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1、精品名师归纳总结化繁为简破解英语长难句一长难句基本句型特点考研英语长难句的是如何构成的?命题人员在英语原文基础上进行改造时,主要从结构上通过四种方式来使句子更加复杂:1、复合从句2、成分省略3、使用插入成分4、转变句序这四种方式往往相互结合,形成错综复杂的句子,即混合型句子。目的是提高难度,增强干扰, 打断和打乱考生的思维,从而达到检验考生阅读才能和的目标。下面分别对这四种方式进行解析。我们要时刻牢记的一点是,考试中的长难句绝大多数为主谓宾或主系表结构,其它成分都是环绕这三个主要成分其中之一。这就是全部长难句的核心和本质。必需牢记。最常见的是环绕主语和宾语(表语)我们要依据这些次要成分的位置和
2、字面意义来估计它们和主 干意群的规律关系。在切分意群时,意群的大小依据自己实际懂得才能来分解。标准就是看一眼就能 懂得的信息(短语或者句子) 。经过训练后,我们看一眼就能把握的意群会越来越多,从而完成从菜鸟到“大虾”的转变。请看下面例句:The fact that these people live near famous caves, which contain vivid paintings from Europe s early humans, leads him to the conclusion that they are extremely likely to be themost
3、 directrelativesof the firstmodern humans in Europe, who supposedlymigratedfrom Africa.46 words我们需要做的就是把句子意群切开,化繁为简,分而治之。目前大多数同学会看到后面的信息就忘掉前面的信息,一句话反复读,但总理不清头绪,铺张大量时间。通过训练,我们将学会如何快速解开错综复杂的意群,防止信息杂乱无章,清楚的把握句子的含义。在这里强调,在初级阶段肯定要动手做标记,不迈出这一步,我们会永久停留在看到长难句就头脑纷乱直到短路的阶段。意群句子。万万不能尝试一下子懂得或者翻译全句。再次强调一下,懂得句子不同
4、于做翻译题。整个处理过程是从点到线再到面的,也就是要求我们必需依据信息的复杂程度来处理。即单词一、复合从句在考研中,复合从句中的从句最常见的是定语从句。此类句子就像一棵信息树,树上生枝,枝上生杈,杈上生叶。必需找出树的主干从哪里分出枝,枝上哪里分杈,依此类推。只要抓住句子的各个连接点,就能理出句子层次,才能完全把握整个句子。遇到长难句时,需要依据题型来打算处理的深度。假如是阅读懂得通读文章时,抓大放小,抓主放次。即抓住主谓宾或主系表。假如是阅读懂得问题相关句,需要快速排列理顺主次意群,假如是翻译,就需要进一步处理意群的次序,润色汉语的选词。假如从句长,可以借助汉语的代词来加快懂得过程。特别是连
5、续显现的从句里套从句,可以反复利用这些汉语代词做节点,这样就能很快理清思路。后面会有具体讲解。二、成分省略可编辑资料 - - - 欢迎下载精品名师归纳总结句子成分省略是为了防止重复。考研中一般难度大的省略不是主语和谓语的语法省略,而是为了某种具体表达目的省略。在这里列出一些显现频率高的类型。要求我们必需依据上下文判定并补充省略的成分,否就懂得句子时可能漏掉重要信息。例 1:It is quite uneasy not to be able to see or to establish contact with the others, even though we have learnt to
6、talk with people we can not see, as on the telephone.意群直译: 很不悠闲,看不见也无法直接联系对方,即使我们已学会跟看不见的人交谈,就似乎打电话一样。例 2:In their hearts, women think it is mens business to earn money and theirs to spendit if possible during their husband s life, but, at any rate, after his death.意群直译: 女人们从心底认为:挣钱是男人的事情,她们只管花钱假如可能
7、,在丈夫活着的时候花。但,(实在不行的话) ,那就在丈夫去世后再花。三、使用插入成分插入语和同位语都是常见的插入成分,一般为主谓结构、介宾结构、或名词短语。插入成分使句子主要成分(主谓宾或主系表)直接的联系被切断,(如真题中频繁在主谓之间插入干扰成分)。因而句子的信息连贯性遭到破坏,干扰了考生猎取信息的思路,从而使考生无法顺当懂得句子。插入成分为主谓结构的时候,一般都是“sb say/reason/suggest”这种格式,(阅读懂得文章不必理睬,做翻译时需要前置到句首) 。插入成分是介宾结构可以同样处理。定语从句和分词做定语时,假如显现在主谓之间也可以看作是插入语。插入成分时同位语时,阅读懂
8、得不需细读,考研阅读不会考查这些成分的信息。牢记一切从简的原就。 翻译句子中显现才需要考虑。1、第一种情形:插入成分做主语的同位语。这常常是一些人物的身份或姓名,非限制性定语从句,但从规律上都是为了主语(或其它名词性句子成分)服务的。常常显现这样的句子:留意下划线的部分。例 1:Frank Smith, Professor of the Economics Department, Faculty of Arts and Humanities,Nowhere University, discovered that例 2:Nancy Dubler, director of Montefiore M
9、edical Center, contends that the principle will shield doctors who例 3:Almost immediately word flashed on the Internet and was picked up, half a world away, by John Hofsess, executive director of the Right to Die Society of Canada.2、其次种情形:插入成分做主语的定语Those people , unaware of what is happening in socie
10、ty today, may be surprised to learn that few academic philosophers study death, happiness and so on.意群直译:(那些人)不知道当今社会正在发生的事,(可能会惊讶) 。3、第三种情形:插入成分做其它名词同位语Most experts see in this a paradox - an endless conflict between the desire to conform and the desire to remain apart.可编辑资料 - - - 欢迎下载精品名师归纳总结意群直译:
11、 不断的冲突,在从众的欲望和试图保持独立的欲望之间。四、转变语序考研长难句转变语序,通常是倒装形式,分为语法倒装和修辞倒装。考研难点多为修辞倒装。修辞倒装主要是为了加强语气。以往的长难句常以某些连词或副词(如nor ,so, only , never , until等)引导倒装。例 1:Only afterstudiesprovidedevidence of the harmfuleffectsof thisprogram,has itbeen possible to modify TV programming policies.意群直译: 只有当讨论供应证据,证据是这个节目有不良影响,电视节
12、目的播放政策才可能有所转变。例 2: And never before has it been so undeniable that mutually beneficial internationalinstitutions of cooperation are a vital global necessity.意群直译: 过去从来没有这么不容置疑,各国互利的国际合作机构是全球必需品。二长难句复杂成分解析在考试中,任何一个句子成分都有可能挂上各种形式的意群结构,(谓语部格外挂比较少)如短语(特别是介词短语和分词短语)和句子,干扰视线,增加难度。为便利归类,我们依据各个句子成分所能显现的复杂情形
13、逐一举例说明。刚刚讲过的四类增加句子难度的方式都将在其中表达,并指出破解的简洁技巧。切记切记! 为了快速精确懂得句子,在快速分拆过程中,我们需要对句子进行直译,但务必记住, 直译基本就是逐字逐句译,所见所想所得,不要铺张时间在咬文嚼字上!一、复杂主语常见的是复杂主语成分会以短语、从句等形式显现。留意主谓之间常常显现的干扰成分(犹如位语)在规律上仍属于主语部分。(一)、短语类复杂主语1、介词短语例 1:Numerous other commercial enterprises, from theaters to magazine publishers, from gasand electric
14、utilities to milk processors, bring better and主语识别: 介宾短语 from theatersto magazine publishers,对主语 Numerous other commercial enterprisesfrom gas and electric作进一步说明。utilitiesto milk processors主语直译: 很多其他商业企业,从剧院到杂志出版(商)社、从燃气电器公司到牛奶加工厂, (带来更好的)例 2:Our hope for creative living in this world that we have i
15、nherited from our ancestors lies in our ability to re-establish the moral ends of our lives.主语识别: 快速略读,查找独立的谓语动词。此处为主语直译: 我们的期望,制造性的生活在这个世界lies.可编辑资料 - - - 欢迎下载精品名师归纳总结这个世界是我们从祖先那里继承来的,(存在于)2:分词短语例句: Even being good at getting other people to fight for you and telling them how to do it most efficien
16、tly this , after all, is主语识别 :在这个句子里面,分词位于句子开头,往往可以作主语和状语,需要快速判定这个句子发觉第一个独立的动词,之前的全部分词短语点明白this指代的内容。主语直译 :即使善于让别人去为你打仗,并告知他们怎样做最有效这(是)3:不定式短语例句: The ability to solve any problem or even to recognize that a problem exists depends on our memory.主语识别: 方法同介词短语例 2,查找“落单的”动词。此处为depends.主语直译: 才能,来解决任何问题,甚
17、至识别一个问题的存在, (取决于记忆) 。(二)从句类复杂主语这些复杂主语有同位语或非限制性定语从句来修饰。例 1:主语从句That most Americans genuinelybelievethattheireconomic system is the best thathuman wisdom has so far devised and that their political system is a“ democracy ” in which the interests of the people are paramount, is an indication of.主语及其繁琐,
18、但语序并不复杂,在懂得的时候直接顺着拆开意群即可。主语拆分: That most Americans genuinely believethat their economic system is the bestthat human wisdom has so far devisedand thattheir political system is a“ democracy ”in which the interestsof the可编辑资料 - - - 欢迎下载精品名师归纳总结people are paramount意群直译:大多数美国人真正的信任他们的经济制度是人类聪明至今设计的最好的制度
19、并且, 他们的政治制度是“民主制度” ,在这个制度里,人民至高无上(高于一切)。例 2:同位语从句The fact that these people live near famous caves which contain vivid paintings from Europe s early humans, leads him to the conclusion我们会发觉主语部分始终延长到conclusionearly humans ,主句的主干是The factleads him to the1、主干意群理顺(直译) :事实引导他得出结论2、次要意群理顺过程:1)、主语的同位语从句解析:
20、 these peoplelive nearfamous caveswhich contain vivid paintings from Europe s early humans2)、意群理顺直译:这些人住的离闻名的岩洞很近这些岩洞有欧洲早期人类的生动图画。此处的一群信息可以加工成偷梁换柱的干扰选项。比如:European humans lived near the famous caves with vivid paintings.请指出该句谬误之处。例 3:非限制性定语从句The king, whose power is unlimited, and whose treasures su
21、rmount all real and imaginary wants, is compelled to ease,1、主干辨析 :这个句子显现对谓语部分的干扰,需要快速排除。主语The king简洁确定,快速查找它的谓语部 分,发觉独立的谓语is与其保持一样。而谓语部分并不完整,又一次受到干扰,由于ease 是及物动词,必需有宾语。该句主干为: The king is compelled to ease【小提示】:如何快速确定主谓?对于这种干扰主谓的成分,一个最简洁的方法就是,假如主句主语后面显现逗号,马上去查找其次个逗号,看后面有没有在人称和数与主语保持一样的动词显现,直到找到为止。留意不
22、要认真读两个逗号之间的信息。可编辑资料 - - - 欢迎下载精品名师归纳总结现在可以确定,原文的主句大意就是“国王被迫”。下一步分解主语部分,就要看是什么样的国王。2、主语意群分析:The king,whose power is unlimited,and whose treasures surmount all real and imaginary wants,3、汉语意群理顺:再次提示(只为懂得,不需精确翻译)国王国王的权力无限,国王的财宝超乎全部真实和想象的需要实际练习时,我们不需要这样画图,可以使用“口算”+笔记的方式快速解开意群。借助的工具就是一些汉语代词, (比如说,这,这个,这些
23、,的) 。二、复杂宾语纯粹短语复杂宾语难度较低,此处略去,重点讲从句复杂宾语和短语从句混和类。例 1:How wellthe predictionwillbe validatedby laterperformancedepends upon theamount,reliability,interpreted.and appropriatenessoftheinformationandon theskillwithwhichitis宾语意群理顺:upon the amount, reliability, and appropriateness of the information and on
24、the skillwith which it is interpreted.宾语意群直译:这取决于所采纳信息的数量、牢靠性和相宜性也取决于技能用来说明信息的技能例 2:Many expertssuggestthatthe childrenwho are raisedin an environmentwhere thereare many stimuli which develop their capacity for appropriate responses will experience greaterintellectual development.1、主干识别: 主句特别简洁辨认, 无
25、任何干扰: Manyexpertssuggest that (很多专家认为) 。这个是主谓宾结构。充当宾语的是一个从句,这个宾语从句又有三个定语从句环环相扣,构成从句连环套。必需抓住宾语从句的主干才能确定全句的大意。2、宾语从句意群理顺:留意英语信息的连贯性是如何通过形式(先行词和关系代词、关系副词的意义是一样的)来表达的。在自己练习时,用下划线标出有难度的意群的主干(留意,不要全部句子都划,否就更乱)。可编辑资料 - - - 欢迎下载精品名师归纳总结Many behaviorists suggest thatthechildrenwho are raised in an environmen
26、twhere there are many stimuliwhich develop their capacity for appropriate responseswillexperiencegreaterintellectualdevelopment.3、意群直译:很多专家认为:儿童 在一个环境里长大,环境里有很多刺激物,这些刺激物能够开发其相应反应才能, 这些儿童 将会经受更大的智力进展。从简洁直译的汉语来看,三个定语从句与宾语从句的主句构成规律上的条件关系。 精确懂得里面各个意群对于解阅读懂得至关重要。比如说,这个句子可以这样命题: 阅读懂得模拟问题:判定下面说法的真伪,并说明缘由。A
27、ccording to many behaviorists, children will develop intellectually better if .A. the environment they work in can develop their mental capacity.B. the environmentwhere theyare raisedcan give them stimuliforappropriateresponsesC. they are fed better and live betterD. they grow up in an environment w
28、here they can develop their capacity for proper responses for certain stimuli这一步对于阅读懂得特别重要,考试中常常会在长难句里出考点,命题专家会利用这些句子的一些主要或次要意群来制造干扰选项。对这些意群精确懂得就能保证不上当,这是提高得分率的基础。同学们务必现在就开头培育良好的习惯,后面有大量此类练习。该题解题技巧小提示:理顺意群关系进行直译时, 我们可以借助帮助词 (类似于几何中的帮助线) 通常为汉语的代词“这” 、“这个”或“这些” 。这样有助于快速懂得原文。从这个例句,我们进一步明白到,长难句分析,要求我们懂得
29、句子主干和其它全部意群,并且必需精确理顺意群之间的规律关系。这对阅读和翻译解题起直接支持作用。三、复杂表语例 1:The trouble is that part of the recent acceleration is due to the usual rebound that occurs at this point in a business cycle, and so is not conclusive evidence of a revival in the underlying trend. 表语为并列从句形式 句子主干: The trouble is that and so i
30、s not 主干直译: 问题在于,因此不是 表语意群理顺:可编辑资料 - - - 欢迎下载精品名师归纳总结thatpartoftherecent acceleration is due to the usual reboundthatoccursat thispointin a businesscycle,and so isnot conclusiveevidenceof a revivalin the underlyingtrend.表语意群直译: 问题在于 近来快速增长部分是由于通常的反弹反弹是商业周期到了这一点就会发生的因此不是经济复苏潜在趋势的结论性证据。考研中的长难句,无论是主语、宾
31、语仍是表语,其复杂性主要来自于名词性从句。例 2:To us, a winnerisone who respondsauthenticallyby being trustworthy,responsive,and genuine, both as an individual and as a member of a society.表语意群理顺:one who responds authenticallyby being trustworthy, responsive, and genuine, both as an individual and as a member of a societ
32、y. 表语意群直译:一个反应真实的人通过牢靠,灵敏,真诚不管作为个人,仍是作为社会成员四、复杂状语这里不考虑状语从句,因其结构独立,简洁辨论,难度较小。主要是环绕介词短语充当实现不同目的的状语, (缘由,时间,的点,相伴,目的,等等)例 1:介词时间状语Observationshave been madeofthe children atthe beginningand the end ofthe preschool and the first grade.(该句简洁,解析略)例 2:介词实现其它功能状语For a family of four, for example, it ismore
33、convenient as well as cheaper to sit comfortably at home, with almost unlimited entertainment available,thantogooutin search of amusement elsewhere.(上下文提示:这是一个关于电视的文章。)状语枝繁叶茂。全句意群绽开:再次强调,一眼能看透的意群可以合并懂得For a family of four, for example,it is more convenient as well as cheaper to sit comfortably at ho
34、me, with almost unlimited entertainment available,可编辑资料 - - - 欢迎下载精品名师归纳总结than to go out in search of amusement elsewhere.解题提示:依据搭配快速确立关键意群It is more A to do B than to do C做 A比做 C更 B。信息分别代入即可。意群直译:再次提示:直译!不要太拘泥于汉语表达,只求意会!比如说,对于一个四口之家舒舒适服坐在家里更便利,也更廉价有几乎无限多的消遣比出去查找消遣在这里,我们可以看到for example, for a family
35、 of four, with unlimited entertainmentavailable,和 in search of amusement elsewhere这四个介词短语在句子分别实现的功能为:范畴, 举例,相伴,目的。例 3:Science moves forward,they say, not so muchthroughthe insightsof greatmen of geniusas because of more ordinary things like improved techniques and tools.该句主谓一眼就能确定,状语部分比较复杂。解题技巧小提示 :
36、留意搭配的连贯。看到so 马上联想 as 比较句 或者 that (结果句) ,看到 more 马上联想并查找than, 看到 as 马上查找另外一个 as。这需要大家把常见搭配记熟,培育良好的敏锐性。留意:not so much A as B 是强调后者 ,相同的有 less A than B。而 More A than B是强调前者 。这里 A 和 B 不局限于形容词和副词。考研英语中这种比较结构很多情形下不肯定直译成“比”。这里需要懂得成与其说A,不如说 B 等汉语结构。此处状语部分not so much就是一个比较结构的一部分,马上找固定搭配的as 。可以判定,比较的内容是 Throu
37、gh 表方式状语和 because of的缘由状语。状语意群理顺:not so much through the insights of great men of geniusas because of more ordinary things like improved techniques and tools.状语意群直译:与其说通过天才伟人的洞悉力, 不如说缘由是更为一般的东西,像改进技术和工具等。三完整长难句综合解析该部分可算作纸上练兵,也可以看作是一个熟能生巧转变阶段。使用完整长难句来提高综合解析的技巧,完成从信息处理的简洁到复杂的过渡。这一部分,经过有意识的练习,我们要达到一种境域
38、-扫描完句子就能马上懂得最复杂部分的意思。训练过程中,关键是思路的逐步养成,做题的方法可编辑资料 - - - 欢迎下载精品名师归纳总结是首要的,做题的数量是其次的。这部分将涉及到考研英语中最常见的复杂句式,如强调, 倒装,比较 ,虚拟等等。例 1:For abeginner in thejob market,it isessentialthathe bargainfor a startingsalary he desires and deserves, otherwise, hewould hardly have any fair chance of a raise afterhis empl
39、oyment.主干识别: 全句主干比较简洁确认。 it is essential that he bargainotherwise, he would.意群梳理:For a beginner in the job market, it is essential thathe bargain for a starting salaryhe desires and deserves,otherwise, he would hardly have any fair chance of a raise after his employment.意群直译:对于就业市场上的新手来说至关重要的是他讨价仍价,
40、要一个起薪,这是他想要并 应当得到 的否就雇佣后,他很难有机会涨工资模拟问题:判定下面说法真伪,并给出理由。A. A starter in his job hunting is advised to ask foras muchmoney as he wants.FB. A job hunter should negotiate for the highest starting salary he is entitled to.T例 2:Everybody loves a fat pay rise. Yet pleasure at your own can vanish if you lear
41、n that a colleague has been given a bigger one. Indeed, if he has a reputation for slacking, youmighteven be outraged. Such behaviourisregardedas all too human”, with theunderlyingassumption thatother animalswould not be capable of thisfinelydevelopedsense of grievance.【But a studyby Sarah Brosnan a
42、nd Frans de Waal of Emory University in Atlanta, Georgia,which has just been published in Nature,suggests that it is all too monkey, as well.】主干识别: 括号内句子的主语很简洁确定A study ,但随后显现的干扰谓语的信息很多,此时需快速扫描,绝不行细读,依据主谓之间插入干扰成分通常会以逗号形式终止的规律,快速找到独立动词suggests ,主谓在数上保持一样,意义也无偏差。确定But a study suggests that为主干。主干直译: 但一
43、项讨论说明But a study by Sarah Brosnan and Frans de Waal of Emory University in Atlanta, Georgia, which has just been published in Nature,suggests thatitisalltoo monkey, as well.意群直译:留意省略的部分为什么要省略! 一项讨论讨论刚发表在 上可编辑资料 - - - 欢迎下载精品名师归纳总结说明这 也特别猴子。例 3:But science does provideus with the best availableguide t
44、o the future,and itis critical thatour nation and the world base important policies on the bestjudgmentsthatscience can provide concerning the future consequences of present actions.信息连续置后。主要从信息角度来说明,而不是用语言学术语。主干识别: 并列句。难点在其次句。故重点解析其次句。第一句直译 :但科学的确给我们供应了对将来最好的指导。其次句主干为 : It is +形容词+that从句结构。真正的主语为th
45、at从句。anditiscritical that可编辑资料 - - - 欢迎下载精品名师归纳总结意群直译:这一点至关重要解题启示:our nation and the world base important policies on the best judgmentsthat science can provideconcerning the future consequences of present actions.我们国家和世界把重要政策建立在最好的判定上,这些判定是科学能够供应的 这些判定 关系到目前行为的将来后果。可编辑资料 - - - 欢迎下载精品名师归纳总结意群经过直译后,我们便能够很快理顺它们之间的规律含义,并依据这些信息快速精确的懂得整句的意思。重申一下,信息懂得最科学的思路是从点到线再到面!切勿倒置!否就很简洁导致information shock进而导致大脑“短路” 。模拟阅读问题: According to the passage, science can serve as.A. a protector B. a judge. C. a criticD. a guide例 4:How well the prediction will be validated by later performance depends upon the amou