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1、-1、2、3、4、 天商国际结算完整版-第 8 页5、 which are included in Settlement on commercial credit?(1)Payment in advance(2)Open account(3)Remittance(4)Collection2、which are included in Settlement on bank credit?(1)Letter of credit(2)Bank guarantee3、what are included in the Control documents?(1)Lists of specimen of a
2、uthorized signatures (2)Telegraphic test keys(3)Terms and conditions (4)SWIFT authentic key4、services provided by correspondent bank (1)collecting checks,drafts,and other credit instruments(2)making loan or investments as agents for their customer banks(3)making credit investigations on firms that b
3、orrow in the open market(4)providing banks with foreign exchange facilities,including commercial and travelers checks (5)providing banks with funds/loans in case of need.5、clearing principles of international payment system:The sum of payables of all banks should be equal to the sum of receivables.T
4、he net credits of the net receiving banks should be equal to net debts(借方)of all net paying banks(债务和信贷平衡)6、types of endorsementBlank endorsement:空白背书。即不记载被背书人名称,只有背书人的签字。Special endorsement:又称特别背书。需要记载:被背书人名称、背书日期、背书人签章。Restrictive endorsement:”支付给被背书人“的指示带有限制性的词语。Conditional endorsement:”支付给被背书人“的
5、指示是带有条件的。7、understanding “Acts of a bill of exchange” and fill a bill of exchange(1) Issuance;(2)Endorsement;(3)Presentment/Presentation;(4)Acceptance;(5)Payment;(6)Dishonor;(7)Notice of dishonor;(8)Protest;(9)Right of recourse;(10)Acceptance for honor supra protest;(11)Payment for honor supra prote
6、st;(12)Guarantee(13)Discounting汇票(Bill of Exchange/Postal Order/Draft)是由出票人签发的,要求付款人在见票时或在一定期限内,向收款人或持票人无条件支付一定款项的票据。8、Classification of a bill of exchange按有无附属单据光票汇票、跟单汇票按出票人和付款人是否在同一地方直接汇票、间接汇票按流通地域国内汇票、国际汇票。按照流通货币分类本币流通汇票、外币流通汇票9. Difference between a promissory note and a bill of exchange(1) A p
7、romissory note is a promise to pay,namely the maker and the payee,主债务人是制票人,only has an original note .(只有一张原始的)(2) a bill of exchange is an order to pay;namely the drawer, the drawee and the payee.汇票的主债务人承兑前是出票人,承兑后是承兑人.汇票有一套a bill in a set(成套汇票)10. types of acceptance(1) General Acceptance(普通承兑)(2)
8、 Qualified Acceptance(限制承兑)11、M/T、T/T、D/D:M/T(信汇):费用便宜,速度慢。金额数量小,不安全。T/T(电汇):最贵,快,金额大,最安全。D/D(票汇):慢,费用便宜,金额可大可小,不安全。12、Reimbursement methods (1)Crediting vostro account of the paying bank(2)Debiting remitting banks nostro bank( 3)Instructing a reimbursing bank to effect payment by debiting the remit
9、ting banks nostro account(4)Instructing the paying bank to claim reimbursement from another branch of the same bank or another bank with which the remitting bank opens an account(5)According to the payments agreement between two countries13、type of crossing:General crossing,Special crossing(注明收款银行的名
10、称XXXbank ltd)14、Types of collection:Documentary collections跟单托收意指金融单据附带商业票据的托收,或者商业单据不附带金融单据的托收,即并无汇票,单是商业票据的托收Clean collections 光票托收指出口商仅开具汇票而不附商业单据(主要指货运单据)的托收。Direct collection 直接托收是这样一种安排,委托人从他的银行即托收行那里获得托收指示的空白格式,由他自己填写,连同托收单据直接寄给买方银行,即代收行。15、Risks for exporter:(1)货物拒收(2)拒付汇票(3)外汇限制(4)货物丢Export
11、ers measures against risks:1调查进口商信誉2考虑进口国的政策和经济条件3考虑进口国的外汇管制4采取预防措施应对风险,立即结算,16、Risks of importer(1)货物到达前就要交钱,无法验货(2)进口方签署了汇票以后会比合同多一项法律义务,承兑。(3)在一些国家,汇票拒绝支付的情况下,有可能是信誉受损,或者被认为破产了。 17、Financing Under Collection Methods 出口商的有:托收出口押汇。进口商的有信托收据、进口押汇、银行对货物担保(货物比单据早到,进口商找银行,先提货)18、The obligations of the
12、trustee in Trust receipt.(1)to arrange for the goods to be workhorse and issued in the banks name(2)to pay all the proceeds of sale to the bank or to hold them on behalf of the bank(3)not to put the goods in pledge to other persons(4)to return the goods or the proceeds to the bank at any time when r
13、equested(5)to settle claims of the bank before liquidation in case of the trustees bankruptcy19、Characteristics of a letter of credit (一)是一种银行信用,开证行付第一性的付款责任。信用证一经开出,其开证行即是主债务人,是第一付款人。(二)信用证是一项独立的文件,不依附于贸易合同,不受合同条款约束。开证银行只对信用证负责,只凭信用证所规定的单据向出口商付款,而不管出口商是否履行买卖合同,所提交的单据是否符合合同要求。(三)信用证是一种纯单据的买卖,业务的处理是以
14、单据为准而不是以货物为准。20、Benefits of the documentary credit:(1)Facilitate financing the documentary credit(2)provides legal protection(3)assure expert examination of documents 21、Types of transfer全额转让、部分金额转让、不替换发票转让、替换发票转让(第一受益人不愿意别人知道买主)22、 Amendments to the transferable credit:(1)买方的名字和地址改为一受(2)价格可以减少使一受获益
15、(3)交单期、装运期都可以缩短(4)保险金额增加23、Types of negotiation credit:Free negotiation credit不指定议付行的信用证Restricted negotiation credit指定议付行的信用证24、Types of revolving credit(1)自动循环:按规定的时间或间隔装运货物议付后(2)通知循环信用证:每次装货议付后,须等待和收到开证银行致受益人通知后(3)定期循环信用证:装货议付后,须经过一定期间方可恢复原金额(4)累计循环信用证:上期未使用之余额可转入下期使用(5)非累计循环信用证:本期尚未使用的余额,不能转入下期使
16、用。25、Characteristics of transferable credit(1)A transferable credit is designed to meet the requirements of international trade;(2)The middleman gets his buyer to apply for an irrevocable credit in the middlemans favor;(3)There are two methods allowing for transferring the beneficiarys rights to a t
17、hird party assignment and transfer.26、Comparison back-to-back documentary credit with transferred credit (1)共同点:A. 均有中间商和第二个受益人;B. 费用可以由第一受益人支付;C. 中间商均可以改变信用证金额、单价、装期和有效期。(2)不同点:A.背对背信用证是两个独立的信用证,二者同时存在;而可转让信用证是根据原证转开,新老证有直接关系;B.开立可转让信用证,中间商要得到开证行、开证申请人允许方可转让,而背对背信用证,不存在开证行、开证申请人是否同意的问题。C.在开证形式上,转让信
18、用证中,许多转让银行采用修改原证条款的方法办理新证;而背对背信用证均采用开立新证。D.中间商的地位变化不同。转让信用证中,中间商的受益人身份没有改变,而在背对背信用证中,在原证中,中间商是受益人,而在新证中,其已变为开证申请人。E. 对于供货商(第二受益人),接受“背对背信用证”比“可转让信用证”更有利,收款更有保障。27、Financing under L/C:Financing provided to the exporter(1)打包放款(packing loan):银行提供的一种装船前融资,为信用证金额的80%左右。(2)Export bill purchase(3)Bill disc
19、ounted票据贴现(4)Discounting against export commercial invoice商业票据贴现.对importer的(1)Approval of credit line by the issuing bank 开证授信额度(2)Import bill advance(3)Trust receipt信托收据(4)Delivery of the goods against bank guarantee 28、Comparison between the L/G and the L/C(1)保函没有议付行、保兑行、付款行等只有开证行。(2)保函的交单日期是一个指定的
20、日期,信用证是在某日之前。(3)在发生纠纷时,保函有明确的法规,信用证没有(4)保函交单地点必须在期满前确定,信用证可以交给议付、保兑等银行。(5)银行保函不能融资29、Function of factoring:(1)credit approval(信用审查)(2)credit protection(3)management of amounts receivable(4)Financing30、Procedure of factoring:Three stages:(1).Application for credit limit and credit approval(2).Transfe
21、rable of accounts receivable and financing(3).Collection and settlement31、Characteristics of forfeiting1、终局性融资便利2、改善现金流量3、节约管理费用4、提前办理退税:办理福费廷业务后客户可立即办理外汇核销及出口退税手续5、规避各类风险6、增加贸易机会7、实现价格转移:可以提前了解包买商的报价并将相应的成本转移到价格中去,从而规避融资成本。Advantages of factoring to exporters32、Procedure of forfeiting1、签定进出口合同与福费廷合
22、同,同时进口商申请银行担保;2、出口商发货,并将单据和汇票寄给进口商;3、进口商将自己承兑的汇票或开立的本票交给银行要求担保。银行同意担保后,担保函和承兑后的汇票或本 票由担保行寄给出口商;4、出口商将全套出口单据(物权凭证)交给包买商,并提供进出口合同、营业执照、近期财务报表等材料;5、收到开证行有效承兑后,包买商扣除利息及相关费用后贴现票据,无追索权地将款项支付给出口商;6、包买商将包买票据经过担保行同意向进口商提示付款;7、进口商付款给担保行,担保行扣除费用后把剩余货款交给包买商。33、Advantages and disadvantages of forfeiting优势:(1)解除资
23、产负债表的或有负债(2)出口商一开始就收到现金(3)通过部分国家或个人保险保障在保险范围的索赔期避免可能的损失和一些流动性问题(4)规避利率风险(5)规避汇率风险(6)无信用证管理和托收问题及相关风险和成本(7)促进贸易量增长劣势:(1)费用高,并且没有利率补贴。(2)很难找到一个机构愿意担保进口商的责任。34、basic functions of guarantees (1)Guarantees are used as secure mechanism for payment of the contract amount 银行保函是付款的安全机制。(2)A contractor uses a
24、 guarantee as default instrument that covers the risk of non-performance or defective performance by the contractor银行保函作为违约工具涵盖了不履约以及履约有缺陷的风险。35、Types of bank guarantee:(1)In terms of the relationship with the underlying transaction,guarantees can be classified into accessory guarantee and independe
25、nt guarantee.(2)In terms of methods of issuing the guarantee, a guarantee may be divided into direct guarantee and indirect guarantee.tender guarantee投标保函,performance guarantee履约保函repayment guarantee还款保函,leasing guarantee租赁保函 advance payment guarantee预付款保函 36、which is belong to payment guarantee 付款类
26、保函的支付前提是受益人是否履约。Payment Bond、Overdraft Guarantee ,loan guarantee Leasing guarantee,compensation trade,commission or any other charges37、 which is belong to credit guarantee信用类保函支付的前提是申请人的违约。Bid Bond/Tender Bond,Performance Bond,advance Payment Bond,quality guarantee,Retention bonds,maintenance.1、cor
27、respondentbank代理行是与另一家银行有着直接的或友好的服务关系的一家银行2、NestroandVostroaccount往来本国银行在外国银行开立的往来账户,在本国银行看来,称为“往账”.外国银行在本国银行开立的往来账户,在本国银行看来,称为“来账”,3、Holderinduecourse合法持有人,拥有完整的票据权利。具备条件:(1)他是善意的取得票据;(2)所持票据是完整而合格的;(3)在他成为持票人时票据没有过期;(4)如果票据曾遭退票,他不知悉。4、Holderforvalue付对价持票人:持有已经付过对价的票据持有人指本人未付对价,而是由其前手支付对价5、Dishonou
28、r拒付/退票。持票人提示汇票要求承兑时,遭到拒绝而不获承兑,或持票人提示汇票要求付款时,遭到拒绝而不获付款。6、Acceptanceforhonorsupraprotest参加承兑:当票据提示给付款人被拒绝承兑时,在持票人同意下,参加承兑人作为参加承兑行为,由他在票据上批注“参加承兑”字样和签名、日期。7、Paymentforhonorsupraprotest参加付款因拒绝付款而退票并已作成拒绝付款证书的情况下,非票据债务人可以参加支付汇票票款。参加付款者要出具书面声明,表示愿意参加付款,说明被参加付款人的名称,并由公证人证明8.PromissoryNote本票一个人向另一个人签发的,保证即期
29、或定期或在可以确定的将来的时间,对某人或其指定人或持票人支付一定金额的无条件书面承诺。9.Crossedchecks支票的划线实际上是出票人或持票人指示付款银行只能将资金入银行账户的指示。因此,划线支票不能在付款银行取现,必须由代收行向付款行提示付款。10、direct/indirectbill:(1)Directbill:Itisabillonwhichtheplaceofacceptanceisthesameoneastheplaceofpayment.(2)Indirectbill:Itisabillonwhichtheplaceofacceptanceisnotthesameoneas
30、theplaceofpayment.11、domestic/foreignbill:(1)Inlandbill/domesticbill:Itisabilldrawnandpayableinthesamecountry.(2)Foreignbill:Itisabilldrawnandpayableinanothercountry.12、T/T:电汇:电汇是汇款人将一定款项交存汇款银行,汇款银行通过电报或电传给目的地的分行或代理行(汇入行),指示汇入行向收款人支付一定金额的一种汇款方式。13、Paymentinadvance提前付款:在卖家发货前付款。比较普遍的是支付一定比例,即首付。先款一般出
31、现在金额小或者特别的交易中,买家承担延迟发货或无货的风险14、openaccount赊销是以信用为基础的销售,卖方与买方签订购货协议后,卖方让买方取走货物,而买方按照协议在规定日期付款或分期付款形式付清货款的过程。15.collection托收:出口人在货物装运后,开具以进口方为付款人的汇票,委托出口地银行通过它在进口地的分行或代理行代出口人收取货款一种结算方式。16.Thecaseofneed需要时代理人就是委托人指定的代表。他在汇票遭到拒绝承兑和/或拒绝付款时充当需要时的代理人。其权利应在托收委托书上有明确而充分的规定。17、Outwardcollection出口托收isacollecti
32、onbusinessinwhichabankactingasaremittingbanksendscollectionitemstoacollectingbanktogetpaymentsfromthedrawees.18、Inwardcollection进口代收isacollectionbusinessinwhichabankactingasacollectingbankpresentsthecollectionitemsreceivedfromaremittingbanktothedrawees,collectspaymentsfromthemandremitstheproceedstot
33、heremittingbank.19.Billpurchased托收出口押汇由托收行买入出口商开立的以进口商为付款人的汇票及随附的商业单据,从汇票金额中扣除利息及费用后,将净款付给出口商。20.Trustreceipt信托收据银行对进口商的融通允许进口商在付款前开立T/R交给代收行,凭以借出货运单据先行提货,以便出售,待售得货款后偿还代收行,换回信托收据。21、Responsibilitiesofpartiesinvolvedinadocumentarycredit通知行的权利和责任为:(1)有权决定是否接受开证行关于通知信用证或修改的委托;(2)告知义务;(3)有权收取通知费或因通知而产生的
34、其他费用保兑行(1)对不可撤销信用证加具保兑后,就成为第一付款人。(2)保兑行付款后只能向开证行索偿,如果开证行倒闭或无理拒付,无权向受益人或其他前手追索票款。(3)保兑行有权拒收有不符点的单据,但须向受益人声明这一态度。议付行贴现(1)有权向开证行、保兑行或付款行、偿付行索偿已向受益人垫付的款项。(2)议付是建立在开证行保证偿付的基础上的。(3)如果开证行倒闭或者拒付,议付行有权向受益人追索。(4)当发现单证不一致时,有权拒绝议付。付款行:终局型的,一旦付款,不能向受益人追索。只能向开证行索偿。承兑行、付款行所负的付款责任与开证行完全一致(第一性付款人)偿付行:偿付行不审查单据。可向议付行或
35、付款行追索货款。22、Confirmedcredit保兑信用证保兑行对符合条款的信用证保兑。只跟随不可撤销信用证。对出口商很大的保障。23、Silentconfirmation沉默保兑指的是虽然开证行并未授权指定银行对信用证进行保兑,但指定银行加具了它的保兑的情况。这种保兑代表了保兑行和受益人之间的协议,仅对受益人和保兑行有效。24、Sightcredit即期信用证指开证行或付款行收到符合信用证条款的跟单汇票或装运单据后,立即履行付款义务的信用证。25、Timecredit/Usancecredit远期信用证是指开证行或其指定付款行收到远期汇票或单据后,在规定的期限内进行承兑或保证付款的信用证
36、。26、Usanceletterofcreditpayableatsight假远期信用证:进口商开立的,要求指定银行对受益人即期承兑,计算贴现利息等费用向开证行向买方索偿,开证行在远期汇票到期后索偿。27、Transferredcredit可转让信用证是指受益人可以要求受委托付款、承担延期付款责任、承兑或者议付的银行,或在自由议付信用证的情况下,银行经特别授权作为转让行,将该信用证的全部或部分转让给一个或多个受益人。28、Acceptancecredit承兑信用证:开证行对于受益人开立以开证行自己为付款人或以其他银行为付款人的远期汇票,在审单无误后,应承担承兑汇票并于到期日付款责任的信用证。2
37、9、Deferredpaymentcredit延期信用证适用于进出口大型机电成套设备,为了加强竞争条件可采用延期付款、卖方中长期贷款或赊欠出口等措施。但期限较长,出口商不必提示汇票,开证银行也不承兑汇票,只是于到期日由银行付款。不需汇票,因此仅凭受益人交来单据,审核相符确定银行承担延期付款责任起,延长一段时间,及至到期日付款的信用证。30、Negotiationcredit议付行议付或购买受益人在信用证项下交来的汇票/单据,只要这些汇票、单据与信用证条款相符,就将被开证行正当付款,这种信用证即为议付信用证。31、Revolvingcredit循环信用证指信用证被全部或部分使用后,其金额又恢复到
38、原金额,可再次使用,直至达到规定的次数或规定的总金额为止。一种规定该信用证的使用方法是带有条款和条件,使其不需修改信用证,而能够更新或复活。32、Back-to-backdocumentarycredit背对背信用证指一个信用证的受益人以这个信用证为保证要求一家银行开立以该银行为开证行,以这个受益人为申请人的一份新的信用证。33、Reciprocalcredit对开信用证是以交易双方互为开证申请人和受益人、金额大致相等的信用证。34、Redclause/Anticipatorycredit红色条款允许出口商预支部分金额,在指定日期补交单据后,扣除预支款本息后,银行付清余额。用于预支信用证所列金
39、额的部分款项,预支部分金额条款用红颜色打印字体,以示明确、醒目。30、Definitionoffactoring国际保理指在以商业信用出口货物时,出口商交货后把应收账款的发票和装运单据转让给保理商,即可取得应收取的大部分贷款,日后一旦发生进口商不付或逾期付款,则由保理商承担付款责任,在保理业务中,保理商承担第一付款责任。31、Definitionofforfeiting福费廷指银行作为包买商从出口商那里无追索权地购买由银行承兑/承付或保付的远期汇票,而向出口商提供融资的业务。32、Counterguarantee(反担保)referstoanyguaranteeorotherpaymentun
40、dertakingoftheinstructingpartygiveninwritingforpaymentofmoneytotheguarantoronpresentationinconformitywiththetermsoftheundertakingofawritingdemandforpaymentandotherdocumentsspecifiedinthecounterguarantee.33、CounterGuarantor(反担保人)abankorafinancialinstitutionoranyotherbodyactingasaninstructingpartyissu
41、esacounterguaranteeactingontheinstructionofaprincipalinfavorofabankorafinancialinstitutionlocatedinthebeneficiaryscountry.Theinstructingpartyinstructsthebankorafinancialinstitutionlocatedinthebeneficiaryscountrytoissuealetterofguaranteeonbehalfoftheprincipalinfavorofaspecifiedpartynamedtherein.34、Ac
42、cessoryguarantee丛书保函isanaccessorycontractbywhichtheguarantorundertakestoanswerforthedebt,defaultormiscarriageofanotherpersonknownastheprincipaldebtor.35、Independentguarantee独立保函isaprincipalobligation,itisapromisetopayasumofmoneyagainstpresentationofthebeneficiarysdemandandstipulateddocumentation,ifa
43、ny.36、directguarantee直接保函istheclientauthorizesthebanktoissueaguaranteedirectlytothebeneficiary37、indirectguarantee就是申请人向担保行开立保函,担保行通知转递行,转递行将保函交受益人。比直接保函多了一个转递行。38、BidBond/TenderBond投标保函Bidbondisanundertakinggivenbyabankattherequestofatenderinfavorofapartyinvitingtendersabroad,wherebytheguarantorund
44、ertakestomakepaymenttothebeneficiarywithinthelimitofastatedsumofmoneyintheeventofdefaultbytheprincipalintheobligationsresultingfromthesubmissionoftender39、PerformanceBond履约保函isanundertakinggivenbyabanktoabuyeroranemployer,wherebytheguarantorundertakestomakepaymenttothebeneficiarywithinthelimitofasta
45、tedsumofmoneyintheeventofdefaultbythesupplierorthecontractorindueperformanceofthetermsofacontractbetweentheprincipalandthebeneficiary.40、AdvancePaymentBond预付款保函isissuedattherequestoftheexportertotheimporter(thebeneficiary)whentheadvancepaymentisrequiredbythelatter.Theguaranteeensurestherepaymentofth
46、eadvancebytheexporterintheeventofthenon-performanceofhiscontractualobligations.41、RepaymentGuarantee还款信用证undertakinggivenbyabankattherequestofasupplierofgoodsorservicesorothercontractortoabuyeroranemployerwherebythebankundertakestomakepaymenttothebeneficiarywithinthelimitofastatedsumofmoneyintheeventofdefaultbytheprincipletorepay,inaccordancewiththetermsandconditionsofacontractbetweentheprincipalandthebeneficiary,anysumorsumsadvancedorpaidbythebeneficiarytoth