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1、Four short words sum up what has lifted most successful individuals above the crowd: a little bit more.-author-date英美文学选读-自考笔记英美文学选读-自考笔记前言: 配合该笔记，看看选读的文章，有个大概的印象就行了。学会对文章进行分析是考查的最终目标。本人判断力不错，但记忆力不好,考前看了两遍，考了68分。如果能记下要点，应该会考得更好。这次考试的40小题选择题我做对了32题。最后,希望我整理的笔记能提高大家的学习效率,English literatureI Old Englis
2、h Literature -(4501066)two groups : religious -on biblical （聖經）themes - Secular（世俗的，現世的） - heroic age - - a protector of people ,fight against the nature.II Medieval period -(1066-14th Century)Fame :1066 Norman conquest - three changesfeudalism system established ( politically ) - Catholic Church （天
3、主教會） ( Religiously ) - French, Latin, English (co-existed language語言並存 )In comparison with old English literature: (1) wider range of subjects (2) themes concerned with the personal salvation (3) romance love (4) the language is simple and straight forward The epic （史詩的）reflects a heroic age ,the ro
4、mance reflects a chivalric ivlrik one 骑士Chaucer : 1 titles: the English Homer , the father of English poetry (from), 2 verse : first use heroic couplet , realistic picture of his time , vivid characters from all works of his life , the characters are both typical and individual, his ideas is to purs
5、ue earthly happiness, opposed asceticism 禁欲主义, advocate humanism, replace alliterative verse with rhymed stanzas (古英语的押头韵变成 中世纪的押尾韵) first use rhymed heroic couplet octosyllabic 八音节诗3.novel: the first modern novel.III Renaissance (14th17th)Fame : move from feudalist ideas to the interest of rising b
6、ourgeoisie. recover from corruption of the Roman Catholic Church to the purity of the earthly church .England : the reign of Henry VIII -Englands Golden Age in literature - Bibles in English instead of Latin readable for common people - literary giants : Shakespeare ,Spenser ,Jonson Sidney, Marlowe
7、,Bacon ,and DonneThe time of Tudos - change monasteries修道院 into schools and universities - the English Renaissance flourishing -first introduced printing into England and translated books in English(by William Caxton)Traits of humanistic poetry : meter, rhyme, scheme, imagery and argument should be
8、combined to frame the emotional theme. Poetry was to be a concentrated exercise of the mind , if craftsmanship and of learning. The most famous dramatists : Shakesperar , Ben Jonson, and Marlowe Writers : Wyatt (introduced the Petrarchan sonnet into England)Surrey (brought in blank verse)Sidney (bro
9、ught in sestina and terza rima)Marlowe(brought mighty lines to the blank verse )Spenser( pastoral convention )John Donne, George Herbert ( metaphysical poets)Francis Bacon (the first important English essayist, the founder of modern science in England)I Edmund SpensorFame: Spenserian Stanza，the poet
10、s poet(他的诗节被称为“斯宾塞诗节”，他被称为“诗人中之诗人”) 选读 (Poem)contains 12 books, speaks of 12 virtues of the private gentleman, each of which tells a knight. Arthurthe heros of heros-plays a role in each of the 12 major adventures, serve as a unifying element. The theme is Fierce Wares and faithful loves.The knight
11、here symbolized the Church (Anglican) , is the protector of Una (the Virgin) .Una stands for the true religion. Qualities of Spensors poetry: 1. a perfect melody (music sense) 2.a rare sense of beauty 3. a splendid imagination 4.a lofty moral purity and seriousness. 5.a dedicated idealismII. Christo
12、pher MarloweFame: be regarded as University Wits. Perfected the blank verse, brought strong emotion into the blank verse. He created the Renaissance hero for English drama. Such a hero is always individualistic and full of ambition. (but his verse is not strong in dramatic construction and women s c
13、haracters are rather pale)Plays: (the name of an ambitious ancient emperor. He rose from a shepherd to an overpowering king through his own effort. By depicting such a great king, Marlow voiced the desire of the man of the Renaissance for infinite power and authority. ) 选读 (Faustus is longing for(渴望
14、) knowledge and finally sells his souls to the evil. It celebrates the human passion for knowledge ,power and happiness) Poetry: (It deprives from the pastoral tradition , in which the shepherd enjoys an ideal country life, cherishing a pure affection for his love.)III. William Shakespeare (15641616
15、)Background: from merchants family .父亲是个当地镇里的多面手，有点名气。他的戏剧分早期、中期，中晚期和晚期。（I，II，III，IV）.他的作品很多，影响很大。T: I Five history plays and four comedies. 历史剧 Henry VI, Parts I,II ( It reveals a troubled reign in the 15th century, Shakespeares mounted over the loss of English territories in France. He condemns th
16、e War of the Roses , in which innocent people were killed) II Five history plays ,six comedies and two tragedies喜剧：（an optimistic attitude toward love and youth, praise the friendship between Antonio and Bassanio, to idealize Portia as a heroine., and Shylock as an evil figure ） )悲剧： (eulogizes the
17、faithfulness of love and spirit of pursuing happiness ,though a tragedy, is permeated with optimistic spirit) , III His greatest four tragedies (each of the characterss fates is closely connected with the fate of the whole nation. Each of them has his weakness of nature. ) 选读（the first of the greate
18、st tragedies, most popular play on the stage. It has the qualities of a blood and thunderthriller and a philosophical exploration of life and death. Hamlet is a melancholic 优柔寡断prince,who is too sophisticated to degrade （貶低）his nature to the conventional role of revenger. Shakespeares condemns the h
19、ypocrisy and treachery and general corruption at the royal court） (the old King Lear suffers form treachery背叛and infidelity不忠)(Othellos inner weakness is made use of by the outside evil force)(Macbeth s lust for power stirs up his ambition and leads him to endless crimes.) two dark comedies ()IV Rom
20、antic tragicomedies: (the best of his final romances,it is a typical example of Shakespeare s pessimistic（悲觀主義） view toward human life and society in his late years. He wishes to solve the conflict by dreams and supernatural power)., , Two final plays: Henry VIII , The Two Noble Kinsmen.Poems long n
21、arrative 敘事poems : , . Sequence of 154 sonnets: 选读 (Shakes has a faith in the permanence持久 of poetry. A nice summers day is usually transient, but the beauty in poetry in poetry can last for ever.艺术的美常存)艺术特征人物塑造1 He employs soliloquies独白 in his plays to fully reveal the inner conflict of his charact
22、ers.2. He portrays his characters in pairs(可能指情侣) .3. His characters are individuals representing certain 某一types.情节结构1 He adopted plots from some old plays or storybooks2 In order to make the play more lively , he would shorten the time and intensify the story.3 There are usually several threads ru
23、nning through the play (,thus providing the story with suspense懸念 and apprehension理解；恐懼；憂慮)语言风格1. irony 諷刺 2. Disguise 假裝 3. vocabulary ( He has an amazing wealth of vocabulary and idiom, his coinage of new words and distortion of the meaning of the old ones also create striking effects on the reade
24、r.)Conscience (顾虑) does makes cowards of us all. (心有顾虑使人畏手畏脚，优柔寡断-Hamlet)IV. Francis Bacon (1561-1626)Fame: A prose, lays the foundation for modern science.His works can be divided into three groups1. is a great tract短论on education. He separates theology from scientific observations and experiments.
25、 Mans understanding consisted of three parts:history to mans memory; poetry to mans imagination and creation ; philosophy to mans reason. 2. 论说文 is a successful treatise論文，專著 (written in Latin) on methodology（方法論） ,the use of inductive 归纳法in scientific research in place of the deductive reasoning 演绎
26、法3 选读-more than half of the fifty-eight essays are about public life or public duty /Bacon s essays are famous for their brevity简洁, compactness紧凑 and powerfulness /The sentences are charged 充满感情的 and crowded with symmetries對稱，整齊. “The general counsels, the plots and marshaling排列 of affairs ,come bes
27、t from those that are learned” - 通盘考虑及事务的安排，做得最好的是那些博学的人。V John Donne (15721631) Life: “Metaphysical school”, Herbert, Vaughan ,Crashaw, Marvell and Cowley are also considered to be metaphysical poets. 商人之家，想当牧师，牛津剑桥大学肆业生，十年地下婚姻使他穷困潦倒，但是他对妻子很忠诚。天主教改信英国国教，当牧师尽职尽力，洞察力深邃。早期写爱情诗，晚期写宗教诗。他认为爱的本质是身体和灵魂的结合。
28、Works: 选读Love poems (1. Donne applies conceits幻想，狂妄 ,he combines easy conceits with the difficult ones 2. Donnets interest lies in dramatizing戲劇化 and illustrating闡明 the state of being in love. 3. His language is brief ,simple . The argument is continuous throughout the poem. )Religious poems: Sermon
29、s (散文形式的传道书)选读 is from 表达诗人无畏死亡的气概。VI John MiltonLife:商人后代，剑桥大学，有过旅欧经历，喜欢史诗，后来眼睛瞎了。 the greatest prose writer of his age.Fame: is the greatest epic in English literature since Works: 早期诗歌： elegies輓歌 , for his best friend Edward King,who died of drown淹死.The poem begins with grief 悲痛憂傷and a feeling of
30、 immaturity. The emotion moves from sadness to acceptance in the end.中期散文： plea for 懇求請求freedom of press -smooth and carms 晚期史诗：选读 a long epic divided into 12 books. The story is taken from the Bible. Satan and other angels rebel against反抗 God. Satan succeeds in seduce引誘，誘姦 Eve to eat the apple form
31、 the tree of knowledge. As a result , Adam and Eve are exiled 放逐by God from the paradise. In the fall of man, Adam discovered his full humanity. shows how mankind withstands抵擋，反抗 the temper诱惑,Christs temptation in the wilderness is the theme.力士參孫 The picture of Israels mighty champion英雄, blind ,alon
32、e, afflicted折磨 by cruel enemies but preserving a noble ideal to the end. is a fitting close to the life work of the poet himself, The whole poem strongly suggests Miltons himself could bring destruction down upon the enemy at the cost of his own life. The drama is the most perfect example of the ver
33、se drama after the Greek style in English.Chapter Two The Neoclassical PeriodTime: It starts from the return of the Stuarts to the English throne君主王權 in 1660 to the publication of Lyrical Ballads 抒情詩集by Wordsworth and Coleridge in 1798.Traits: Age of Reason, or Age of Enlightenment. Thoughts: 1. The
34、y believe in hard work, self-reliance, and self-restraint. To work, to economize 节俭and to accumulate wealth constituted the whole meaning of their life. 2. They called for order ,reason ,and rules, which can save people from superstition迷信, injustice and oppression鎮壓，壓抑. They believe that if the mas
35、ses were well educated, they may be capable of perfection, the equal human society may come into being.Literature ideas: 1. The literature is heavily didactic 教导 and moralizing说教的.2.They believe that the artistic ideals should be order, logic ,restrained emotion and accuracy精確度. And that literature
36、should be judged in terms of its service to humanity. 3.Prose should be precise, direct ,smooth and flexible. by Jonathan Swift is regarded as the best model of satire諷刺文學 in the whole English literary history. 4. Poetry should be lyrical , epical ,didactic, satiric or dramatic. 5.Drama should be wr
37、itten in Heroic Couplets .The three unities of time, space and action should be strictly observed. Regularity in construction should be adhered to .and type characters rather than individuals ,should be represented. Schools of literature: 1.the modern English realistic novel gives a realistic presen
38、tation of life of the common English people. Among the pioneer were Daniel Defoe, Samuel Richardson, Herry Fielding. Laurence Sterne, Tobias George Smollett, and Oliver Goldsmith. 2.Gothic novels takes places in some haunted or dilapidated Middle Age castles. .Such stories often contains mystery and
39、 horror. 3. Graveyard School : lamenting悲傷；惋惜 lyrics. 4 Neoclassicism: In the field of literature , the Englightenment movement brought about a revival of interest in the old classical works. This tendency is known as neoclassicism. I. John BunyanLife: 出身贫穷锡匠家庭，没有接受正规教育，继承父业。结婚后，笃信基督教，因没有得到英国国教的批准擅自
40、到处传教，而被监禁12年，而后，又因同样原因，被监禁3年，其间写出他的代表作朝圣之旅 ，班扬对虚伪的堕落的富人充满愤怒。他相信通过灵与肉的搏斗，人能得到得救。Works : Excepts: Ideas: The pilgrims progress is the most successful religious allegory寓言 in the English language . Its purpose is to urge people to abide Christian doctrines seek salvation through constant struggle with
41、their own weekness. And all kinds of social evils .The predominant metaphor -life as a journey -is simple and familiar. His language is concrete and lively. He observed carefully and presents the details vividly . It s east to read II. Alexander Pope.Life: Well-to-do merchant family of Roman Catholi
42、c faith .Ill health ,like making friends , like to satire all sorts of false learning of his times.Fame: Pope was one of the first to introduce rationalism to England, he was the greatest poet of his time.Works: 选读A poet It is a didactic poem written in heroic couplets , It consists of 744 lines and
43、 is divided into three parts .The whole poem is written in a plain style, hardly containing any imagery or eloquence and therefore make easy reading. A mock epic讽刺史诗 tells a lord cut a lock of hair from the head of a young lady, thus breaking up the friendship between the two family. His best satiric poem is . He developed a satiric concise, smooth-graceful, and well-balanced style. (Translated by pope. )III. Daniel DefoeLi