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1、时期划分Early & Medieval literature 包括The Anglo-Saxon Period 与The Anglo-Norman PeriodRenaissance 文艺复兴Revolution & Restoration 资产阶级革命与王权复辟Enlightenment 启蒙运动Romantic Period 浪漫主义时期Critical Realism 批判现实主义20th Modernism 现代主义传统诗歌主题：nature, life, death, belief, time, youth, beauty, love, feelings of different
2、kinds, reason(wisdom), moral lesson, morality.修辞名称：meter格律, rhyme韵, sound assonance谐音, consonance与音, alliteration头韵, form of poetry诗歌形式, allusion典故, foot音步, iamb抑扬格, trochee扬抑格, anapest抑抑扬格, dactyl扬抑抑格, pentameter五音步文学体裁：诗歌poem,小说novel,戏剧novel起源：Christianity基督教Bible圣经myth神话The Romance of king Arthur
3、 and his knights亚瑟王与他的骑士（笔记）一、 1、The Anglo-Saxon period(496-1066)这个时期的文学作品分类：（pagan异教徒）（Christian基督徒）2、代表作：The song of Beowulf贝奥武甫(national epic)（民族史诗）采用了隐喻手法3、Alliteration押头韵（写作手法）例子：of man was the mildest and most beloved.To his kin the kindest, keenest for praise.二、 The Anglo-Norman period(1066-1
4、350)Canto 诗章 受到法国影响 English literature is also a combination of French and Saxon elements.1、 romance传奇文学 Arthurian romances亚瑟王传奇2、 代表作：Sir Gawain and the Green Knight(高文爵士与绿衣骑士)是一首押头韵的长诗 knighthood 骑士精神三、 Geoffrey Chaucer(1340-1400)杰弗里。乔叟 时期1、 the father of English poetry 英国文学之父2、 the heroic couplet
5、 英雄双韵体：a verse unit consisting of two rhymed(押韵)lines in limbic pentameter(五步抑扬格)AA BB CC DD EE3、 代表作masterpiece：The Canterbury Tales 坎特伯雷的故事（英国文学史的开端）大致内容：the pilgrims are people from various parts of England, representatives of various walks of life and social groups.朝圣者都是来自英国各地的人，代表着社会的各个不同阶层与社会团
6、体小说特点：each of the narrators tells his tale in a peculiar manner, thus revealing his own views and character这些叙述者以自己特色的方式讲述自己的故事，无形中表明了各自的观点，展示了各自的性格。小说观点：he believes in the right of man to earthly happiness. He is anxious to see man freed from superstitions(迷信)and a blind belief in fate(盲目地相信命运)他希望人
7、们能从对迷信与对命运的盲从中解脱出来。4、 Popular Ballads大众民谣：a story hold in 4-line stanzas with second and fourth line rhymed(笔记)Ballads are anonymous narrative songs that have been preserved by oral transmission(书上)歌谣是匿名叙事歌曲，一直保存着口头传播的方式。代表人物：Bishop Thomas Percy 托马斯。帕西主教代表作：Robin Hood and Allina-Dale 罗宾汉与阿林代尔四、 The
8、Renaissance(16世纪)文艺复兴时期（Greek and Roman）戏剧drama诗章cantoThe term Renaissance originally indicated a revival of classical(Greek and Roman)arts and sciences.文艺复兴最初是指经典艺术与科学在英国的复兴。The epoch of Renaissance witnessed a particular development of English drama文艺复兴时期的英国戏剧也得到了迅速的发展。1、 key word: humanism 人文主义：a
9、dmire human beauty and human achievement2、 代表人物1）、Thomas More 托马斯。莫尔 Utopia乌托邦2）、Francis Bacon 弗朗西斯。培根 第一个散文家（essayist） Of Studies 论读书3)、Thomas Wyatt 托马斯。怀亚特 引入十四行诗的第一人Sonnet (十四行诗):form of poetry intricately rhymed(间隔押韵)in 14 lines iambic pentameter4)、Edmund Spenser 埃德蒙。斯宾塞poets poet（诗人中的诗人）The Fai
10、ry Queen仙后(epic poem史诗)5）、Christopher Marlowe 克里斯托弗。马洛Blank verse（无韵体：不押韵的五步抑扬格）是十六世纪英国戏剧的主要表现形式。6）、William Shakespeare 威廉姆。莎士比亚 戏剧 drama四大悲剧：Hamlet (哈姆雷特),Othello(奥赛罗)，King Lear(李尔王)，The Tragedy of Macbeth(麦克白) Sonnet十四行诗AB AB CD CD EF EF GG五、 The period of Revolution and Restoration(17世纪)资产阶级革命与王权
11、复辟Prose 散文In 1649 Charles I was be headed.被送上断头台 England became a commonwealth under the leadership of Oliver Cromwell.克伦威尔 这时期French Influence是特色1、 文学特点the Puritans（清教徒）believed in simplicity of life、disapproved of the sonnets and the love poetry、breaking up of old ideas.清教徒崇尚简朴的生活、拒绝十四行诗与爱情诗、与旧思想脱
12、离。2、 代表人物：1）、John Donne 约翰。邓恩“metaphysical”poets(玄学派诗人)的代表人物Sonnet十四行诗 他的song: AB AB CC DDDDeath be not proud(笔记)作品特点：strike the reader in Donnes extraordinary frankness and penetrating realism.（坦诚的态度与现实描绘）novelty of subject matter and point (新颖的题材与视角)novelty of its form(新颖的形式)2）、John Milton约翰。弥尔顿 a
13、 great poet诗人（poem诗歌blank verse）Defense for the English People为英国人辩护Paradise Lost失乐园“Satan is not a villain”撒旦不是坏人 horrid crew 堕落天使The poem Paradise Lost, consisting of TWELVE books, is marked for its intricate and contradictory composition. It is based on the biblical legend of the imaginary progen
14、itors of the human raceAdam and Eve, and involves God and his eternal adversary, Satan in its plot. Paradise Regained复乐园3）、John Bunyan 约翰。拜扬a great prose writer“give us the only great allegory(寓言)”Pilgrims Progress 天路历程 prose 散文该书采用的写作手法“written in the old-fashioned(旧体形式)，medieval form of allegory(比
15、喻)and dream”六、 The Age of Enlightenment(18世纪)启蒙运动Whigs and Tories 辉格党（自由liberal）与托利党 （保守conservative）Addison, Steele, Defoe, Swift,most of the great writers of the age were, on occasion, the willing servants of the Whigs or Tories.prose 散文 sentimentalism 感伤文学 pre-romanticism早期浪漫主义 jack-of-all-trades
16、全能手 radical激进1、 Emphasized formality or correctness of style, to write prose like Addison, or verse like Pope.强调正确的格式与写作规范，像艾迪生一样创作散文，与蒲柏一样创作诗歌。The Enlightenment was an expression of struggle of the then progressive class of bourgeoisie against feudalism.启蒙运动世纪上是当时先进的资产阶级同落后的封建主义斗争的一种形式。The enlighte
17、ners repudiate the false religious doctrines about the viciousness of human nature, and prove that man is born kind and honest, and if he becomes depraved, it is only due to the influence of corrupted social environment.启蒙主义者颠覆了宗教所宣扬的人类本恶的观点；论证了人生诚实而友善，而腐化堕落则是后天腐败的社会环境所致。Contrary to all reasoning, s
18、ocial injustice still held strong, found the power of reason to be insufficient , and therefore appealed to sentiment as a means of achieving happiness and social justice.无论怎样讲究理性，社会不平等现象仍然普遍存在，理性的力量明显不足。因此呼吁把情感的诉求作为一种谋求幸福与社会公平的手段。2、18th century 文学的三个方面The reign of Classicism(古典主义的盛行)、revival of rom
19、antic poetry(浪漫主义的复兴)、beginning of the modern novel(现代主义的兴起)3、代表人物：1）、Denial Defoe 丹尼尔。笛福realistic novel现实主义小说 他爸叫FoeNovel: Robinson Crusoe鲁滨逊漂流记Jonathan Wild乔纳森。威尔德Moll Flanders摩尔。弗兰德斯2）、Henry Fielding亨利。菲尔丁father of modern fiction(现代小说之父)Joseph Andrews约瑟夫。安德鲁斯受到了理查森的帕美勒的启发作家之间的不同：Richardson-no hum
20、or, minces words, moralizes.不幽默，咬文嚼字，说教Fielding-direct, vigorous, hilarious, and coarse to the point of vulgarity, full of animal spirits, tells the story of a vagabond life语音直接、生动、欢快、粗糙，甚至有点俗，精神焕发，讲述流浪者的故事。The History of Tom Jones, a Foundling弃儿汤姆琼斯的故事the best novel of him . joiner接骨师3)、Jonathan Sw
21、ift乔纳森。斯威夫特 讽刺作家Gullivers Travels格列佛游记novel反讽 Lilliput小人国作品特点：no visible sign of anger, nor raising the voice; the tone is cold, restrained, ironic, varied only by some flashes of fooling when Swifts sense of the ridiculous gets the better of him.怒不动颜，骂不扬声，语调冷酷，锋芒暗藏，讽刺辛辣，仅在讽喻之情难以抑制时才偶露揶揄之态。A Modest
22、Proposal 一个温与的建议4）、Samuel Richardson塞缪尔。理查森Pamela帕美勒The method of psychological analysis心理分析的方法In the form of letters书信体小说5）、Richard B. Sheridan理查德。B。谢尔丹School of Scandal造谣学校，喜剧comedy6)、Oliver Goldsmiths奥利弗。戈尔德史密斯 散文作家essayistThe Vicar of Wakefield威克菲尔德的牧师，小说novelThe Deserted Village 荒村， 诗歌poems7）、J
23、oseph Addison艾迪生The Spectator and The Tatler are the first important recognitions by literature of the special interests of women readers.1. Sentimentalism感伤主义 no belief没有信仰The representatives of sentimentalism continued to struggle against feudalism but they vaguely sensed at the same time the cont
24、radictions of bourgeois progress that brought with it enslavement and ruin to the people.感伤主义的代表人物在继续反对封建主义的同时又模糊的感觉到资本主义进程中出现的种种矛盾，感觉到资本主义制度对人性的奴役与破坏。代表人物：Thomas Gray 托马斯。格雷 Elegy, Written in a Country Churchyard 墓园挽歌-the best known poem in the English language下册七、 the Romantic Period(1798-1832)浪漫主
25、义the time begins with the publication of Wordsworths Lyrical Ballads(1798), ending with Walter Scotts death(1832).散文prose1、 前浪漫主义代表人物：William Blake威廉。布莱克 诗人poet代表作The TigerRobert Burns罗伯特。彭斯苏格兰诗人poetPre-Romanticism was greatly influenced by the Industrial revolution and the French Revolution前浪漫主义极大地
26、影响了工业革命与法国大革命。2、 教育意义Educational: liberty, equality and fraternity自由，平等，博爱3、 开始的标志：beginning with the publication of William Wordsworths Lyrical Ballads从华兹华斯发表的“抒情歌谣”开始4、 lake poet 湖畔诗人：Coleridge Southey Wordsworth威廉。华兹华斯poet-laureate桂冠诗人I Wandered Lonely as a CloudThe Prelude 序曲 自传性诗歌Autobiographic
27、al poetryWith S.T Coleridge, they jointly published the “Lyrical Ballads”,与S. T. Coleridge一起联合发表了“抒情民谣”作品特点：simplicity and purity of the language, fighting against the conventional forms of the 18th century poetry简单而纯洁的语言，反传统形式的18世纪诗歌2）、Lord Byron 拜伦 革命党人Childe Harold Pilgrimage 查尔德。哈罗德游记cantos诗章成名作
28、：Don Juan唐璜poem 诗 satiric masterpiece 讽刺的杰作Hours of Idleness闲散时刻 poem诗the first volume of poem首卷诗3）、Percy Bysshe Shelley雪莱Prometheus Unbound解放的普罗米修斯 戏剧Ode to the West Wind西风颂poem诗西风颂的韵：ABA BCB CDC DED EETo A Sky-Lark致云雀4）、John Keats济慈 诗人The Eve of St. Agnes 圣啊格良斯之夜 poemOde to a Nightingale 致夜莺 poemB
29、eauty is truth, truth beauty. 美学原则5）、Walter Scott 沃特。斯科特Historical novel王朝小说Ivanhoe 艾凡赫He is the creator and a great master of the historical novel.他是创造者与历史小说大师6）、Jane Austen 简。奥斯丁 女Pride and Prejudice 傲慢与偏见Sense and Sensibility 理智与情感Emma 爱玛写作特点：the love-making of her young people, though serious an
30、d Sympathetic, is subdued by humor to the ordinary plane of emotion on which deals with unimportant middleclass people.她是中产阶级小说的发起人。7）、Charles Lamb 查尔斯。兰伯essayist 散文家6、十九世纪散文的特点：In the first of these two periods Addison and Steele socialized the essay, so to speak; they brought it into everyday life
31、 and made it familiar and delightful to the multitude.在这两个时期的开始，艾迪生与斯蒂尔的社会散文把散文带入日常生活， 并使其熟悉与令人愉快。 Early in the nineteenth century it became more definitely a means of intimate self-expression.在十九世纪前期，散文变得对自我的表达越来越肯定。八、Critical Realism批判现实主义，The Victorian Period 维多利亚时期Humanism人文主义Chartism宪章运动1、意义：Ch
32、artism signified the first great political movement of the proletariat in English history.在英国的历史中，宪章运动是伟大的无产阶级政治运动。2、代表人物：1）、Charles Dickens狄更斯Hard Times 艰难时刻 Pickwick Papers匹克威客外传Oliver Twist雾都孤儿A Tale of Two Cities双城记（描述了法国大革命French Revolution）Nicholas Nickleby , Master Humphreys Clock ,The Old Cu
33、riosity Shop,老古玩店 Barnaby Rudge, American Notes,美国笔记 A Christmas Carol,圣诞颂歌 David Copperfield,大卫。科波菲尔德 Household Words, Bleak House,荒凉山庄，Hard Times，艰难时刻Our Mutual Friend,我们共同的朋友特点：describing the misery and sufferings of common people描述苦难与苦难的群众2）、Charlotte Bronte 夏洛特。勃朗特女Shirley雪利 Jane Eye简爱Emily Bro
34、nte艾米丽。勃朗特 Wuthering Heights呼啸山庄（主人公：Mr. Heathcliff）特点：brought to the novel an introspection and an intense concentration on the inner life of emotion which before them had been the province of poetry alone.3)、Mr. GaskellMary Barton, North and South玛丽巴顿，北方与南方4）、William Makepeace Thackeray :Vanity Fa
35、ir名利场-this title was borrowed by Thackeray from The Pilgrims Progress by Bunyan. Thackeray draws a broad panorama of social life in his novel, ruthlessly criticizing money worship, cruelty and unscrupulousness.在他的小说中描述了广阔的社会生活，无情抨击了残酷与不择手段的拜金主义人物：Rebecca Sharp-a perfect embodiment of the spirit of V
36、anity Fair as her only aspiration in life is to gain wealth and position by and means.唯一的愿望：人生就是在名利场中，完美的获取财富与地位的手段。特点：novels mainly contain a satirical portrayal of the upper strata of society.小说是一个含有讽刺意味的上流社会写照。5）、George Eliot乔治。艾略特 女Adam Bede novel, The mill on the floss, Middlemarch. Her preoccu
37、pation was always with the serious consideration of the moral position of the individual in the universe, but her psychological insight into the development of character.她最认真考虑的是个人的道德立场，但是她的心洞察了个性的发展。特点：the significance of G. Eliots work lies in the portrayal of the pettiness and stagnancy of Englis
38、h provincial life.艾略特写作的意义在于琐碎的描绘与英国生活的停滞。3、桂冠诗人(poet-laureate):1)、Alfred，Lord Tennyson唐纳森Break, Break, Break破，破，破 Crossing the Bar过沙洲2)、Robert Browning My Last Duchess 已故的公爵夫人 Jealous嫉妒Stingy小气。Home-Thoughts, from Abroad异国情思贡献：dramatic monologues戏剧独白dramatic lyrics戏剧抒情诗dramatic romances戏剧传奇九、The tr
39、ansition from 19th to 20th century in English literature 19世纪到20世纪英国文学的过渡期1、Aestheticism唯美主义“art for arts sake”为艺术而艺术2、代表人物1）、Thomas Hardy 悲观主义者Pessimists ，Tess of the DUrbervilles 苔丝Jude the obscure裘德 novel特点：His career is thus divided sharply between his Victorian novels and his post-Victorian poe
40、try.他的生涯就是他的小说与他的后维多利亚诗歌之间的尖锐分歧。2）、Oscar Wilde“art for arts sake”为艺术而艺术The picture of 的画像3）、George Bernard Shaw 萧伯纳 剧作家（playwright）Mrs. Warrens profession华莱夫人的职业4）、D.H Lawrence 劳伦斯 Lady Chatterleys lover查泰来夫人的情人The Rainbow彩虹Sons and Lovers儿子与情人(恋母情结)3、“stream of consciousness” 意识流代表人物1）、Virginia Woolf 弗吉尼亚。沃尔夫 Mrs. Dalloway, A Room of ones OwnWoolf was much concerned with the position of woman.非常重视妇女的地位2）、James Joyce :Ulysses伊利斯His masterpiece Ulysses was banned in both Britain and America on its first appearance in 1922.第 17 页