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1、-初中动词的分类及用法-第 15 页Gramar focus: verb一 概述表示动作或状态的词叫做动词。可以分为以下四类：类别例句使用特点行为动词及物动词Love, make后跟宾语不及物动词Go, rise后不跟宾语连系动词Be, look后跟表语助动词Be, have, do, shall, will, did本身没有词义，后跟动词原形或分词，构成疑问句或否定句等情态动词Can, may, mist本身有词义，后跟动词原形，构成谓语注：英语行为动词也可以分为及物动词和不及物动词。及物动词是必须带宾语的动词。可以分为两类：（1）及物动词+宾语（2）及物动词+间接宾语+直接宾语My mot
2、her bought me a gift. (可以接双宾语的词有：give, teach, buy, lend, find, hand, leave, sell, show, read, pay, make, offer, build, pass, bring, cook等不及物动词不需要跟宾语，本身意义完整。有些不及物动词加上介词后变成及物性短语动词，后跟宾语。She did not reply to my letter。二 常用动词用法（见后）三 连系动词系动词亦称连系动词（Link Verb），作为系动词，它本身有词义，但不能单独用作谓语，后边必须跟表语（亦称补语），构成系表结构说明主语
3、的状况、性质、特征等情况。系动词后不可接副词，接的是形容词。大致分七种1）状态系动词 用来表示主语状态，只有be一词，例如： He is a teacher. 他是一名教师。（is与补足语一起说明主语的身份。）I am fine. 2）持续系动词 用来表示主语继续或保持一种状况或态度，主要有keep, rest, remain, stay, lie, stand, 例如： He always kept silent at meeting. 他开会时总保持沉默。 This matter rests a mystery. 此事仍是一个谜。 3）表像系动词 用来表示看起来像这一概念，主要有seem,
4、 appear, look, 例如： He looks tired. 他看起来很累。 He seems (to be) very sad. 他看起来很伤心。 4）感官系动词 感官系动词主要有feel, smell, sound, taste, 例如： This kind of cloth feels very soft. 这种布手感很软。 This flower smells very sweet. 这朵花闻起来很香。 5）变化系动词 这些系动词表示主语变成什么样，变化系动词主要有become, grow, turn, fall（asleep）, get, go, come, run. 例如：
5、 He became mad after that. 自那之后，他疯了。 She grew rich within a short time. 她没多长时间就富了。 6）终止系动词 表示主语已终止动作，主要有prove, turn out, 表达证实，变成之意，例如： The rumor proved false. 这谣言证实有假。 The search proved difficult. 搜查证实很难。 His plan turned out a success. 他的计划终于成功了。（turn out表终止性结果）7使役动词：let,have,makeThe story make me h
6、appy.有些动词可谓是多面手，它们既可以用作实义动词，又可以用作连系动词。另外be还可用作助动词。它们的用法不同，词义和句型结构也有所不同。例如：Look at the blackboard, please.请看黑板。(look用作实义动词) He looks a little tired.他略显疲倦。(look用作连系动词) They are at work.他们在工作。(are用作连系动词) They are working.他们正在工作。(are用作助动词，帮助构成现在进行时) 四 助动词协助主要动词构成谓语动词词组的词叫助动词（Auxiliary Verb）。被协助的动词称作主要动词
7、（Main Verb）。构成时态,语态。 助动词是语法功能词，自身没有词义，不可单独使用，它没有对应的汉译，例如： He doesnt like English. 他不喜欢英语。 （doesnt是助动词，无词义；like是主要动词，有词义)1、助动词be（am, is, are, was, were, being, been）的用法（1） be后跟现在分词构成进行时态。Who is playing the violin?谁在拉小提琴？She was reading a book then.那时她正在读书。（2）be后跟过去分词构成被动语态。He was asked to do the work
8、.有人要他干这件工作。You are invited to attend the meetintg.有人邀请你参加会议。（3）be 后跟不定式作谓语，有如下几种情况：表示计划、安排将要发生的事。Who are we to meet?我们要见谁呀？Im to have supper with John this afternoon.今天下午我要与约翰一起吃晚饭。表示指示、命令，否定式表禁止。You are to see the headmaster today.今天你必须去见校长。You are not to enter the room without permission.未经允许你不能进入
9、房间。表示义务、责任等，同should。You are to be back before 5.你得在5点钟以前回来。What is to be done?该干什么。表示可能性，与情态动词may, can同义。Such books are to be found in any library.这种书任何图书馆都有。Not a sound was to be heard.一点声响也没有。表示后来发生的事，可以用来表示命运或注定They say good-bye, little knowing that they were never to meet again.他们告别了，没想到再也不能相见了。
10、He was to regret the decision.他有一天会后悔做出这一决定的。用于习语Where am I to go? 我该向何处去？What am I to do? 我该怎么办？2、助动词have(has, had, having)的用法（1）助动词have可以构成完成时或完成进行时He has been a doctor for 10 years.他当医生十年了。This is the place I have been longing to visit.这就是我一直渴望参观的地方。（2）和不定式构成谓语，表示客观上不得不做的事情。Weve missed the train.
11、 Well have to wait for another one.我们己经误了火车，我们只能等下一列。-Do we have to start work?我们得立刻工作吗？-No. We dont have to.不，不必了。3、do(does, did) 的用法（1）构成疑问句或否定句How did you know about it?你是怎样知道这件事的。He does not smoke. 他不抽烟。（2）加强语气。He did tell that.他的确告诉了此事。Do come and see us.一定来看我们。（3）代替前面刚出现的动词，避免重复。-You like popu
12、lar music, dont you?你喜欢流行音乐，是吧？-Yes , I do.是的，我喜欢。He speaks French as fluently as she does.他讲法语和她讲的一样流利。（4）用于倒装句中。Never did he pay attention to my words.他从不注意我的话。Only then did I understand the importance of English.只是那时，我才了解到英语的重要性。（5）构成否定的祈使句。Dont be so careless.不要那么粗心。Do not hesitate to come for h
13、elp.只管来求助。3.助动词shall和will的用法shall和will作为助动词可以与动词原形一起构成一般将来时，例如： I shall study harder at English.我将更加努力地学习英语。 He will go to Shanghai.他要去上海。 说明： 在过去的语法中，语法学家说shall用于第一人称，will 只用于第二、第三人称。现在，尤其是在口语中，will常用于第一人称，但shall只用于第一人称，如用于第二、第三人称，就失去助动词的意义，已变为情态动词，试比较: He shall come.他必须来。（shall有命令的意味。） He will com
14、e.他要来。（will只与动词原形构成一般将来时。） shall在疑问句中,用于第一,第三人称,征求对方意愿 shall I turn on the light? 要开灯吗?( 我把灯打开好吗?) shall he come to see you? 他要不要来看你 (比较: will he come to see you? 他会不会来看你) shall 用在陈述句, 与第二第三人称连用, 变为情态动词 表示允诺,命令,警告,和说话人的决心等4.助动词should,would的用法1）should无词义，只是shall的过去形式，与动词原形构成过去将来时，只用于第一人称，例如： I teleph
15、oned him yesterday to ask what I should do next week. 我昨天给他打电话，问他我下周干什么。 比较： What shall I do next week?I asked. 我下周干什么？我问道。（可以说，shall变成直接引语时，变成了should。） 2） would也无词义，是will的过去形式，与动词原形构成过去将来时，用于第二、第三人称，例如： He said he would come.他说他要来。 比较： I will go, he said. 他说：我要去那儿。 变成间接引语，就成了： He said he would come
16、. 原来的will变成would，go变成了come.。过去式从原来的go变为came。 五 情态动词（1）情态动词本身有词义，但词义不完全，因此不能单独作谓语，只能和其他的动词原形一起构成谓语。（2）情态动词后接的动词不定式一律不带to。（3）情态动词不随人称变化而变。（4）含有情态动词的否定都是由“情态动词 + not”构成的。can的用法：1. (表示能力、功能)能,会 The classroom can seat thirty students. 这教室能坐三十位学生。 June can drive now. 琼现在会开车了。 2. (表示可能性)可能,可能会 I think the
17、work can be completed ahead of time. 我认为这项工作能提前完成。 3. (表示允许、请求)可以 You cant take the book out of the room. 你不可以将这本书拿出室外。 Can I use your pen? 我可以用一下你的笔吗? 4. (表示命令)必须 If you wont keep quiet you can get out. 你如不保持安静,就请你走。 5. (表示偶然发生的可能性)有时会 It can be quite windy there, especially in spring. 那里有时容易刮风,特别在
18、春季。 6. (表示惊讶)究竟;竟至于 What can it possibly be? 到底那是怎么一回事? could的用法can的过去式；（用于虚拟语气，表示与事实相反的设想）能；可以；（表示可能性）可能；（用于婉转语气）能，可以 may的用法1.表示请求和允许，意思是：可以He may come if he likes. 如果他想来，可以来2.表示祝愿，意思是：祝，（但愿）。 May the friendship between our two peoples last forever. 祝两国人民的友谊万古长青。 3.表示推测，意思是：可能（会），或许（会）。 It may rain
19、 this evening. Youd better take an umbrella. 今晚可能要下雨，你最好带上雨伞。 must的用法1.表“必须”。 You must talk to them about their study.你必须同他们谈谈关于他们学习的事。2.在否定结构中表不许。You mustnt leave here.你不能离开这儿。3.表坚定的建议。 You must come and see us as soon as you get to Shanghai.一到上海你得马上来看我们。4.表推测，暗含有很大的可能性，用在肯定句。He must be ill. He loo
20、ks so pale.他肯定是病了。他的脸色那么苍白。注意：否定式：neednt表示必须要做的事。加动词不定式的完成式或完成进行式可以表示对过去事情的推测。may 暗含的可能性较小。must 暗含的可能性较大。否定的猜测用cant The baby cant be ill. He is so active.那宝宝不大可能是病了。他那么活跃。 might的用法might表示的可能性太小，没有足够的说服力去职责别人。 may的过去式。表示询问或允许或可能、推测。表示可以做的事或可能发生的事，比may口气缓和。表示现在的事情，语气较may弱一些，可能性更小一些。用在表示目的等的状语从句中。用在虚拟条
21、件句的主句中。注意：may，might后加动词不定式的完成式可以表示对过去的推测，认为某事在过去可能发生，这一用法中may和might都指过去，不过might较may更含蓄或更不肯定。should的用法1.should 作为助动词 shall 的过去式，可以在间接引语中与第一人称主语搭配，表示过去将来时间。 作为情态动词，通常用来表示现在或将来的责任或义务，译作“应该”、“应当”，这时它可以和 ought to， be supposed to 互换使用。例如：You should （= are supposed to ） complete your test in time. 你们应该按时做完
22、你们的实验。3.should 作为情态动词，可以用在条件状语从句中，表示语气较强的假设，译作“万一”、“竟然”，这时也可将 should 置于从句之首，即将 should 放在主语前面，而省略从属连词 if. 后接动词不定式的完成式时，表示过去的事情。肯定句中表示该做的没做；否定句中表示不该做的发生了If it should rain tomorrow， I wouldnt go. （= Should it rain tomorrow， I wouldnt go.） 万一明天天下雨，我就不去了。 would的用法是will的过去式，Would you like？ 表示请求、劝说，是很客气的说法
23、。Would you like a cup of tea？ 您愿意喝杯茶吗？ 2.主语+would like to 表示“想要”的意思上，与want to意思一 样，但用此句型较客气。I want to ask you a question. 3.最基本的虚拟语气句型: 主句用would/ should/ could/ might +动词原形。 ought to的用法ought to 是一个可以加上to 的情态动词其意思与should是一样的,但是ought to 不能用于虚拟语气中表示推测,而should可以 ought to与should意思接近，大多数情况下二者可以互换，但是should
24、谈的是自己的主观看法，ought to则更多反映客观情况，在谈到法律、义务和规定时使用。后接动词不定式的完成时，如用肯定结构，表示过去某事该做而未做；如否定结构，则表示过去不该做的事情发生了。此用法相当于should （not）have done结构。如： We shouldought to help each other and learn from each other in our work She is your mother, so you ought to support her We ought to go and see Mary tomorrow, but I dont th
25、ink we willhave to的用法后接动词原形，表示“不得不，必须”的意思，它比must更含有“客观条件使得必须如此做”的意思。dare的用法表示“敢于”，过去式是dared。除在“I dare say”这种结构中，dare极少用于肯定句中，常用在否定句、疑问句及条件句中。常和动词不定式连用，但不带toneed的用法表示“需要”，用于否定句和疑问句中，和不定式连用。句型：need to be done/doing（主动表被动）need后面有名词或动名词作宾语时，need是实义动词，但后接动名词的句子相当于被动语态。shall的用法主要用于第一人称的疑问句中，表示征求对方意见。used
26、to的用法后接动词原形，表示以前常发生的动作，但现在不是这样了，通常用于肯定句中。句型：be used to，后接动名词或名词，表示“习惯”。情态动词句型（1）表示对现在情况的推测（情态动词 + v.）肯定：must/may/might + be/do/be doing 否定：can/could + not + be/do/be doing 疑问：Can/Could + sb. + be/do/be doing(2)表示对过去情况的推测（情态动词 + have done）肯定：must/may/might + have been 否定：can/could + not + have been/d
27、one疑问：Can/Could + sb. + have been/have done注意：表示推测（可能性从大到小）：must，can，could，may，might。常用动词用法：1. allow sb. to do sth. 允许某人去做某事 My father allowed me to go out for a walk after finishing my homework.2. asked sb. (not) to do sth. 叫某人做事某事(叫某人不要去做某事) My father asked me to study hard. He asked me not to swi
28、m alone. be asked to do sth. 被叫去做某事/被邀请去做某事 I was asked to have a dinner with them yesterday.3. be afraid to do sth. 害怕做某事 She is afraid to ask me questions. 4. be afraid of doing sth. 害怕做某事 I am afraid of going out at night.5. be afraid of sth. 害怕某物 He is afraid of snakes.6. be amazed to do sth. 对做
29、某事感到惊讶 He was amazed to meet the girl there. be amazed at sth. 对某事感到惊讶 they were amazed at the news7. be busy doing/with sth. 忙于做某事 (常考) I was busy washing my car at that time. 那时候我正忙于清洗我的车子。 I am busy with my work.8. be coming/going/leaving/fiying/moving/dying(某些位移动词用进行时态时表将来) the bus is coming/the
30、 dog is dying.9. be excited to do sth. 对做感到兴奋 Jacky was excited to travel there by plane. be excited at sth. Lily was excited at his words. be excited about doing sth. He was excited about passing the exam without going overing books.10. be frightened to do sth. 害怕去做某事 Sam is frightened to ride a ho
31、rse.11. be glad/happy to do sth. 高兴去做某事 She is happy to clean the blackboard with me. be pleased to do sth. 高兴做某事 She was pleased to help the old man yesterday be pleased with sth. 对某事感到高兴/满意 the teacher was pleased with my answer.12. be interested in sth./doing sth. 对某事感兴趣/对做某事感兴趣 She is interested
32、 in swimming in the river. My brother is interested in Chinese.13. be/get ready for/to do sth. Be ready for sth. 为某事做好了准备 We are ready for the exam. Be ready to do sth. 为做某事做好了准备We are ready to have a birthday party for her. get ready for sth.为某事在做准备 We are getting ready for the exam. get ready for
33、sth. 为做某事而做准备13. be sorry to do sth. 对做某事感到抱歉 14. be surprised to do sth. 对做某事感到惊奇 be surprised at sth. 对某事感到惊奇15. be worth doing sth. 值得做某事 (worth 后接动词-ing形式，常考)16. begin to do sth. begin/start to do/doing sth.17. can/be able to afford (to buy) sth. 有能力购买(供)18. can/may/must do sth. could/would/shou
34、ld/might do sth.19. cant wait to do sth. 迫不急待地去做某事20. decide to do sth. 决定去做某事 make up ones mind to do sth. 下决心去做某事 (常考) make a decision to do sth. 对做某事作出决定21. deserve to do sth. 值得/应该做22. encourage sb. to do sth. 鼓励某人去做某事23. enjoy doing sth. 乐意去做某事24. expect (sb.) to do sth. 期望去做某事25. fail to do st
35、h. 做某事失败 succeed doing sth. 成功做了某事26. finish doing sth. 做完某事(后接动词-ing形式) (常考)27. follow sb to do sth. 跟随某人去做某事28. get sb. to do sth. make sb. do sth. let sb. do sth.29. get/have a chance to do sth. 得到一个做某事的机会30. give/pass/show/lend/sell sb. sth./ sth. to sb. buy/get/bring sb. sth. / sth. for sb.31.
36、go on to do sth. 继续做事(常考) go on doing sth. 继续做事(常考)32. hate to do/doing sth. 讨厌/不喜欢做某事33. have fun doing sth.34. have problems doing sth. 做某事遇到困难35. have sb. do sth. have sth. done have sth. to do 有事要做36. hear sb. do sth. 听到某人做某事(后接动词原形，常考) hear sb. doing sth. 听到某人正在做某事(常见)37. help to do sth. 帮忙做某事h
37、elp sb. (to) do sth. 帮助某人做某事38. hope/wish to do sth. 希望做某事 wish sb. to do sth. 希望某人做某事39. I t seems that 这像是（后接从句） seem to do sth. seem +adj.40. Its + adj.+(for sb.) to do sth. Its + adj. +(of sb.) to do sth e.g: Its glad for him to hear the news.41. It takes sb. some time/money to do sth. 花费某人多长时间做
38、某事(常考)42. pay for cost spendon. it take to do sth.43. Its best for sb to do sth. 对某人来说做某事是最好的 had better do sth. 最好做某事 (注意had没有时态和人称的变化，better后接动词原形)44. Its time for sb. to do sth. 是某人做某事的时候了45. keep (on)doing sth. 坚持做某事(常考) keep sb. doing sth. 让某人做某事(常考) keep sb. from doing sth. 阻止某人做某事(常考) keep sb
39、./ sth. +adj.keep the book for 2 days 借这本书两天(不要用borrow或lend)46. learn to do sth. 学做某事 learn sth. from sb. 向某人学习47. like to do/doing sth. 喜欢做某事 like sb. to do sth. 喜欢某人做某事48. need to do sth. need doing sth./to be done need sth . neednt do sth.49. prefer to do sth. rather than do sth. 宁愿而不愿(常考) prefer
40、 doing sth. to doing sth. 喜欢做胜过做e.g: I prefer reading books to going shopping. 比起购物来，我更爱读书。 prefer to do sth. 喜欢(爱)做某事50. refuse to do sth. 拒绝做51. remember/forget to do sth. 记得/忘记做某事 remember/forget doing sth. 记得/忘记做过某事52. see sb. do sth. 看见某人做某事 (结果) see sb. doing sth. 看见某人正在做某事(正在进行中) be seen to d
41、o sth. 做某事被看见53. something to eat/drink 一些吃/喝的东西 (词不定式放在something等后修饰这些词) e.g: I need something to eat. 我要一些吃的东西。54. spend some time (in)doing sth. /on sth. 花费时间做某事(注意动词要用ing形式)(常考) spend some money on sth./ doing sth. 买花了多少钱55. Sth. is hard/difficult/easy to do. 做好某事很难/容易56. stop to do sth. 停下来去某事(
42、两件事) (常考) stop doing sth. 停止做某事(一件事) (常考) stop sb. (from) doing sth. 阻止某人做某事(常考)57. take turns to do sth. 轮流做58. tell sb. (not) to do sth. 叫某人去(不要)做某事 be told to do sth. 被告知不要做某事59. There is no need (for sb.) to do sth. 对某人来说没必要做某事60. There is no time (for sb.) to do sth. have no time to do sth. 没时间
43、做某事61. too(for sb.) to 太以致不能 so that not enough to do e.g: The boy is too young to go to school. 那男孩太小了以致不能上学。62. try/do ones best to do sth. 尽力去做某事 try to do sth. 试着(图)做某事63. used to do sth. 过去常做某事( used to be + adj./ a +n) e.g: Mr. wang used to be a teacher worker. 王先生过去是一位工人。 I used to live in th
44、e country. 过去我住在农村64. want/would like to do sth. 想做 want/would like sb. to do sth. 想某人做 feel like doing sth. 喜爱做某事(注意like后接动词ing形式65. warn sb. (not) to do sth. 警告某人做某事(或不要做某事66. Why dont you do sth.? Why not do sth ? 表示建议的句型还有：What How about? (如果是动词，要用ing形式) Shall we?67. Would you like (sb.) to do s
45、th.? Yes, Id love to.68. Would you mind doing sth.? 你介意做某事吗？ Never mind/Not at all/of course not/certainly not. (从不介意/一点也不介意/当然不会了)69. Would you please (not) do sth. 你可不可以不做？70. finish doing sth. enjoy doing sth. practise doing sth. be good at doing sth. be good at doing sth. thank you for doing sth. stop doing sth. be good at doing sth. give up doing sth mind doing sth stop sb from doing sth go on doing sth be busy doing sth see/hear/watch sb doing sth feel like doing sth hate doing sth like doing sth do well in doing s