动词的分类及用法详解(9页).doc

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1、-动词的分类及用法第一节 动词的定义与分类一、什么是动词动词是表示人或事物的动作、存在、变化的词。动词是用来表示主语做什么(即行为动词),或表示主语是什么或怎么样(即状态动词)的词,例如:The boy runs fast.(这个男孩跑得快。)runs表示主语的行为He is a boy.(他是个男孩。)is与后面的表语a boy表示主语的状态二、动词的分类动词可以按照含义及它们在句中的作用分成四类,即行为动词(也称实义动词)、连系动词、助动词和情态动词。(一)行为动词行为动词(实义动词)是表示行为、动作或状态的词。它的词义完整,可以单独作谓语。例如:I live in Beijing wit

2、h my mother.(我和我妈妈住在北京。)live,住It has a round face.(它有一张圆脸。)has,有(二)连系动词连系动词是表示主语“是什么”或“怎么样”的词,它虽有词义,但不完整,所以不能单独作谓语,必须跟表语一起构成合成谓语,例如:We are in Grade Two this year.(今年我们在两年级。)are,是are 这个词的词义“是”在句子中常常不译出。连系动词可具体分为三类:1、表示“是”的动词be。这个词在不同的主语后面和不同的时态中有不同的形式,is,am,are,was,were,have/has been等要特别予以注意。例如:He is

3、 a teacher.(他是个教师。) He was a soldier two years ago.(两年前他是个士兵。)We are Chinese.(我们是中国人。)2、表示“感觉”的词,如look(看起来),feel(觉得,摸起来),smell(闻起来),sound(听起来),taste(尝起来)等,例如:She looked tired.(她看一去很疲劳。) I feel ill.(我觉得不舒服。)Cotton feels soft.(棉花摸起来很软。) The story sounds interesting.(这个故事听起来很有趣。)The flowers smell sweet

4、.(这些花闻起来很香。) The mixture tasted horrible.(这药水太难喝了。)3、表示“变”、“变成”的意思的词,如become, get, grow, turn, 都解释为“变”、“变得”,例如:She became a college student.(她成了一名大学生。)He feels sick. His face turns white.(他感到不舒服,他的脸色变苍白了。)The weather gets warmer and the days get longer when spring comes.(春天来了,天气变得暖和些了,白天也变得较长些了。)He

5、grew old.(他老了。)难点解释注意区别以下一些动词的用法,它们既可以作为行为动词,又可以作为连系动词。1、look看;看起来 He is looking at the picture.(他正在看这图片。)行为动词It looks beautiful.(它看上去很美丽。)连系动词2、fell摸;感觉I felt someone touch my arm.(我感到有人碰我的手臂。)行为动词Are you felling better today than before?(你今天比以前感到好些了吗?)连系动词3、smell嗅;闻起来My little brother likes to sme

6、ll the apple before he eats it.(我的小弟弟喜欢在吃苹果前闻一闻。)行为动词Great! The flowers smell nice.(这些花闻起来多香啊!)连系动词4、sound弄响,发音;听起来The letter “h” in hour is not sounded.(在hour这个词中字母h是不发音的。)行为动词The gun sounded much closer.(枪声听起来更近了。)连系动词5、taste辨味;尝起来Please taste the soup.(请尝一口汤。)行为动词The soup tastes terrible.(这汤尝起来味道

7、太差了。)连系动词6、get得到,获得;变There are some bananas on the table. Each of you can get one.(桌上有些香蕉,你们每个人可以拿一个。)行为动词7、grow生长,种植;变Do you grow rice in your country?(你们的国家种水稻吗?)行为动词Its too late. Its growing dark.(太迟了,天渐渐变暗了。)连系动词8、turn转动,翻动,使变得;变The earth turns around the sun.(地球绕着太阳转。)行为动词When spring comes, the

8、 trees turn green and the flowers come out.(春天来了,树叶变经绿了,花儿开了。)连系动词上述句子中的动词如grow、get、turn等,既可以作连系动词,又可以作行为动词。如何来辨别它们呢?有一个最简便的方法,即用连系动词be替换句子中的这些动词,句子仍然成立就是连系动词;反之,不能替换的,就是行为动词。例如:The trees turn/are green when spring comes.(春天来临,树叶变绿。)The earth turns around the sun.(地球绕着太阳转。)这第二句句子中的turn是行为动词,意为“转动”。无

9、法以is替换。(三)助动词这类词本身无词义,不能单独作谓语,只能与主要动词一起构成谓语,表示不同的时态、语态、表示句子的否定和疑问,例如:He does not speak English well.(他英语讲得不好。)句中的does是助动词,既表示一般现在时,又与not一起构成否定形式。A dog is running after a cat.(一条狗正在追逐一只猫。)句中的is 是助动词,和run的现在分词一起构成现在进行时。Did he have any milk and bread for his breakfast ?(他早餐喝牛奶、吃面包吗?)句中的did是助动词,既表示一般过去时

10、,又和动词have一起构成疑问。(四)情态动词这类词本身虽有意义,但不完整。它们表示说话人的能力、说话人的语气或情态,如“可能”、“应当”等。这类动词有can, may, must, need, dare, could, might等。它们不能单独作谓语,必须与行为动词(原形)一起作谓语,表示完整的意思,例如:I can dance.(我会跳舞。)can, 能, 会He cant walk because he is a baby.(因为他是个婴儿,不会走路。)cant, 不必May I come in?(我可以进来吗?)may, 可以第二节 及物动词与不及物动词行为动词(即实义动词)按其是否

11、需要宾语,可以分为及物动词和不及物动词。一、及物动词后面必须跟宾语,意思才完整,例如:Give me some ink, please.(请给我一些墨水。)If you have any questions, you can raise your hands.(如果你们有问题,你们可以举手,。)二、不及物动词后面不能跟宾语,意思已完整。不及物动词有时可以加上副词或介词,构成短语动词,相当于一个及物动词。例如:He works hard.(他工作努力。)Jack runs faster than Mike.(杰克跑步比迈克要快些。)Please look at the blackboard an

12、d listen to me.(请看黑板,听我说。)He got and “A” this time because he went over his lessons carefully.(这次他得了个“A”,因为他仔细地复习了功课。)难点解释1、许多动词可用作及物动词,也可用作不及物动词,他阅读中必须仔细体会和区别,例如:Who is going to speak at the meeting?(谁打算在会上发言?)speak, 不及物动词Few people outside China speak Chinese.(在中国外很少人讲汉语。)speak,及物动词2、要特别注意有些动词英汉之间

13、的差异。某些词在英语中是不及物的,而在汉语中却是及物的。有时则相反。例如:He is waiting for you.(他在等你。) 英语wait为不及物动词,汉语“等”为及物动词。Serve the people.(为人民服务。) 英语serve为及物动词,汉语“服务”为不及物动词。 Exercise 1指出下列各句中划线部分是什么动词,并说明词义,例如:All of us study hard.(vi. 学习)1、He began to work at seven this morning.( )2、I have left the key at home.( )3、We must take

14、 the old woman to the hospital at once.( )4、Billy felt very sad when he heard the bad news.( )5、Think it over, and you will have a good idea.( )6、Dont think of yourself;think of others.( )7、We are college students now, but we were at the factory two years ago.( )8、Mr. Black got angry when he saw Jen

15、ny come to school late again.( )9、Please wash your hands before each meal.( )10、Li Ming often works for the wall-newspaper after school.( ) Exercise 2区别下列多组句子中的动作,指出下列划线动词是连系动词还是行为动词,并写出词义:1、She looks well.( ) She tried to look at the blackboard but saw nothing.( )2、The students felt unhappy.( ) I f

16、elt someone touch my back.( )3、It was snowing hard when he got to the city.( ) Its too late. Its getting darker and darker.( )4、The teacher asked the student to turn it over.( ) The leaves of the trees turn green when spring comes.( )5、The young trees grow fast.( ) It began to grow dark.( )6、The bel

17、l sounded at 12 oclock for lunch.( ) The music sounds nice.( )第三节 持续动词与瞬间动词英语的行为动词有持续性动词和瞬间性动词之分,使用中应注意两者的区别。一、持续性动词表示一个动作可以持续一段时间或更长时间。常见的有study, play, do, read, learn, drive, write, clean, slean, sleep, speak, talk, wait, fly, stay, write, sit, stand, lie, keep等。二、瞬间性动词表示一个动作发生在一瞬间,非常短暂。亦称终止性动词。常见

18、的有begin, start, finish, go, come, leave, find, get up, arrive, reach, get to, enter, hear, stop, open, close, become, buy, borrow, lend, happen, join, lose, renew, die, take away, put up, set out, put on, get on/off等。以上已集中了初中教材的大部分持续性动词及瞬间性动词。三、用法1、以上两类动词都能用于现在完成时,表示动作到现在为止已结束,例如:He has studied Engl

19、ish for three years.(他学英语已有3年了。)He has joined the Party.(他已入党了。)Mum isnt at home. She has gone to the library.(妈妈不在家,她去图书馆了。)2、持续性动词在完成时中能与表示持续一段时间的状语连用,而瞬间性动词则不能。例如:His parents talked with the teacher for half an hour.(他的父母跟老师谈了半个小时。)My mother has lain in bed for 3 days.(我母亲生病卧床已经三天了。)My parents ha

20、ve lived in Shanghai since 1950.(我父母亲从1950年起就住在上海了。)3、瞬间性动词在完成时中如要与表示持续一段时间的状语连用,通常有两种方法:(1)用意思相当的持续性动词来替换,例如:He has been in the army/a soldier for three years.(他参军已有3年了。)不能用has joinedShe has been up for quite some time.(她起床已有好久了。)不能用has got up Has your brother been away from home for a long time?(你

21、哥哥离家已有好久了吗?)不能用has left常用瞬间动词相应持续性动词关系如下:1、gobe away 2、comebe here3、come backbe back 4、leavebe away(be not here)5、buyhave 6、borrowkeep7、diebe dead 8、beginbe on9、finishbe over 10、openbe open11、closebe closed 12、losebe lost13、get to knowknow 14、turn onbe on15、get upbe up 16、sit downsit/be seated17、joi

22、nbe in()或be amember18、becomebe(2)用it issince结构来替换瞬间动词,例如:电影已经开映5分钟了。(两种方法)The film has been on for five minutes. Its five minutes since the film began.他离开上海已有3天了。(两种方法)He has been away from Shanghai for three days. It is three days since he left Shanghai.这本书我还给图书馆已有两周了。(一种方法) Its two weeks since I r

23、eturned the book to the library.他找到他妹妹已有多久了?(一种方法) How long is it since be found his sister?4、瞬间动词的否定形式可以与表示一段时间的状语连用,例如:I havent seen you for a long time.(好久没见到你了。) 补充说明1、本书基本上已把初中课本中的持续动词与瞬间性动词罗列出来,可供教师参考使用。2、关于持续性动词与瞬间性动词的用法,可以结合现在完成时的教学一起进行。 Exercise 3一、选择正确的答案:1、Alice has (come, been) back for

24、a week.2、His grandmother has (been dead, died) for ten years.3、When we got to the cinema, the film had (begun, been on) for a few minutes.4、The lights have (turned on, been on) for over half a day.5、Have you (bought, had) the book on grammar for a week? Yes, since last Sunday.二、用since和for翻译下列句子:1、这本

25、书我已借了两周了。2、她离开这儿有5分钟了吗?3、我弟弟入团已有半年多了。4、Joan来到我校已有两个月了。5、他们相识有很长一段时间了。第四节 情态动词情态动词用法情态动词有can (could), may (might), must, have to, shall (should, will (would), dare (dared), need (needed), ought to等。 情态动词无人称和数的变化;不能单独使用,必须与其后的动词原形构成谓语 一、情态动词的主要特征试比较下列几组句子,看情态动词的特点:1、He borrows some books from the libr

26、ary.(他常从图书馆借些书。) He can borrow some books from the library.(他可以从图书馆借到一些书。)can, 可以2、I run fast.(我跑得快。) I cant run fast(我跑得不快。)cant, 不会,不能3、Must he go now?(他必须现在走吗?)must, 必须 Did he go last night?(他昨晚去了吗?)4、They may be there.(他们可能在那儿。)may, 可能 They werent there.(他们不在那儿。)从上述四组句子中,可以看出以下几个特点:1、can、may、mus

27、t都有各自的词义,表示能力、可能、允诺、愿意、请求等情态,因词义不完全,不能单独作谓语,只能和动词原形一起构成谓语。2、情态动词没有人称和数的变化。构成疑问句时,通常放在主语前面(见例3);构成否定句时,not放在这些情态动词之后(见例2)。可用它们的缩写形式(cant, cannot, mustnt等)。二、具体用法一、 can, could 1) 表示能力(体力、知识、技能)。 Can you lift this heavy box?(体力) Mary can speak three languages.(知识) Can you skate?(技能) 此时可用be able to代替。Ca

28、n只有一般现在时和一般过去式;而be able to则有更多的时态。 Ill not be able to come this afternoon. 当表示“经过努力才得以做成功某事”时应用be able to,不能用Can。如: He was able to go to the party yesterday evening in spite of the heavy rain. 2) 表示请求和允许。 -Can I go now? - Yes, you can. / No, you cant. 此时可与may互换。在疑问句中还可用could, might代替,不是过去式,只是语气更委婉,不

29、能用于肯定句和答语中。 - Could I come to see you tomorrow? - Yes, you can. ( No, Im afraid not. ) 3) 表示客观可能性(客观原因形成的能力)。 Theyve changed the timetable, so we can go by bus instead. This hall can hold 500 people at least. 4) 表示推测(惊讶、怀疑、不相信的态度),用于疑问句、否定句和感叹句中。 Can this be true? This cant be done by him. How can t

30、his be true? 二、 may, might 1) 表示请求和允许。might比 may语气更委婉,而不是过去式。否定回答时可用cant 或mustnt,表示“不可以,禁止”。 -Might/ May I smoke in this room? - No, you mustnt. - May/Might I take this book out of the room? - Yes, you can. (No, you cant / mustnt. ) 用May I.?征徇对方许可时比较正式和客气,而用Can I.?在口语中更常见。 2)用于祈使句,表示祝愿。 May you succ

31、eed! 3) 表示推测、可能性(不用于疑问句)。 might不是过去式,它所表示的可能性比may小。 1He may /might be very busy now. 2Your mother may /might not know the truth. 三、 must, have to 1) 表示必须、必要。You must come in time. 在回答引出的问句时,如果是否定的,不能用mustnt(禁止,不准),而用neednt, dont have to(不必). - Must we hand in our exercise books today? - Yes, you mus

32、t. - No, you dont have to / you neednt. 2) must是说话人的主观看法, 而have to则强调客观需要。Must只有一般现在时, have to 有更多的时态形式。 1 The play isnt interesting, I really must go now. 2 I had to work when I was your age. 3) 表示推测、可能性(只用于肯定的陈述句) 1 Youre Toms good friend, so you must know what he likes best. 2 Your mother must be

33、 waiting for you now. 四、 dare, need 1) dare作情态动词用时, 常用于疑问句、否定句和条件从句中, 过去式形式为dared。 1 How dare you say Im unfair? 2 He darent speak English before such a crowd, dare he? 3 If we dared not go there that day, we couldnt get the beautiful flowers. 2) need 作情态动词用时, 常用于疑问句、否定句。在肯定句中一般用must, have to, ought

34、 to, should代替。 1You neednt come so early. 2. - Need I finish the work today? - Yes, you must. / No, you neednt. 3) dare和 need作实义动词用时, 有人称、时态和数的变化。在肯定句中,dare后面常接带to的不定式。在疑问句和否定句中,dare后面可接带to或不带to的不定式。而need后面只能接带to的不定式。 1. I dare to swim across this river. 2. He doesnt dare (to) answer. 3. He needs to

35、 finish his homework today. 五、 shall, should 1) shall 用于第一人称,征求对方的意见。 What shall we do this evening? 2) shall 用于第二、三人称,表示说话人给对方的命令、警告、允诺或威胁。 1. You shall fail if you dont work hard.(警告) 2. He shall have the book when I finish it.(允诺) 3. He shall be punished.(威胁) 六、 will, would 1) 表示请求、建议等,would更委婉。

36、Will / Would you pass me the ball, please? 2) 表示意志、愿望和决心。 1. I will never do that again. 2. They asked him if he would go abroad. 3) would表示过去反复发生的动作或某种倾向。would表示过去习惯时比used to正式,且没有“现已无此习惯”的含义。 1. During the vacation, he would visit me every other day. 2. The wound would not heal. 4) 表示估计和猜想。 It wou

37、ld be about ten oclock when she left home. 七、 should, ought to 1) should, ought to表示“应该”,ought to表示义务或责任,比should语气重。 1. I should help her because she is in trouble. 2. You ought to take care of the baby. 2) 表示劝告、建议和命令。should, ought to可通用,但在疑问句中常用should。 1. You should / ought to go to class right awa

38、y. 2. Should I open the window? 3) 表示推测 should , ought to (客观推测), must(主观推测)。 1.He must be home by now. (断定他已到家) 2.He ought to/should be home by now.(不太肯定) 3. This is where the oil must be.(直爽) 4. This is where the oil ought to/should be.(含蓄)情态动词基本用法:情态动词用法否定式疑问式与简答can能力(体力,智力,技能)允许或许可(口语中常用)可能性(表猜测

39、,用于否定句或疑问句中)can not / cannot /cant doCando?Yes,can.No,cant.couldcouldnt domay可以(问句中表示请求)可能,或许(表推测)祝愿(用于倒装句中)may not do Maydo? Yes,may.No,mustnt/cant.mightmight not doMightdo? Yes,mightNo,might not.must必须,应该(表主观要求)肯定,想必(肯定句中表推测)must not/mustnt doMustdo? Yes,must.No,neednt/dont have to.have to只好,不得不(客

40、观的必须,有时态人称变化)dont have to doDohave to do?Yes,do.No,dont.ought to应当(表示义务责任,口语中多用shouldought not to/oughtnt to doOughtto do?Yes,ought. No,oughtnt.shall将要,会用于一三人称征求对方意见用于二三人称表示许诺、命令、警告、威胁等shall not/shant doShalldo?Yes,shall.No,shant.should应当,应该(表义务责任)本该(含有责备意味)should not/shouldnt doShoulddo?will意愿,决心请求

41、,建议,用在问句中would比较委婉will not/wont doWilldo?Yes,will.No,wont.wouldwould not/wouldnt dodare敢(常用于否定句和疑问句中)dare not/darent doDaredo?Yes,dare. No,darent.need需要必须(常用于否定句和疑问句中)need not/neednt doNeeddo?Yes,must. No,neednt.used to过去常常(现在已不再)used not/usednt/usent to dodidnt use to doUsedto do?Yes,used.No,use(d)

42、nt.Diduse to do?Yes,did.No,didnt.第五节 动词的时态1.动词的时态一共有16种,以ask为例,将其各种时态的构成形式列表如下:现在时过去时将来时过去将来时一般ask / asksaskedshall/will askshould/would ask进行am/is/are askingwas/were askingshall/will be askingshould/would be asking完成have/has askedhad askedshall/will have askedshould/would have asked完成进行have/has bee

43、n askinghad been askingshall/will have been askingshould/would have been asking1)一般现在时:概念:经常、反复发生的动作或行为及现在的某种状况。时间状语:always, usually, often, sometimes, every week (day, year, month), once a week, on Sundays, etc.基本结构:be动词;行为动词否定形式:am/is/are+not;此时态的谓语动词若为行为动词,则在其前加dont,如主语为第三人称单数,则用doesnt,同时还原行为动词。一

44、般疑问句:把be动词放于句首;用助动词do提问,如主语为第三人称单数,则用does,同时,还原行为动词。2)一般过去时:概念:过去某个时间里发生的动作或状态;过去习惯性、经常性的动作、行为。时间状语:ago, yesterday, the day before yesterday, last week(year, night, month), in 1989, just now, at the age of 5, one day, long long ago, once upon a time, etc.基本结构:be动词;行为动词否定形式:was/were+not;在行为动词前加didnt,

45、同时还原行为动词。一般疑问句:was或were放于句首;用助动词do的过去式did 提问,同时还原行为动词。3)现在进行时:概念:表示现阶段或说话时正在进行的动作及行为。时间状语:now, at this time, these days, etc.基本结构:am/is/are+doing否定形式:am/is/are+not+doing.一般疑问句:把be动词放于句首。4)过去进行时:概念:表示过去某段时间或某一时刻正在发生或进行的行为或动作。时间状语:at this time yesterday, at that time或以when引导的谓语动词是一般过去时的时间状语等。基本结构:was/were+doing否定形式:was/were + not +

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