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1、-LESSON ONE The development of air cargo 航空货运的发展Small package service : A specialized service guaranteeing the delivery of small parcels within specified express time limits ,e.g. same day or next day. This traffic is subject to size and weight limitations. Most passenger air carriers also provide t
2、his service at airport ticket counters with delivery at destination baggage claim area. Its often referred to as counter to counter.Ton mile : The common measurement of transportation productivity. One ton mile means one ton of cargo flown one mile.All-cargo aircraft: Aircraft for the carriage of ca
3、rgo only, rather than the combination of passengers and cargo . Cargo aircraft carry palletized or containerized traffic on the main deck and either unitized or bulk cargo on the lower deck. Cargo aircraft are normally equipped with special cargo loading systems on the main deck. Also referred to as
4、 freighters.TEXTThe term air cargo is generally used in the broad sense, to include air freight , mail ,and the several types of expedited small package services. In short, almost everything that goes in the cargo compartment on a passenger flight is considered air cargo ,except passenger baggage, w
5、hich is treated as part of the passenger.The airline got their start carrying mail, then progressed into the passenger business and moved to substantial participation in the freight business. Yet although it was the latecomer, air freight was once the fastest-growing segment of the airline industry.
6、 From 1961 through 1971, the ton-miles of freight carried by US scheduled airlines had nearly a fivefold increase, while passenger-miles increased a little over threefold. The 1970s showed slower but steady growth, about a 67 percent increase over the decade for ton-miles of air freight.In the 1980s
7、 small-package express services grew rapidly and data for that decade reflect freight and express combined. They show an 85 percent increase in ton-miles in the ten years. Most recent figures show an increase of 11.5 percent from 1990-1993.But it would be a mistake to downgrade the importance of air
8、 cargo only because it is a small business compared with the passenger business. Because of its speed, and because of the many savings deriving from speed, air cargo service has become valuable to manufactures, to retailers, and to consumers. A manufacturer of appliances may rely on the airlines for
9、 delivery of components, while retailers may use air for moving much of their merchandise to their scattered outlets. The consumer may benefit in many ways, such as quick receipt of urgently needed goods. The consumer also benefits indirectly to the extent that use of air may involve and overall cos
10、t saving in the manufacture and distribution of goods.Many airlines specialize in carrying cargo. But much cargo is carried by regular passenger airlines, which means most cargo today travels in the cargo holds on passenger flights , rather than all-cargo aircraft.In 1949 the Civil Aeronautics Board
11、 (CAB) established a class of airline called certificated cargo carriers. The one member of that survived into the 1980s was the flying tiger line, which developed a large worldwide network and, for a time ,was the worlds largest carrier of air freight. In 1989 it was acquired by the small-package c
12、arrier federal express.The 1970s and 1980s saw a remarkable growth in small-package traffic. The 1990s, however, have seen small-package carriers expand into the air freight business, the merger of Federal Express with Flying Tiger being consistent with this trend. The term integrated carrier was in
13、itially used for small-package carriers using their own trucks for pickup and delivery“integrated” in the sense of one-com-any service from door to door. Not only have these carriers been expanding into air freight, many air freight forwards now operate their own aircraft and provide one-company “in
14、tegrated” service. The term is now coming to be used to distinguish the airline that carries only cargo from the combination carrier that is primarily in the passenger business and takes cargo as a sideline.LESSON TWO Air Freight 航空运费Air waybill: The document made by or on behalf of the shipper whic
15、h is a documentary evidence of carriers and shippers signature to the contract of carriage.Shipment: Also known as consignment. One or more pieces of freight being transported under the contracted authority of one air waybillCustoms Broker: an agent specialized in inbound customs clearanceContainer:
16、 A unit load device (ULD) in which a consignment can be transported. TEXTThe movement of freight by air is more complicated than the movement of passengers by air. Every piece of freight has to be carefully labeled and transported from place to place. In addition, there are more complicated governme
17、nt regulations for international shipment of freight than for passengers.Because of these complications, most air freight shipments are handled by freight forwarding agencies, which fill a function similar to that performed by travel agencies for passengers. In other words , they take care of making
18、 all the necessary arrangements so that the customer is not bothered with many of the details.The air freight agent does most of his work by telephone. Lets suppose that a shipping clerk calls in from a company that sends a large number of shipments by air. The air freight agent assigns an air waybi
19、ll number to the shipment. Then he arranges for pickup of the shipment. He can also book the shipment on whatever flights are necessary. When the shipment is received by the airline, each piece is marked with the air waybill number for identification.Air freight is carried either in the baggage comp
20、artment of a regular passenger flight, or by freights which have been especially designed or adapted for carrying cargo. The freighters usually operate between major shipping points.The charges on air freight are determined either by weight or weight plus volume-that is , by the size of the pieces i
21、n the shipment. Generally, a certain number of cubic inches is considered the equivalent of a pound of weight. On international shipments, the shipper is at present allowed 194 cubic inches for each pound. If he exceeds the volume allowance, he pays a higher rate. With passengers, the fare for the f
22、light is almost always paid in advance. With freight, however the airline can accept payment on delivery, this is customary with large, frequent shippers. A member of the general public who is shipping personal effects would probably be asked to prepay. In regard to international shipments, however,
23、 some countries do not permit and shipments except those that have been prepaid, no matter who the shipper is.With a member of the public, the agent is probably unable to assign an air waybill number, ascertain the charges, or book the shipment on specific flights until the shipment has been receive
24、d by the airline, when it is weighed, and checked to see if it is adequately packed. When a company is marking a first-time shipment, particularly if it is an international shipment, the airline agent might recommend a freight forwarding agency to help the shipper with all the problems of documentat
25、ion, insurance, and so on. In addition to the freight forwarding agencies, the shipping business has also given rise to another occupation, the customs broker. The customs broker gives assistance to international shippers both in getting necessary documentation for outgoing shipments and in getting
26、incoming shipments, through customs formalities. In almost all countries, incoming freight must go through customs, before it can be released to the consignee. Freight usually must be opened and inspected in the presence of the consignee or his representative. This is one of the jobs performed by a
27、customs broker. The airway bill is the most important document in the shipping of air freight. The common practice on most airlines is to mark each piece of freight in the shipment with an air waybill number. It is a complicated document. There are usually as many as twelve copies of each air waybil
28、l. Copies go to the shipper, the consignee, and each airline on which the freight travels. The air waybill shows the value of the shipment, the charges, the insurance, the flights on which the freight is being shipped, and other information.The entire business of shipping freight is a complicated on
29、e.In addition to the routine of arranging for collection and delivery, booking the shipments on flights, and filling out air waybill, the freight agent is also involved in such problems as tracing lost or strayed shipments and dealing with claims on damaged shipments. He must also be acquainted with
30、 the special services that his airline offers, such as containerized service, in which the airline provides the shipper with special containers.Air freight, will probably make up a large share of the total airline business in the future. Airlines generally make a larger profit carrying freight than
31、passengers, a fact, which guarantees the growth of air freight services.LESSON THREE Types of carriers 承运人类型Special termsIntegrated carrier：A carrier that provides door-to-door air cargo transportation using its own or contracted airplanes and motor trucks, and performs this service under the author
32、ity of a single air waybill (e.g.United Parcel service and Federal Express).Combination Carrier: Scheduled air carriers who transport both passengers and cargo in passenger configured aircraft,with cargo restricted to the lower deck compartments.Belly: Also known as Pits or Holds. Compartments locat
33、ed beneath the cabin of an aircraft and used for the carriage of cargo and passenger baggage.Pickup and Delivery: An optional service for the surface transport of shipments from shippers dock to origination air terminal and form the air terminal of destination to receivers dock. For airfreight, an a
34、dditional charge is usually assessed. It may be provided by an freight forwarder, an integrated carrier, or by an independent truck operator.Airport to Airport: Air cargo service from airport of origin to airport of destination, without pick-up and delivery service.Door to Door: Transportation of a
35、shipment from the shippers premises (factory, store, warehouse, etc.)to the consignees premises.TEXTThe air cargo industry includes three types of carriers: integrated carriers, combination carriers and conventional all-cargo carriers.Integrated carriersIntegrated carriers, also called express carri
36、ers, operate door-to-door freight transportation net-works that include all-cargo aircraft, delivery vehicles, sorting hubs and advanced information systems. These carriers operate their own aircraft to ensure adequate capacity and service reliability, although they also use the belly cargo space of
37、 passenger aircraft to supplement their own capacity and provide international service. The U.S.express carriers include FexEx, United Parcel Service(UPS),Airborne Express, DHL Airways, Emery World-wide, and Burlington Air Express.Combination carriersA second major type of cargo carrier is the combi
38、nation carrier, which carriers passengers and cargo. The carriers primarily offer point-to-point service on a whole-sale basis, relying on freight forwarders for pickup and delivery, sales to shippers and customer service. Because the passenger plane belly space that represents much of their cargo c
39、apacity is a a co-product of passenger service, combination carrier cargo services have a low marginal cost and thus usually offer much lower prices than express carriers. Although virtually all passenger airlines handle some cargo, the importance of the cargo business varies substantially from airl
40、ine to airline. Many large Asian and European carriers. including Korean Air, Cathay Pacific Airways, Lufthansa, and Air France, operate fleets of freighter aircraft to supplement their belly cargo capacity.All-cargo airlinesThe third type of cargo carrier is the all-cargo airline, which operates a
41、variety of cargo services. Some , including American International Airways, Challenge Air Cargo, and Polar Air Cargo, provide point-to-point service for air freight forwarders, either as common carriers or under guaranteed-space agreement. Others, like Atlas Air and Air Transport international, prim
42、arily operate aircraft on a contract basis for other airlines. Two of the conventional carriers, Atlas and Polar, specialize in international 747 freighter service and are among the fastest growing cargo carriers in the world.Today, the U. S. express carriers hold a two-thirds market share and over
43、80 percent of domestic air freight revenues. The integrated carriers have successfully followed the strategy of offering superior service at a premium price. By providing time-definite, guaranteed door-to-door service supported by real-time shipment tracking service, they are able to generate a yiel
44、d of about $2.00 to $2.50 per pound for domestic shipments. Their leading competitors, the combination carriers, supply airport-to-airport service primarily on a space-available basis, usually provide no service guarantees, offer little or no tracking capability, and typically earn $0.30 to $0.40 pe
45、r pound for domestic freight.The most important competitive response by U. S. combination carriers is the trend toward contracting out airport cargo services. This may increase airline cargo profitability by reducing labor costs, but it will not help the combination carriers regain market share and
46、may cause a further drop in share if it lowers their service quality.Lesson Four Air Freight Forwarders 航空货代Special TermsConsolidator: An entity that provides consolidation services, joining multiple shipments into a single shipment for an air carrier. An Air Freight Forwarder performs the function
47、of a consolidator.Consolidated consignment: a consignment of multi-packages which has been originated from more than one person each of whom has made an agreement for carriage by air with another person other than a scheduled air carrier.Containerization: The practice or technique of using a boxlike
48、 device (containers) in which a number of packages are stored, protected, and handled as a single unit in transit.Consignor: Equivalent to the term “Shipper”, means the person whose name appears on the AWB as the party contracting with the carriers for carriage of goods.Consignee: The person whose n
49、ame appears on the AWB as the party to whom the goods are to be delivered by the carrier.Text The airport-to-airport of freight is only part of the air cargo system. The total operation also includes pickup and delivery, containerization, packaging, documentation, billing, and collection. Some shippers deal with an