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1、化繁为简破解英语长难句一 长难句基本句型特征考研英语长难句的是如何构成的？命题人员在英语原文基础上进行改造时，主要从结构上通过四种方式来使句子更加复杂：1、复合从句 2、成分省略 3、使用插入成分 4、改变句序这四种方式往往相互结合，形成错综复杂的句子，即混合型句子。目的是提高难度，增强干扰，打断和打乱考生的思维，从而达到检验考生阅读能力和的目标。下面分别对这四种方式进行解析。我们要时刻牢记的一点是，考试中的长难句绝大多数为主谓宾或主系表结构，其它成分都是围绕这三个主要成分其中之一。这就是所有长难句的核心和本质。必须牢记。最常见的是围绕主语和宾语（表语）我们要根据这些次要成分的位置和字面意义来
2、推测它们和主干意群的逻辑关系。在切分意群时，意群的大小根据自己实际理解能力来分解。标准就是看一眼就能理解的信息（短语或者句子）。经过训练后，我们看一眼就能把握的意群会越来越多，从而完成从菜鸟到“大虾”的转变。请看下面例句：The fact that these people live near famous caves, which contain vivid paintings from Europes early humans, leads him to the conclusion that they are extremely likely to be the most direct
3、relatives of the first modern humans in Europe, who supposedly migrated from Africa. (46 words)我们需要做的就是把句子意群切开，化繁为简，分而治之。目前大多数同学会看到后面的信息就忘掉前面的信息，一句话反复读，但总理不清头绪，浪费大量时间。通过训练，我们将学会如何快速解开错综复杂的意群，避免信息杂乱无章，清晰地把握句子的含义。在这里强调，在初级阶段一定要动手做标记，不迈出这一步，我们会永远停留在看到长难句就头脑混乱直到短路的阶段。整个处理过程是从点到线再到面的，也就是要求我们必须按照信息的复杂程度来处
4、理。即单词意群句子。万万不能尝试一下子理解或者翻译全句。再次强调一下，理解句子不同于做翻译题。一、复合从句在考研中，复合从句中的从句最常见的是定语从句。此类句子就像一棵信息树，树上生枝，枝上生杈，杈上生叶。必须找出树的主干从哪里分出枝，枝上哪里分杈，依此类推。只要抓住句子的各个连接点，就能理出句子层次，才能完全把握整个句子。 遇到长难句时，需要根据题型来决定处理的深度。如果是阅读理解通读文章时，抓大放小，抓主放次。即抓住主谓宾或主系表。如果是阅读理解问题相关句，需要快速罗列理顺主次意群，如果是翻译，则需要进一步处理意群的顺序，润色汉语的选词。 如果从句长，可以借助汉语的代词来加快理解过程。尤其
5、是连续出现的从句里套从句，可以反复利用这些汉语代词做节点，这样就能很快理清思路。后面会有详细讲解。二、成分省略句子成分省略是为了避免重复。考研中一般难度大的省略不是主语和谓语的语法省略，而是为了某种具体表达目的省略。在这里列出一些出现频率高的类型。要求我们必须根据上下文判断并补充省略的成分，否则理解句子时可能漏掉重要信息。例1：It is quite uneasy not to be able to see or to establish contact with the others, even though we have learnt to talk with people we can
6、 not see, as on the telephone. 意群直译：很不自在，看不见也无法直接联系对方，即使我们已学会跟看不见的人交谈，就好像打电话一样。例2：In their hearts, women think it is mens business to earn money and theirs to spend itif possible during their husbands life, but, at any rate, after his death.意群直译：女人们从心底认为：挣钱是男人的事情，她们只管花钱如果可能，在丈夫活着的时候花；但，（实在不行的话），那就在丈
7、夫去世后再花。三、使用插入成分插入语和同位语都是常见的插入成分，一般为主谓结构、介宾结构、或名词短语。插入成分使句子主要成分（主谓宾或主系表）直接的联系被切断，（如真题中频繁在主谓之间插入干扰成分）。因而句子的信息连贯性遭到破坏，干扰了考生获取信息的思路，从而使考生无法顺利理解句子。插入成分为主谓结构的时候，一般都是“sb say/reason/suggest”这种格式，（阅读理解文章不必理会，做翻译时需要前置到句首）。插入成分是介宾结构可以同样处理。定语从句和分词做定语时，如果出现在主谓之间也可以看作是插入语。插入成分时同位语时，阅读理解不需细读，考研阅读不会考查这些成分的信息。牢记一切从简
8、的原则。翻译句子中出现才需要考虑。1、第一种情况：插入成分做主语的同位语。这经常是一些人物的身份或姓名，非限制性定语从句，但从逻辑上都是为了主语（或其它名词性句子成分）服务的。经常出现这样的句子：注意下划线的部分。例1：Frank Smith, Professor of the Economics Department, Faculty of Arts and Humanities, Nowhere University, discovered that例2：Nancy Dubler, director of Montefiore Medical Center, contends that t
9、he principle will shield doctors who例3：Almost immediately word flashed on the Internet and was picked up, half a world away, by John Hofsess, executive director of the Right to Die Society of Canada. 2、第二种情况：插入成分做主语的定语Those people，unaware of what is happening in society today, may be surprised to le
10、arn that few academic philosophers study death, happiness and so on.意群直译：（那些人）不知道当今社会正在发生的事，（可能会吃惊）。3、第三种情况：插入成分做其它名词同位语Most experts see in this a paradox - an endless conflict between the desire to conform and the desire to remain apart.意群直译：不断的冲突，在从众的欲望和试图保持独立的欲望之间。四、改变语序考研长难句改变语序，通常是倒装形式，分为语法倒装和修
11、辞倒装。考研难点多为修辞倒装。修辞倒装主要是为了加强语气。以往的长难句常以某些连词或副词（如nor，so，only，never，until等）引导倒装。例1：Only after studies provided evidence of the harmful effects of this program, has it been possible to modify TV programming policies.意群直译：只有当研究提供证据，证据是这个节目有不良影响，电视节目的播放政策才可能有所改变。例2：And never before has it been so undeniabl
12、e that mutually beneficial international institutions of cooperation are a vital global necessity.意群直译：过去从来没有这么不容置疑，各国互利的国际合作机构是全球必需品。二 长难句复杂成分解析在考试中，任何一个句子成分都有可能挂上各种形式的意群结构，（谓语部分外挂比较少）如短语（尤其是介词短语和分词短语）和句子，干扰视线，增加难度。为方便归类，我们按照各个句子成分所能出现的复杂情况逐一举例说明。刚刚讲过的四类增加句子难度的方式都将在其中体现，并指出破解的简单技巧。切记切记！为了快速准确理解句子，在
13、快速分拆过程中，我们需要对句子进行直译，但务必记住，直译基本就是逐字逐句译，所见所想所得，不要浪费时间在咬文嚼字上！一、复杂主语常见的是复杂主语成分会以短语、从句等形式出现。注意主谓之间经常出现的干扰成分（如同位语）在逻辑上仍属于主语部分。（一）、短语类复杂主语1、介词短语例1：Numerous other commercial enterprises, from theaters to magazine publishers, from gas and electric utilities to milk processors, bring better and 主语识别：介宾短语from
14、theaters to magazine publishers, from gas and electric utilities to milk processors，对主语Numerous other commercial enterprises作进一步说明。主语直译：许多其他商业企业，从剧院到杂志出版（商）社、从燃气电器公司到牛奶加工厂，（带来更好的） 例2：Our hope for creative living in this world that we have inherited from our ancestors lies in our ability to re-establ
15、ish the moral ends of our lives.主语识别：快速略读，寻找独立的谓语动词。此处为lies.主语直译：我们的希望，创造性地生活在这个世界这个世界是我们从祖先那里继承来的，（存在于）2：分词短语例句：Even being good at getting other people to fight for you and telling them how to do it most efficientlythis, after all, is 主语识别：在这个句子里面，分词位于句子开头，往往可以作主语和状语，需要迅速判断这个句子发现第一个独立的动词，之前的所有分词短语点
16、明了this指代的内容。主语直译：即使善于让别人去为你打仗，并告诉他们怎样做最有效这（是）3：不定式短语例句：The ability to solve any problem or even to recognize that a problem exists depends on our memory.主语识别：方法同介词短语例2，寻找“落单的”动词。此处为depends.主语直译：能力，来解决任何问题，甚至识别一个问题的存在，（取决于记忆）。（二）从句类复杂主语这些复杂主语有同位语或非限制性定语从句来修饰。例1：主语从句That most Americans genuinely belie
17、ve that their economic system is the best that human wisdom has so far devised and that their political system is a “democracy” in which the interests of the people are paramount, is an indication of.主语和其繁琐，但语序并不复杂，在理解的时候直接顺着拆开意群即可。主语拆分：That most Americans genuinely believe that their economic syste
18、m is the best that human wisdom has so far devised and that their political system is a “democracy” in which the interests of the people are paramount意群直译：大多数美国人真正地相信他们的经济制度是人类智慧至今设计的最好的制度并且， 他们的政治制度是“民主制度”，在这个制度里，人民至高无上（高于一切）。例2：同位语从句The fact that these people live near famous caves which contain v
19、ivid paintings from Europes early humans, leads him to the conclusion我们会发现主语部分一直延伸到early humans，主句的主干是The factleads him to the conclusion1、主干意群理顺（直译）：事实引导他得出结论2、次要意群理顺过程：1）、主语的同位语从句解析：these people live near famous caveswhich contain vivid paintings from Europes early humans 2）、意群理顺直译： 这些人住的离著名的岩洞很近
20、这些岩洞有欧洲早期人类的生动图画。此处的一群信息可以加工成偷梁换柱的干扰选项。比如：European humans lived near the famous caves with vivid paintings.请指出该句谬误之处。例3：非限制性定语从句The king, whose power is unlimited, and whose treasures surmount all real and imaginary wants, is compelled to ease, 1、主干辨析：这个句子出现对谓语部分的干扰，需要迅速排除。主语The king容易确定，迅速寻找它的谓语部分，
21、发现独立的谓语is与其保持一致。而谓语部分并不完整，又一次受到干扰，因为ease是和物动词，必须有宾语。该句主干为：The king is compelled to ease【小提示】：如何快速确定主谓？对于这种干扰主谓的成分，一个最简单的方法就是，如果主句主语后面出现逗号，立刻去寻找第二个逗号，看后面有没有在人称和数与主语保持一致的动词出现，直到找到为止。注意不要仔细读两个逗号之间的信息。现在可以确定，原文的主句大意就是“国王被迫”。下一步分解主语部分，就要看是什么样的国王。 2、主语意群分析：The king,whose power is unlimited,and whose treas
22、ures surmount all real and imaginary wants,3、汉语意群理顺：再次提醒（只为理解，不需精确翻译）国王国王的权力无限，国王的财富超乎所有真实和想象的需要实际练习时，我们不需要这样画图，可以使用“口算”+笔记的方式快速解开意群。借助的工具就是一些汉语代词，（比如说，这，这个，这些，的）。二、复杂宾语纯粹短语复杂宾语难度较低，此处略去，重点讲从句复杂宾语和短语从句混和类。例1：How well the prediction will be validated by later performance depends upon the amount, reli
23、ability, and appropriateness of the information and on the skill with which it is interpreted.宾语意群理顺：(upon) the amount, reliability, and appropriateness of the informationand on the skill with which it is interpreted.宾语意群直译：这取决于所采用信息的数量、可靠性和适宜性也取决于技能用来解释信息的技能例2：Many experts suggest that the children
24、 who are raised in an environment where there are many stimuli which develop their capacity for appropriate responses will experience greater intellectual development. 1、主干识别：主句非常容易辨认，无任何干扰：Many experts suggest that（很多专家认为）。这个是主谓宾结构。充当宾语的是一个从句，这个宾语从句又有三个定语从句环环相扣，构成从句连环套。必须抓住宾语从句的主干才能确定全句的大意。2、宾语从句意群
25、理顺：注意英语信息的连贯性是如何通过形式（先行词和关系代词、关系副词的意义是一致的）来体现的。在自己练习时，用下划线标出有难度的意群的主干（注意，不要全部句子都划，否则更乱）。Many behaviorists suggest that the childrenwho are raised in an environment where there are many stimuli which develop their capacity for appropriate responseswill experience greater intellectual development.3、意群
26、直译：许多专家认为： 儿童 在一个环境里长大，环境里有许多刺激物，这些刺激物能够开发其相应反应能力，(这些儿童)将会经历更大的智力发展。从简单直译的汉语来看，三个定语从句与宾语从句的主句构成逻辑上的条件关系。准确理解里面各个意群对于解阅读理解至关重要。比如说，这个句子可以这样命题：阅读理解模拟问题：判断下面说法的真伪，并说明原因。According to many behaviorists, children will develop intellectually better if_.A. the environment they work in can develop their ment
27、al capacity.B. the environment where they are raised can give them stimuli for appropriate responsesC. they are fed better and live betterD. they grow up in an environment where they can develop their capacity for proper responses for certain stimuli这一步对于阅读理解非常重要，考试中经常会在长难句里出考点，命题专家会利用这些句子的一些主要或次要意群
28、来制造干扰选项。对这些意群准确理解就能保证不上当，这是提高得分率的基础。同学们务必现在就开始培养良好的习惯，后面有大量此类练习。该题解题技巧小提示：理顺意群关系进行直译时，我们可以借助辅助词（类似于几何中的辅助线）通常为汉语的代词“这”、“这个”或“这些”。这样有助于快速理解原文。从这个例句，我们进一步了解到，长难句分析，要求我们理解句子主干和其它所有意群，并且必须准确理顺意群之间的逻辑关系。这对阅读和翻译解题起直接支持作用。三、复杂表语例1：The trouble is that part of the recent acceleration is due to the usual rebo
29、und that occurs at this point in a business cycle, and so is not conclusive evidence of a revival in the underlying trend. (表语为并列从句形式)句子主干：The trouble is that and so is not主干直译：问题在于，因此不是表语意群理顺：that part of the recent acceleration is due to the usual rebound that occurs at this point in a business cy
30、cle, and so is not conclusive evidence of a revival in the underlying trend.表语意群直译：(问题在于)近来快速增长部分是由于通常的反弹反弹是商业周期到了这一点就会发生的因此不是经济复苏潜在趋势的结论性证据。考研中的长难句，无论是主语、宾语还是表语，其复杂性主要来自于名词性从句。例2：To us, a winner is one who responds authentically by being trustworthy, responsive, and genuine, both as an individual a
31、nd as a member of a society.表语意群理顺：one who responds authentically by being trustworthy, responsive, and genuine,both as an individual and as a member of a society.表语意群直译：一个反应真实的人通过可靠，灵敏，真诚不管作为个人，还是作为社会成员四、复杂状语这里不考虑状语从句，因其结构独立，容易分辨，难度较小。主要是围绕介词短语充当实现不同目的的状语，（原因，时间，地点，伴随，目的，等等）例1：介词时间状语Observations ha
32、ve been made of the children at the beginning and the end of the preschool and the first grade. （该句简单，解析略）例2：介词实现其它功能状语For a family of four, for example, it is more convenient as well as cheaper to sit comfortably at home, with almost unlimited entertainment available, than to go out in search of am
33、usement elsewhere. （上下文提示：这是一个关于电视的文章。）状语枝繁叶茂。全句意群展开：再次强调，一眼能看透的意群可以合并理解 For a family of four, for example, it is more convenient as well as cheaper to sit comfortably at home, with almost unlimited entertainment available,than to go out in search of amusement elsewhere.解题提示：根据搭配快速确立关键意群It is more A
34、 to do B than to do C做A比做C更B。信息分别代入即可。意群直译：再次提示：直译！不要太拘泥于汉语表达，只求意会！比如说，对于一个四口之家舒舒服服坐在家里更方便，也更便宜有几乎无限多的娱乐比出去寻找娱乐 在这里，我们可以看到for example, for a family of four, with unlimited entertainment available，和in search of amusement elsewhere这四个介词短语在句子分别实现的功能为：范围，举例，伴随，目的。例3：Science moves forward, they say, not
35、so much through the insights of great men of genius as because of more ordinary things like improved techniques and tools.该句主谓一眼就能确定，状语部分比较复杂。解题技巧小提示：注意搭配的连贯。看到so立刻联想 as(比较句)或者that（结果句）, 看到more立刻联想并寻找than,看到as 立刻寻找另外一个as。这需要大家把常见搭配记熟，培养良好的敏感性。注意：not so much A as B是强调后者，相同的有less A than B。而More A than
36、 B是强调前者。这里A和B不局限于形容词和副词。考研英语中这种比较结构很多情况下不一定直译成“比”。这里需要理解成与其说A，不如说B等汉语结构。此处状语部分not so much就是一个比较结构的一部分，立刻找固定搭配的as。可以判断，比较的内容是Through表方式状语和because of的原因状语。状语意群理顺：not so much through the insights of great men of genius as because of more ordinary things like improved techniques and tools.状语意群直译：与其说通过天才
37、伟人的洞察力，不如说原因是更为普通的东西，像改进技术和工具等。三 完整长难句综合解析该部分可算作纸上练兵，也可以看作是一个熟能生巧转变阶段。使用完整长难句来提高综合解析的技巧，完成从信息处理的简单到复杂的过渡。这一部分，经过有意识的练习，我们要达到一种境界-扫描完句子就能立刻理解最复杂部分的意思。训练过程中，关键是思路的逐步养成，做题的方法是首要的，做题的数量是其次的。这部分将涉和到考研英语中最常见的复杂句式，如强调，倒装，比较，虚拟等等。例1：For a beginner in the job market, it is essential that he bargain for a sta
38、rting salary he desires and deserves, otherwise, he would hardly have any fair chance of a raise after his employment.主干识别：全句主干比较容易确认。it is essential that he bargainotherwise, he would.意群梳理：For a beginner in the job market, it is essential that he bargain for a starting salary he desires and deserve
39、s, otherwise, he would hardly have any fair chance of a raise after his employment.意群直译：对于就业市场上的新手来说至关重要的是他讨价还价，要一个起薪，这是他想要并应该得到的否则雇佣后，他很难有机会涨工资模拟问题：判断下面说法真伪，并给出理由。A. A starter in his job hunting is advised to ask for as much money as he wants.(F)B. A job hunter should negotiate for the highest star
40、ting salary he is entitled to.(T)例2：Everybody loves a fat pay rise. Yet pleasure at your own can vanish if you learn that a colleague has been given a bigger one. Indeed, if he has a reputation for slacking, you might even be outraged. Such behaviour is regarded as all too human”, with the underlyin
41、g assumption that other animals would not be capable of this finely developed sense of grievance. 【But a study by Sarah Brosnan and Frans de Waal of Emory University in Atlanta, Georgia, which has just been published in Nature, suggests that it is all too monkey, as well.】主干识别：括号内句子的主语很容易确定A study，但
42、随后出现的干扰谓语的信息很多，此时需快速扫描，绝不可细读，根据主谓之间插入干扰成分通常会以逗号形式结束的规律，迅速找到独立动词suggests，主谓在数上保持一致，意义也无偏差。确定But a study suggests that 为主干。主干直译：但一项研究表明But a study by Sarah Brosnan and Frans de Waal of Emory University in Atlanta, Georgia,which has just been published in Nature,suggests that it is all too monkey, as w
43、ell.意群直译：注意省略的部分为什么要省略！一项研究研究刚发表在上表明这也非常猴子。例3：But science does provide us with the best available guide to the future, and it is critical that our nation and the world base important policies on the best judgments that science can provide concerning the future consequences of present actions. 信息连续置后
44、。主要从信息角度来解释，而不是用语言学术语。主干识别：并列句。难点在第二句。故重点解析第二句。第一句直译：但科学确实给我们提供了对未来最好的指导。第二句主干为：It is +形容词+that从句结构。真正的主语为that从句。and it is critical that our nation and the world base important policies on the best judgmentsthat science can provide concerning the future consequences of present actions.意群直译：这一点至关重要我们
45、国家和世界把重要政策建立在最好的判断上，这些判断是科学能够提供的(这些判断)关系到目前行为的未来后果。解题启示：意群经过直译后，我们便能够很快理顺它们之间的逻辑含义，并根据这些信息迅速准确地理解整句的意思。重申一下，信息理解最科学的思路是从点到线再到面！切勿倒置！否则很容易导致information shock进而导致大脑“短路”。模拟阅读问题：According to the passage, science can serve as_.A. a protector B. a judge. C. a critic D. a guide例4：How well the prediction wi
46、ll be validated by later performance depends upon the amount, reliability, and appropriateness of the information and on the skill with which it is interpreted.主干识别：How wellperformance depends upon主语和宾语都比较复杂。主语为从句。宾语为名词短语+定语从句。全句意群理顺：How well the prediction will be validated by later performance dep
47、ends upon the amount, reliability, and appropriateness of the informationand on the skill with which it is interpreted.全句意群直译：预测将被后来的表现在多大程度所证实这取决于所采用信息的数量、可靠性和适宜性也取决于技能用来解释信息的技能。解题技巧小提示：考研英语遇到how +形容词或副词，我们初级阶段训练时，为加快理解，可以将how和形容词副词移到它们修饰的相关动词附近。比如The prediction will be how well validated,（写作切勿模仿，因为这是如假包换的chinglish）。例5：On one occasion, when Luca, a Stanford professor, was taking blood samples from children in a rural region of Africa, he was confronted