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1、 （一）Peoplehavebeenpaintingpicturesforatleast30,000years.Theearliestpictureswerepaintedbypeoplewhohuntedanimals.Theyusedtopaintpicturesoftheanimalstheywantedtocatchandkill.PicturesofthiskindhavebeenfoundonthewallsofcavesinFranceandSpain.Nooneknowswhytheywerepaintedthere.Perhapsthepaintersthoughtthatt
2、heirpictureswouldhelpthemtocatchtheseanimals.Orperhapshumanbeingshavealwayswantedtotellstoriesinpictures.About5,000yearsago,theEgyptiansandotherpeopleintheNearEastbegantousepicturesaskindofwriting.Theydrewsimplepicturesorsignstorepresentthingsandideas,andalsotorepresentthesoundsoftheirlanguage.Thesi
3、gnsthesepeopleusedbecameakindofalphabet.TheEgyptiansusedtorecordinformationandtotellstoriesbyputtingpicturewritingandpicturestogether.Whenanimportantpersondied,scenesandstoriesfromhislifewerepaintedandcarvedonthewallsoftheplacewherehewasburied.Someofthesepicturesarelikemoderncomicstripstories.Ithasb
4、eensaidthatEgyptisthehomeofthecomicstrip.But,fortheEgyptians,picturesstillhadmagicpower.Sotheydidnottrytomaketheirwayofwritingsimple.Theordinarypeoplecouldnotunderstandit.Bytheyear1,000BC,peoplewholivedintheareaaroundtheMediterraneanSeahaddevelopedasimplersystemofwriting.Thesignstheyusedwereveryeasy
5、towrite,andtherewerefewerofthemthanintheEgyptiansystem.Thiswasbecauseeachsign,orletter,representedonlyonesoundintheirlanguage.TheGreeksdevelopedthissystemandformedthelettersoftheGreekalphabet.TheRomanscopiedtheidea,andtheRomanalphabetisnowusedallovertheworld.Thesedays,wecanwritedownastory,orrecordin
6、formation,withoutusingpictures.Butwestillneedpicturesofallkinds:drawing,photographs,signsanddiagrams.Wefindthemeverywhere:inbooksandnewspapers,inthestreet,andonthewallsoftheplaceswhereweliveandwork.Pictureshelpustounderstandandrememberthingsmoreeasily,andtheycanmakeastorymuchmoreinteresting.?1.Pictu
7、resofanimalswerepaintedonthewallsofcavesinFranceandSpainbecause?_ _?.?A.thehunterswantedtoseethepictures?B.thepainterswereanimallovers?C.thepainterswantedtoshowimagination?D.thepictureswerethoughttobehelpful?2.TheGreekalphabetwassimplerthantheEgyptiansystemforallthefollowingreasonsEXCEPTthat?_.A.the
8、formerwaseasytowrite?B.therewerefewersignsintheformer?C.theformerwaseasytopronounce?D.eachsignstoodforonlyonesound?3.WhichofthefollowingstatementsisTRUE?A.TheEgyptiansignslaterbecameaparticularalphabet.?B.TheEgyptianslikedtowritecomic?stripstories.?C.TheRomanalphabetwasdevelopedfromtheEgyptianone.?D
9、.TheGreekscopiedtheirwritingsystemfromtheEgyptians.?4.Inthelastparagraph,theauthorthinksthatpictures?_?.?A.shouldbemadecomprehensible?B.shouldbemadeinteresting?C.areofmuchuseinourlife?D.havedisappearedfromourlife参考答案：1.D) 根据文章第一段第五行“Perhapsthepaintersthoughtthattheirpictureswouldhelpthemtocatchthese
10、animals.”可知古代人以为在墙上画画会对他们有所帮助，故选项D为正确答案。?2.C) 在做此类题时要注意题干的要求。通过阅读文章第四段很清楚就知道选项C“前者容易发音”在文中没有提及，故为正确答案。?3.A) 可用排除法来做本题。通过阅读文章很清楚选项B和D为错误陈述。选项C“罗马字母是从埃及字母发展而来的”根据文章第四段第四，五句可知为错误论述，因此只有选项A为正确答案。4.C) 文章最后一段讲述了图画在今天的用途，故选项C为正确答案。 （二）Asthemerchantclassexpandedintheeighteenth?centuryNorthAmericanColonies,t
11、hesilversmithandthecoppersmithbusinessesrosetoserveit.OnlyafewsilversmithswereavailableinNewYorkorBostoninthelateseventeenthcentury,butintheeighteenthcenturytheycouldbefoundinallmajorcolonialcities.Noothercolonialartisansrivaledthesilversmithsprestige.Theyhandledthemostexpensivematerialsandpossessed
12、directconnectionstoprosperouscolonialmerchants.Theirproducts,primarilysilverplatesandbowls,reflectedtheirexaltedstatusandtestifiedtotheircustomersprominence.Silverstoodasoneofthesurestwaystostorewealthatatimebeforeneighborhoodbanksexisted.Unlikethesilvercoinsfromwhichtheyweremade,silverarticleswerer
13、eadilyidentifiable.Oftenformedtoindividualspecifications,theyalwayscarriedthesilversmithsdistinctivemarkingsandconsequentlycouldbetracedandretrieved.Customersgenerallysecurethesilverforthesilverobjecttheyordered.Theysavedcoins,tookthemtosmiths,anddiscussedthetypeofpiecestheydesired.Silversmithscompl
14、iedwiththeserequestsbymeltingthemoneyinasmallfurnace,addingabitofcoppertoformastrongeralloy,andcastingthealloyinrectangularblocks.Theyhammeredtheseingotstotheappropriatethicknessbyhand,shapedthemandpresseddesignsintothemforadornment.Engravingwasalsodonebyhand.Inadditiontoplatesandbowls,somecustomers
15、soughtmoreintricateproducts,suchassilverteapots.Theseweremadebyshapingorcastingpartsseparatelyandthensolderingthemtogether.Colonialcoppersmithingalsocomeofageintheearlyeighteenthcenturyandprosperedinnortherncities.Coppersabilitytoconductheatefficientlyandtoresistcorrosioncontributedtoitsattractivene
16、ss.ButbecauseitwasexpensiveincolonialAmerica,coppersmithswereneververynumerous.VirtuallyallcopperworkedbySmithswasimportedassheetsorobtainedbyrecyclingoldcoppergoods.Copperwasusedforpracticalitems,butitwasnotadmiredforitsbeauty.Coppersmithsemployedittofashionpotsandkettlesforthehome.Theyshapeditinmu
17、chthesamemannerassilverormelteditinafoundrywithleadortin.Theyalsomixeditwithzinctomakebrassformaritimeandscientificinstruments.?1.Accordingtothepassage,whichofthefollowingeighteenthcenturydevelopmentshadstrongimpactonsilversmiths? ?A.Adecreaseinthecostofsilver. ?B.Theinventionofheatefficientfurnaces
18、. ?C.Thegrowingeconomicprosperityofcolonialmerchants. ?D.Thedevelopmentofnewtoolsusedtoshapesilver. ?2.IncolonialAmerica,wheredidsilversmithsusuallyobtainthematerialtomakesilverarticles? ?A.Fromtheirownmines. ?B.Fromimporters. ?C.Fromothersilversmiths. ?D.Fromcustomers.3.Thepassagementionsallofthefo
19、llowingasusesforcopperinColonialAmericaEXCEPT?_?.?A.cookingpots?B.scientificinstruments?C.musicalinstruments?D.maritimeinstruments4.Accordingtothepassage,silversmithsandcoppersmithsincolonialAmericaweresimilarinwhichofthefollowingways? ?A.Theamountofsocialprestigetheyhad.?B.Thewaytheyshapedthetheywo
20、rkedwith. ?C.Thecostofthegoodstheymade. ?D.Thepracticalityofthegoodstheymade.参考答案：1.C) 根据文章第一句“Asthemerchantclassexpandedintheeighteenth?centuryNorthAmericanColonies,.”可知，随着在十八世纪的北美殖民地商人阶级膨胀起来，也就是说那时的商人财富有了很大的发展，银匠铜匠们有机会发挥他们的专长了，这及选项C正好相符。?2.D) 根据文章第十四、五行“Customersgenerallysecuresobjecttheyordered.T
21、heysavedcoins,tookthemtosmiths,and.”可知顾客要做银器，首先要积攒银币，然后拿到银匠处加工成他们想要的形状。选项D“来自客户”及之相符。3.C) 文章末尾在提到铜的用途时惟独没有提到乐器。?4.B) 根据文章倒数第四行“Theyshapeditinmuchthesamemannerassilverormelteditinafoundrywithleadortin.”可知银匠和铜匠在银器和铜器的塑型方式上是一样的，故选项B为正确答案。 （三）NaturesGiganticSnowPloughOnJanuary10, 1962,anenormouspieceofg
22、lacierbrokeawayandtumbleddownthesideofamountaininPeru.Ameresevenminuteslater,whencascadingicefinallycametoastoptenmilesdownthemountain,ithadtakenthelivesof4,000people.Thisdisasterisoneofthemost“devastating”examplesofaverycommonevent:anavalancheofsnoworice.Becauseitisextremelycoldatveryhighaltitudes,
23、snowrarelymelts.Itjustkeepspilinguphigherandhigher.Glaciersareeventuallycreatedwhentheweightofthesnowissogreatthatthelowerlayersarepressedintosolidice.Butmostavalanchesoccurlongbeforethishappens.Assnowaccumulatesonasteepslope,itreachesacriticalpointatwhichtheslightestvibrationwillsenditslidingintoth
24、evalleybelow.Evenanavalancheoflightpowercanbedangerous,butthePeruviancatastrophewasparticularlyterriblebecauseitwascausedbyaheavylayerofice.Itisestimatedthattheicethatbrokeoffweighedthreemilliontons.Asitcrasheddownthesteepmountainsidelikeagiganticsnowplough,itsweptuptrees,bouldersandtonsoftopsoil,an
25、dcompletelycrushedanddestroyedthesixvillagesthatlayinitspath.Atpresentthereisnowaytopredictoravoidsuchenormousavalanches,but,luckily,theyareveryrare.Scientistsareconstantlystudyingthesmaller,morecommonavalanches,totrytounderstandwhatcausesthem.Inthefuture,perhapsdangerousmassesofsnowandicecanbefound
26、andremovedbeforetheytakehumanlives.?1.Thefirstparagraphcatchesthereadersattentionwitha?_?.A.firsthandreport?B.dramaticdescription?C.talltale?D.vividworldpicture?2.Inthispassagedevastatingmeans?_?.A.violentlyruinous?B.spectacularlyinteresting?C.stunning?D.unpleasant?3.Thepassageismostlyabout?_?.?A.av
27、alanchesB.glaciersC.PeruD.mountains参考答案：1.A) 文章的第一段就像一个新闻报道，报道了在秘鲁发生的雪崩的灾难性后果，一下子就吸引了读者的注意力。?2.A) 根据语境线索可判断出词义为A。?3.A) 通读全文可知，文章主要是讲述雪崩的形成。Mostofusaretaughttopayattentiontowhatissaidthewords.Wordsdoprovideuswithsomeinformation,butmeaningsarederivedfromsomanyothersourcesthatitwouldhinderoureffectiven
28、essasapartnertoarelationshiptorelytooheavilyonwordsalone.Wordsareusedtodescribeonlyasmallpartofthemanyideasweassociatewithanygivenmessage.Sometimeswecangaininsightintosomeofthoseassociationsifwelistenformorethanwords.Wedontalwayssaywhatwemeanormeanwhatwesay.SometimesourwordsdontmeananythingexceptIml
29、ettingoffsomesteam.IdontreallywantyoutopaycloseattentiontowhatImsaying.JustpayattentiontowhatImfeeling.Mostlywemeanseveralthingsatonce.Apersonwantingtopurchaseahousesaystothecurrentowner, ThisstephastobefixedbeforeIllbuy.Theownersays, Itsbeenlikethatforyears.Actually,thestephasntbeenlikethatforyears
30、,buttheunspokenmessageis: Idontwanttofixit.Weputupwithit.Whycantyou?Thesearchforamoreexpansiveviewofmeaningcanbedevelopedofexaminingamessageintermsofwhosaidit,whenitoccurred,therelatedconditionsorsituation,andhowitwassaid.Whenamessageoccurscanalsorevealassociatedmeaning.Letusassumetwocouplesdoexactl
31、ythesameamountofkissingandarguing.Butonecouplealwayskissesafteranargumentandtheothercouplealwaysarguesafterakiss.Theorderingofthebehaviorsmaymeanagreatdealmorethanthefrequencyofthebehavior.Afriendsunusuallydocilebehaviormayonlybeunderstoodbynotingthatitwasprecededbysituationsthatrequiredanabnormalam
32、ountofassertiveness.Someresponsesmaybedirectlylinkedtoadevelopingpatternofresponsesanddefylogic.Forexample,apersonwhosaysNo!toaserialsofchargeslikeYouredumb, Yourelazy,andYouredishonest,mayalsosayNo!andtrytojustifyhisorherresponseifthenextstatementisAndyouregoodlooking.Wewoulddowelltolistenforhowmes
33、sagesarepresented.Thewords, Ifsurehasbeennicetohaveyouover,canbesaidwithemphasisandexcitementorritualistically.Thephrasecanbesaidonceorrepeatedseveraltimes.Andthemeaningsweassociatewiththephrasewillchangeaccordingly.Sometimesifwesaysomethinginfrequentlyitassumesmoreimportance;sometimesthemorewesayso
34、methingthelessimportanceitassumes.1.Effectivecommunicationisrenderedpossiblebetweentwoconversingpartners,if_.A.theyuseproperwordstocarrytheirideas.B.theybothspeaktrulyoftheirownfeelings.C.theytrytounderstandeachothersideasbeyondwords.D.theyarecapableofassociatingmeaningwiththeirwords.2.Imlettingoffs
35、omesteaminparagraph1means_.A.Imjustcallingyourattention.B.Imjustkidding.C.Imjustsayingtheopposite.D.Imjustgivingoffsomesound.3.Thehouse-ownersexampleshowsthatheactuallymeans_.A.thestephasbeenlikethatforyears.B.hedoesntthinkitnecessarytofixthestep.C.theconditionofthestepisonlyaminorfault.D.thecostinv
36、olvedinthefixingshouldbeshared.4.Someresponsesandbehaviorsmayappearveryillogical,butarejustifiableif_.A.linkedtoanabnormalamountofassertiveness.B.seenasoneshabitualpatternofbehavior.C.takenaspartofanorderingsequence.D.expressedtoaseriesofcharges.5.Thewordritualisticallyinthelastequalssomethingdone_.
37、A.withouttrueintention.B.light-heartedly.C.inawayofceremony.D.withlessemphasis.答案：Migrationisusuallydefinedaspermanentorsemipermanentchangeofresidence.Thisbroaddefinition,ofcourse,wouldincludeamoveacrossthestreetoracrossacity.Ourconcerniswithmovementbetweennations,notwithinternalmigrationwithinnatio
38、ns,althoughsuchmovementsoftenexceedinternationalmovementsinvolume.Today,themotivesofpeoplewhomoveshortdistancesareverysimilartothoseofinternationalmigrants.Studentsofhumanmigrationspeakofpushandpullfactors,whichinfluenceanindividualsdecisiontomovefromoneplacetoanother.Pushfactorsareassociatedwiththe
39、placeoforigin.Apushfactorcanbeassimpleandmildamatterasdifficultyinfindingasuitablejob,orastraumaticaswar,orseverefamine.Obviously,refugeeswholeavetheirhomeswithgunspointedattheirheadsaremotivatedalmostentirelybypushfactors(althoughpullfactorsdoinfluencetheirchoiceofdestination).Pullfactorsarethoseas
40、sociatedwiththeplaceofdestination.Mostoftheseareeconomic,suchasbetterjobopportunitiesortheavailabilityofgoodlandtofarm.ThelatterwasanimportantfactorinattractingsettlerstotheUnitedStatesduringthe19thcentury.Ingeneral,pullfactorsadduptoanapparentlybetterchanceforagoodlifeandmaterialwell?beingthanisoff
41、eredbytheplaceoforigin.Whenthereisachoicebetweenseveralattractivepotentialdestinations,thedecidingfactormightbeanon?economicconsiderationsuchasthepresenceofrelatives,friends,oratleastfellowcountrymenalreadyestablishedinthenewplacewhoarewillingtohelpthenewcomerssettlein.Considerationsofthissortleadtothedevelopmentofmigrationflow.Besidespushandpullfactors,therearewhatthesociologistscallinterveningobsta