struck upon a rock and soon went under. 这只船撞到一岩石而很快沉没了。 3. Many soldiers went under in the Civil War. 许多士兵在内战中阵亡。,Translation:,1. 我
23、们如果不想破产就必须对公司进行改造。,We must reorganize the company if we dont want to go under.,_,More,go / be broke: to become penniless; to go bankrupt 破产,e.g.,The business kept losing money and finally went broke. I cant afford to go on holiday this year Im broke.,Translation:,1. 经济不景气 (recession)，很多小公司都倒闭了。 2.由于
24、没有人愿意买那个发明者的机器，他最终破产了。,A lot of small businesses went broke in the recession.,The inventor went broke because nobody would buy his machine.,_,_,假如你处在另一个社会里，你可以对你的沮丧置之不理，但是在我们这个社会里是无法回避的。,In a different society, your disappointment might be something you could shrug away. But not in ours.,Paraphrase:
25、,If you are in a different society, you could just ignore you disappointment, but in our society, its inescapable.,Translation:,shrug away/off: to treat something as unimportant 对满不在乎，对不屑一顾,e.g.,1. I really admire she is able to shrug off unfair criticis. 我很佩服她能对错误的批评意见不予理会。 2. She can shrug off her
26、 troubles and keep smiling. 她对她的麻烦事满不在乎，依旧保持笑容。 3. It is wrong to shrug off this kind of disease. 轻视这种疾病是不对的。 4. The stockindexesrosesignificantlyasinvestors shrugged off lastweeks disappointing economic growth data. 由于投资者打消了上星期令人失望的经济增长数据对 他们的影响，股票指数大幅上涨。,Practice,1. 我们不能轻视这些反对意见。 2. 这位女演员试图对这些记者们不
27、予理睬。 3. 我花了好长时间才摆脱了药物的影响。 4. 投球手 (pitcher) 摆脱了先前失误的影响，帮助球队赢得胜利。,Translation:,This actress tried to shrug off these reporters.,_,It took me a long time to shrug off the effect of a drug.,_,We cant just shrug these objections off.,_,Thepitchershruggedoffhisearlymistakesand helped theteamwinthegame.,_,
28、perspective n. a way of regarding situations, facts, etc.看法, 观点,e.g.,1. She has a great perspective on marriage. 关于婚姻生活，她的观点确实非常有意义。 2. You need a perspective on yourself. 你有必要回顾一下你的一生。 3. View an issue from a historical perspective. 用历史的观点看待问题,More,Collocation:,put / see / view sth. in perspective:
29、 to compare something to other things so that it can be accurately and fairly judged 正确、全面、客观地看待 get / keep sth. in perspective: to think about a situation or problem in a wise and reasonable way 正确地了解/考虑,1. You must learn to see things in perspective. 你们应该学会正确地观察事物。 2. Try to keep these issues in p
30、erspective. 要尽量恰当地处理这些问题。 3. You must get the story in (its right) perspectives. 你必须正确地了解这件事。,e.g.,take/accept at face value: to accept something for what it appears to be 根据外表判断或接受,e.g.,1. If there is one thing I have learned in life, it is never to take anything you are told at face value. 如果这一生中我
31、学会了一件事的话，那就是绝不 要听什么就相信什么。 2. Mary took his stories at face value and did not know he was joking. 玛丽对他的陈述信以为真,却不知道他是在开玩笑。 3. Dont accept promises at face value. 别轻信人家的诺言。 4. Try to develop a more critical attitude, instead of accepting everything at face value. 要学会对一切事物一丝不苟, 而不要注重表面现象.,Practice,Trans
32、lation:,1. We shouldnt take failures at face value. Instead, we should learn from our failures. 2. 她好像够亲切的，可是我不应该信以为真。 3. 你不应该总是对他的话信以为真。,我们不应只看到失败的表面，而要从失败中得出经验教训。,_ _,She seems friendly enough but I shouldnt take at her face value.,_ _,You shouldnt always take his remarks at face value.,_ _,be apt
33、 to: to have the tendency to,e.g.,1. Its apt to rain this afternoon. 今天下午可能下雨。 2. Men arent apt to get kicked out of good society for being rich. 人是不会因有钱而从上流社会被赶出去。 3. His son is apt to spend his money pretty freely. 他儿子一向挥金如土。 4. This kind of weather is apt to occur in late May. 这种天气往往在五月底出现。,Synon
34、ym:,be inclined to be likely to,Practice,Translation:,1. 第一次来到异国的人往往感到自己周围的一切既陌生又有趣。 2. 正如醉汉易认为自己很是清醒，年轻人往往认为自己十分聪明。,Anyone who has come to a foreign country for the first time is apt to find everything around him both strange and interesting.,_ _ _,Young men are apt to think themselves wise enough,
35、 as drunken men are apt to think themselves sober enough.,_ _ _,transcript n.,2) written or recorded copy of what has been said or written 文字记录,e.g.,1. I want to continue my studies. I would appreciate it if you could send me a transcript. 现我准备继续深造。敬请寄一份我在校时学习成绩单为感。 2. She went through the transcrip
36、t carefully, to eliminate all errors from it. 她把誊本从头至尾认真地看了一遍，以消除其中的错误之处。,e.g.,I cannot vouch for the correctness of the transcript of proceeding. 我不能担保诉讼的官方记录是正确的。,an official record of a students school progress and achievements 抄本，副本，成绩报告单,More,transcription n. 抄(誊)写；抄(誊)本,1) the transcript of co
37、urt testimony 2) an academic transcript 3) transcript card 4) a transcript of the trial,法庭证词的纪录,学生成绩报告单,录制卡片,审讯记录的文字本,Derivation:,transcribe v. 抄写，转录,Translation:,proficiency n. skill; ability,e.g.,Derivation:,proficient a. proficiently ad.,Collocation:,proficiency (in sth. / doing sth.),1. To get t
38、he job he have to pass a proficiency test. 要想得到这份工作，他必须通过水平测试。 2. Jack shows his proficiency in operating a switchboard. 杰克操作配电板十分熟练。 3. In addition to my knowledge of business processes, I also offer proficiency in telecom software development and cutting-edge technologies. 除了对商业流程知晓外，在电讯软件开发及高新技术方
39、面我也很有研究。,conventional a. traditional and ordinary,e.g.,conventional behavior / attitudes / clothes / method I find his art rather dull and conventional.,Derivation:,convention n. conventionally ad. conventionalize v. conventionality n.,Antonym:,unconventional,your performance of rather conventional
40、tasks,the tasks traditionally required of students,Paraphrase:,correspond: 1) (to) to take the place of ; be equivalent, similar or equal to 相应于, 相当于,e.g.,The American Congress corresponds to the British Parliament. 美国国会相当于英国议会。 The gills of a fish correspond to our lungs. 鱼的鳃相当于我们的肺。,2) (to/with) t
41、o match; to fit 符合,e.g.,Your account of events corresponds with hers. 你说的情况跟她说的相符。 Her actions do not correspond with her words. 她言行不一。,More,correspond: 3) (with) to exchange messages 通信,e.g.,Have you been corresponding with him? 你一直和他通信吗?,Derivation:,corresponding a.,Translation:,1. 对我们交谈所作的文字记录与我们
42、的原话不符。 2. 地图上的红线相当于主要道路。,The transcript of our conversation doesnt correspond with what was actually said.,Red lines on the map correspond to major roads.,retain v.,e.g.,I will retain my right. 我将保留我的权力。 This vessel wont retain water. 这容器盛不住水。,e.g.,Concentrated study will help you to retain knowledg
43、e. 专心学习有助于你记住知识。,2) to keep facts in ones memory 记住,1) to keep; to continue to have 保持, 保留, 留住,3) to make sure that you will have someones help or services, by paying for them before you actually have them 聘请,e.g.,He retained the best lawyer in the state to defend his case. 他为他的案子聘了该州最好的律师。,Derivati
44、on:,retainer n.,More,keep，retain，reserve，preserve，conserve，withhold,这些动词均有“保持，保存”之意。 keep 最常用词，指长时间牢固地保持或保存。 retain 指继续保持。 reserve 正式用词，指为了将来的用途或其他用 途而保存、保留。 preserve 主要指为防止损害、变质等而保存。 conserve 一般指保存自然资源，保全人的精力、 力量等。 withhold 指扣住不放，暗示有阻碍。,assumption n. what is thought to be true or will happen, witho
45、ut any real proof,e.g.,These calculations are based on the assumption that prices will continue to rise. Im working on the assumption that the money will come through.,Collocation:,assumption of sth.,Practice,Translation:,1. 这一理论是以一系列错误的设想为根据的。 2. 看见不明飞行物时，有些人就设想在其他行星上有生命。,The theory is based on a series of wrong assumptions.,_,Some people assume that there is life on other planets when they see UFOs.,_ _