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1、-定语从句（AttributiveClauses）一：定义 (AttributiveClauses)：在复合句中，由关系词（关系代词或关系副词）引导的，用作定语来修饰主句的某个名词或代词（先行词）或者整个句子的形容词性从句（定语从句），一般紧跟在它所修饰的先行词后面。定语从句三要素：先行词，关系词和从句1） 先行词：被定语从句修饰的词2） 关系词：引导定语从句，代替先行词在从句中充当成分的词3） 从句：既然为句，就有人称，时态，数的变化。二：关系词：关系代词和关系副词关系代词：who（指人），whom，whose，that，which，as；在从句中做主语，宾语，或定语，指人或物关系副词：wh
2、en（时间），where（地点），why（原因）；在从句中依次做时间，地点，原因状语，可以用介词（in，on，for，during等）+ which替换补充1：人称代词：指直接指代人或者事物的代词人称单复数主格宾格第一人称单数IMe复数WeUs第二人称单数YouYou复数YouYou第三人称单数He she itHim her it复数TheyThem补充2：物主代词：表示所有关系的代词叫做物主代词，也叫人称代词的所有格形容词性物主代词名词性物主代词中文意思第一人称单数Mymine我的第二人称单数Youryours你的；你们的第三人称单数（性别）His her itsHis hers its他
3、的；她的；它的第一人称复数ourours我们的第二人称复数youryours你们的第三人称复数theirtheirs他们的归纳表格（1） 关系代词指人指物主语宾语ThatYes（）yes（）yes（）yes（）Whoyes（）no（）yes（）yes（）Whomyes（）no（）no（）yes（）WhichNo（）yes（）yes（）yes（）归纳表格（2） 关系代词主语宾语定语指人Who thatWhom（优） that whoWhose（of whom）指物That whichThat whichWhose（of which）指人和物thatthatwhose归纳表格（3） 关系代词关系代
4、词指示（替代）对象句中（成分）作用限制性定语从句非限制性定语从句that人 物主 宾（）（）which物主 宾（）（）who人 主 宾（）（）whom人宾（）（）whose人 物定（）（）归纳表格（4） 关系副词关系副词先行词句中成分限制性定语从句非限制性定语从句when时间时间状语（）（）where地点地点状语（）（）why原因原因状语（）（）3：具体用法及实例关系代词1）Who：who在从句中主要作主语，在非正式语体里who还可以作从句中的宾语，但不能放在介词后（1）主语分解：The man is a teacher. The man is speaking in the classroo
5、m.合并：The man who is speaking in the classroom is a teacher（2）宾语分解：The man is my friend. You met the man in the street just now.合并：The man who（whom）you met in the street just now（可后置） is my friend.（3）概括He is the man who wants to see you.He is the man who I saw in the park yesterday.2）Whom：在从句中作宾语，可放在
6、介词后（1）宾语分解：The woman is a doctor. They want to visit the woman.合并： The woman whom they wanted to visit is a doctor.（2）概括He is the man （whom） I saw in the park yesterday.小结：Who whom 都可在定语从句中充当宾语成分，但whom作为宾语，较为正式；而who作为宾语使用时，常用语非正式语中；二者若同时出现而且充当相同成分，whom优先。3） Whose：用来指人或物，（只能用作定语， 若指物，相当于名词所有格，可以同of w
7、hich互换）。（1）定语分解：The teacher praised Lilei. His English is the best in our class.合并：The teacher praised Lilei, whose English is the best in our class. 分解：The house is mine. The window of the house is broken.合并：1）The house whose window is broken is mine. Whose = the houses（whose相当于先行词的所有格）2）The house
8、the window of which is broken is mine.3）The house of which the window is broken is mine.4) which：指物，在从句中作主语或宾语，可放介词后（1）主语分解：Basketball is a game. Basketball is liked by most boys合并：Basketball is a game which is liked by most boys.（2）宾语分解：We visited the farm yesterday. The Farm is located in the subu
9、rb of Beijing.合并：The Farm (which) we visited yesterday is located in the suburb of Beijing.（3）概括They needed a plant which didnt need as much water as rice.5）that：多用来指物，有时也可以用来指人；在从句中作主语或宾语；指物的时候多用that，也可用which。（1）常规用法：Its a question that (which) needs careful consideration.（指物，作主语。）Who is the man th
10、at is reading a magazine under the tree? （指人，作主语。）The girl (that) we saw yesterday is Toms sister. （指物，作宾语） （2）特殊用法：以下情况只能用that1. 先行词为all , everything, anything, nothing, little等不定代词时。eg: All (that) she lacked was training.2. 先行词被形容词最高级修饰时eg: This is the best film that I have ever seen.3. 先行词被序数词和th
11、e last修饰时eg: This is the first play that I have seen since I came here.4. 先行词中既有人又有物，人物并存时eg: They talked about the teachers and the schools that they had visited.5.先行词被 every some no all any little much 等修饰时eg: I have read all the books that you lend me.6.先行词被the only, the very, the same ,the last
12、修饰时eg: He is the only worker that was praised by the boss in the meeting yesterday.7.主句中已经有who 或者 which 时eg: Who is the student that is standing in the classroom.eg: Which is the machine that we used last Sunday.小结：关系代词That和which 在指物时，通常情况下，可以互换；某些情况（如上）只能用that；而某些情况（如下）不能用1:引导非限制性定语从句时2:在定语从句中，作介词的
13、宾语，而介词又置于其前时，不能用that；通常介词也会放到选项中，以增加难度；而在固定短语中，介词是不能提前的。eg: This is the boy with whom he talked.eg: This is the book on which she spent 10 dollars.eg: The man whom/who you spoke to is a scientist.eg: The man to whom/who you spoke is a scientist. （）eg: The city that/which he lives in is far away.eg:
14、The city in that/which he lives is far away. （）eg: Is this the book you are looking for?eg: The old man whom I am looking after is better.关系副词6）When：先行词是时间，在句中充当时间状语eg: I remember the day when I first met her.eg: The time when we got together finally came7）Where:先行词是地点，在剧中充当地点状语eg: China is the coun
15、try where I was born.eg: The housewhereIlivedtenyearsagohasbeenpulleddown.8）Why：先行词是reason，在句中充当原因状语eg: Can you tell me the reason why you lost the basketball game.eg: Idontknowthereasonwhyhelooksunhappytoday.小结：关系副词引导的从句可以由“介词+关系代词”引导的从句替换 (1) The reason why/ for which he refused the invitation is
16、not clear. (2) From the year when/in which he was going to school he began to know what he wanted when he grew up. (3) Great changes have taken place in the city in which/where I was born.小结：关系代词和关系副词关系代词在定语从句中做主语，宾语和定语；关系副词在定语从句中作状语。四：种类1） 限制性定语从句eg: Teachers who are kind are popular with the stude
17、nts.eg: The town where I live is beautiful.2） 非限制性定语从句eg: Mr Wang, who is kind, is popular with the students.eg: Linyi, where I live, is beautiful.eg: My dictionary, which I bought last year is very popular with students.eg: This novel, which I have read three times, is very interesting.3） 区别（1） 限制性
18、定语从句是先行词不可或缺的部分，如若去掉，主句意思往往不明确；而非限制性从句是先行词的附加说明，即便去掉，也不会影响主句的意思，与主句之间通常用逗号分开。（2） 当先行词是专有名词或被物主代词或指示代词所修饰时（皆有表强调之意味），其后定语从句通常是非限制性的。（3） 在限制性定语从句中，关系词可以省略（作宾语时）；而在非限制性从句中，关系词不可省略（4） 非限制性定语从句可将整个主句作为先行词，进行修饰，此时谓语动词要用第三人称单数；而限制性定语从句一般只能用来修饰先行词，其多为单词或词组。eg: China is a great country with splendid history,
19、 which is known to everyone. eg: As is known to everyone, China is a great country with splendid history.（5） As和which都可以引导非限制性定语从句，as一般放在句首或句中，位置灵活从句为被动时，常用as；which一般放在句尾，从句为主动时，常用which;（6） 固定搭配，如such, as, the same后只能用as；eg: This is the same pen as I lost.eg: This is the same pen that I lost.eg: Thi
20、s is such an interesting book as we all like.eg: This is so interesting a book as we all like.eg: This is such an interesting book as we all like it.eg: This is so interesting a book as we all like it.五：如何选用定语从句的关系词1） 判断是定语从句还是其他从句；2） 其次，如若是定语从句，分清限制性还是非限制性，找准主句和从句；3） 确定主句的先行词，是词（指人还是指物，关乎先行词的判断）还是句
21、（关乎限制性和非限制性的判断），进行关系词的初步选择；4） 把先行词带回定语从句，看其在定语从句中做什么语法成分（主语，宾语，定语，状语）进行关系词的再次判断：若先行词在从句中做主语，宾语或定语，则选择关系代词；若在从句中做状语，则选择关系副词；5） 如果先行词前有特殊修饰语或者固定搭配，以及特殊用法，则按部就班；6） 关系词如果在从句中担当主语，则根据先行词判断从句的谓语单复数（有时需要根据从句谓语单复数，进行先行词选择）；作宾语，则需注意先行词同从句谓语动词的搭配，是否需要相关介词。Englishisalanguagesharedbyseveraldiversecultures,_uses
22、itdifferently.A.allofwhichB.eachofwhichC.allofthemD.eachofthem六：定语从句的误区（易犯错误）1） 混淆定语从句与并列句以及强调句例：1. He has two children, and both of _ are abroad.A. them B. which C. whom D. who2. He has two children, both of _ are abroad.A. them B. which C. whom D. who3. He has two children, both of _ being abroad.
23、A. them B. which C. whom D. who1. He wrote a lot of novels, many of _ translated into foreign languages.A. it B. them C. which D. that2. He wrote a lot of novels, many of _ were translated into foreign languages.A. it B. them C. which D. that3. He wrote a lot of novels, and many of _ were translated
24、 into foreign languages.A. it B. them C. which D. that判断：4. He is such a good teacher as we all respect him.5. As is known to us all that China is a developing country.6）结合上下句语意Where did you find the professor who made the speech yesterday?It was in the hall _ the students often have a meeting.A. wh
25、ere B. which C. that D. when2）混淆关系代词与关系副词：先行词时表示时间地点原因的名词时，不一定就要用关系副词，此种情况请看下面：This is the factory where I want to work.This is the factory that I want to visit.The reason why he cant come is that he is ill.The reason that he put forth is very important.1. This is the room _I lived ten years ago.A.
26、that B. where C. who D. what2. This is the room _I lived in ten years ago.A. that B. where C. who D. what3. This is the room _I bought ten years ago.A. that B. where C. who D. what4. This is the room _I visited ten years ago.A. that B. where C. who D. what5. This is the room _I was born ten years ag
27、o.A. that B. where C. who D. what3）误认为逗号后一定是非限制性定语从句4）从句谓语动词单复数的误用,以及谓语动词所要搭配介词的误选七：特殊用法（固定法则）1） 在way、distance、direction等词后的定语从句中，常用that来代替“in(或其他介词)+which”、when或where，而that常可省略。例：That is not the way _I do it. A. / B. which C. for which D. with whichWhat surprised me was not what he said but_ he sai
28、d it. (04湖北) A. the way B. in the way that C. in the way D. the way which 2）at which point用于引导定语从句，其意为“就在这时”“就在那时”等，在许多情况下相当于and at that (this) moment。例：The boy is playing computer game, at which point his mother comes3） in which case主要用于引导非限制性定语从语，相当于and in that / this case，其意为“如果是那样/这样的话”。例：I may have to go into hospital take tutorial class, in which case I wont be going on holiday.-第 9 页-