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1、动词时志和语态I.动词的时态：1.动词时态考查要点简述X （1） 一般现在时考点分析常用时间状语：sometimes, usually, always, often表示客观事实或普通真理（不受时态限制）The geography teacher told us the earth moves around the sun.水在 100 沸腾 Water boils at 100.表示现状、性质、状态时多用系动词或静态动词；表示经常或习惯性的动作，多用动态动词，且常 与表频率的时间状语连用。We always care for each other and help each other.冰摸起
2、来很凉。Ice feels cold.表示知觉、态度、感情、某种抽象的关系或概念的词常用一般现在时：see hear、smell taste feek notice agree believe like hate want、think belong seem 等。如：I know what you mean.史密斯拥有一辆车和一座房子。Smith a car and a house.在时间、条件状语从句中常用一般现在时代替将来时。但要注意由if引导的条件状语从句中可以用 shall或will表“意愿”，但不表示时态。如果你愿意接受并参加我们的舞会，我的家人会非常高兴。If you will a
3、ccept my invitation and come to our party, my family will be pleased.如果明天下雨，我们就不去野餐了。If it rains tomorrow, we will not go out on a picnic.少数用于表示起止的动词如 come、go leave arrive fly、return start、begin pen、close end、 stop等常用一般现在时代替将来时，表示一个按规定、计划或安排要发生的动作。当be表示根据时间或 事先安排，肯定会出现的状态，只用一般现在时。这个商店每天在 ll:pm 关门。 T
4、he shop closes at 11:00 p.m. every day.Tomorrow is Wednesday.X （2） 一般过去时的考点分析（考核重点）。一般过去时的基本用法：表示过去的事情、动作或状态常与表示过去具体的时间状语连用（或有上 下文语境暗示）；用于表达过去的习惯；表示说话人原来没有料到、想到或希望的事通常用过去式。如：I met her in the street yesterday.I once saw the famous star here.Driving at 60 kms through Cambridge he got caught by the pol
5、ice.3 .被动语态考查要点简述(1)使用被动语态时应注意的几个问题。主动变成被动时双宾语的变化。看以下例句。My friend gave me an interesting book on my birthday.An interesting book was given to me(by my friend)on my birthday.I was given an interesting book (by my friend)on my birthday.主动变被动时，宾补成主补(位置不变)；(作补语的)不定式前需加t。The boss made him work all day lo
6、ng.He was made to work all day long(by the boss)短语动词变被动语态时，勿要掉“尾巴，The children were taken good care of (by her).你的发音和拼写应该注意。Your pronunciation and spelling should be paid attention to.其他的可能性在会议上也谈论了。Other possibilities were talked about at the meeting.这件事情正在调查之中。This matter is being looked into.运动会将
7、要被推迟。The sports meet is to be put off.The facts just have to be faced up to.像这种事情不能容忍。Such kind of thing can not be put up with.短语变被动语态的两种方法：He took great care of his books.His books were taken great care of.Great care was taken of his books.They had made a mess of the house.The house had been made
8、a mess of.A mess had been made of the house.情态动词和be going to be to、be sure to、used to、have to had better等结构变被动语态，只需将 它们后面的动词原形变为be +过去分词。这本小说在今天晚上当然就能完成。This novel is certain to be completed tonight.This will be done immediately.It used to be done this way.The play is going to be produced on three s
9、uccessive evenings.These shoes will have to be repaired.His hair must have been dyed.It cant have been lost in the post, can it?当句子的谓语为 say、believe、expect think know write consider report 等时，被动语态有两 种形式：People say he is a smart boy.v It is said that he is a smart boy.He is said to be a smart boy.人们知道
10、纸是首先在中国制造的。People know paper was made in China first.j It is known that paper was made in China first.Paper was known to be made in China first.类彳以句型有：It is said / known / suggested / believed / hoped/ thought that.(2)不能用被动语态的几种情况。所有的不及物动词或不及物动词词组不能用于被动语态之中。表示状态的谓语动词，如：last、hold fit、join、last look l
11、ike consist of remain 等。表示归属的动词，如have、belong to等。表示“希望、意图”的动词,如：wish、hope、like、love、hate等。宾语是反身代词(myself,himself)或相互代词(each other)时谓语动词用主动语态，不能用被动语态。有些动词以其主动形式表示被动意义，特别是当主语是物时，常见的动词有selk write, wash、open、 lock 等。(3)主动形式表被动意义。当feel、look、smell taste sound等后面接形容词时;当cut、read sell wear write等词带状语修饰语时;当动词
12、表示“开始、结束、关、停、转、启动”等意义时。这种布易洗。This kind of cloth washes easily.这些小说不畅销。These novels wont sell well.我的钢笔写起来很流畅。My pen writes smoothly.门锁不上。The door won5t lock.鱼闻起来香。The fish smells good.当break out、take place、shut off turn off work out等动词表示“发生、关闭、制定”等意思时。The plan worked out successfully.墙上的灯关上了。The lam
13、ps on the wall turn off.want, require, need后面的动名词用主动表示被动含义。学生的压力需要减轻。The students9 pressure requires reducing.be worth doing用主动形式表示被动含义。志愿工作是值得去做的。Voluntary work is worth doing.在“be+形容词+ to do”中，不定式的逻辑宾语是句子的主语，用主动代被动。这种水不适宜喝。This kind of water isnt fit to drink.这女孩儿不容易相处。The girl isnt easy to get al
14、ong with.另外:be to blame(受谴责)，be to rent (出租)也用主动形式表被动。(4)被动形式表示主动意义的几种情况。be seated坐着他坐在板凳上。He is seated on a bench. (He seats himself on a bench.) 坐在凳子上。be hidden躲藏他藏在门后。He was hidden behind the door.(He hid himself behind the door.)他藏在 |、后。be lost迷路be drunk喝醉be dressed穿着这女孩儿穿这一件红色短衬衫The girl was dr
15、essed in a red short skirt.(5)被动语态与系表结构的区别被动语态强调动作；系表结构表主语的特点或状态。如：The book was sold by a certain bookstore.（被动语态）The book is well sold.（系表结构）链接高考：1 .Ski jumping has featured in each Winter Olympics since 1924. （2022 顺义二模）1 .Shoppers are encouraged to bring their own containers to take their shoppin
16、g home. （2021 北京）3 . Equipped with cameras and a radar, Zhurongs task was to search fbr signs of life. It has worked （work） on Mars surface for over ten months and is in good shape. （2022 东城一模）4 .Oliver is a host of a TV programme. He says food plays/ is playing/has been playing （play） a big role in
17、 his life. （2019 北京）5 . Yuri Gagarin became （become） the first person to orbit（环绕）the earth in 1961. （2021 1 匕京）6 . Some Qin bamboo texts were discovered （discover）in a tomb in Hubei Province that contain many rules regarding how people were supposed to live and behave. Experts say these texts could
18、 prove the government in the third century BC handed out cruel punishments to people who broke（break） these rules. （2022 西城一模）7 . Single-use plastic bags are used at most a few times before they are thrown （throw） away.8 .Psychologists are divided on whether humor is inborn or learnable. However, th
19、ere is one thing that has been accepted （accept） universally so far-the sense of humor is uniquely human. （2022 海淀一模）9 .Does the name of the college you attend really matter? Research on the question suggests （suggest） that, for most students, it doesnt. （2019 d匕京）lO.There has been （be） a dramatic r
20、ise in the number of extreme weather events over the past 20 years, caused （cause） largely by rising global temperatures, according to a new report from the United Nations. （2020 北京）They never drank wine.我想这部电影将会很有趣，但事实并非如此。I thought the film would be interesting,but it isnt.如果从句中有一个过去的时间状语，尽管从句中的动作
21、先于主句发生，但从句中的谓语动词连用过 去式。如：昨天晚上他告诉我他读了一本有趣的小说。He told me he read an interesting novel last night.表示两个紧接着发生的动作，常由以下词语连接，用一般过去时。如：but, and, when, as soon as, immediately, the moment, the minute o她进来的那一刻就告诉我发生了什么。As soon as she came in, she told me what had happened to her.The moment she came in, she tol
22、d me what had happened to her.He bought a watch but lost it.常用一般过去时的句型：Why didnt you /1 think of that?I didnt notice it.I forgot to tell you I had been there with my brother before.我没有认出他来。I didnt recognize him.派（3）现在进行时考点分析。表示说话时正在发生着的一个动作；表示现阶段但不一定是发生在讲话时；表近期特定的安排或计 划；go、come等起止动作可用进行时代替将来时。如：It i
23、s raining now.这个雨衣是你的吗？-不是，我的挂在们背后呢。-Is this raincoat yours?-No, mine is hanging there behind the door.He is teaching English and learning Chinese.I am meeting Mr. Wang tonight.We are leaving on Friday.Ive won a holiday fbr two days to Florida. I am taking my mum.（表近期特定的安排或计戈ij）-你搬进新房子了吗？-还没有。房间正在粉刷
24、。一Have you moved into the new house?-Not yet. The rooms are being painted.我不是真的在这儿工作，我只是在这里帮助直到新秘书到来。I dont really work here; I am just helping out until the new secretary arrives.科技变化太快，选一款手机真难。Selecting a mobile phone for a personal use is no easy task because technology is changing so rapidly.与al
25、ways、often等频度副词连用，表经常反复的行动或某种感情色彩这女孩儿总是在公共场合大声说话。The girl is always loudly in public.注意：下面四类动词不宜用现在进行时。(A)表示心理状态、情感的动作：like, love, hate, care, remember, believe, want, mind, wish, agree, mean, needo(B)表存在的状态的动词：appear, exist, remain, seem, belong to, depend on。(C) 表示时性动作的动词：allow, accept, permit, pr
26、omise, admit, completeo(D)表示感官的动词： see, hear, notice, smell, sound, taste, lookoX (4)过去进行时考点分析。过去某一时刻正在进行的动作或某一阶段内发生或频繁发生。我认为Jim没看见我，他当时眼神空洞。I dont think Jim saw me; he was just staring into space.我第一次遇到Lisa是在三年前，那时她在一家收音机商店工作。I first met Lisa 3 years ago. She was working at a radio at the time.- -嘿
27、，看你走哪儿了！- 哦，十分抱歉，我刚才没注意。一Hey, look where you are going!- -Oh, Im terribly sorry, I wasnt noticing.某一动作发生时另一动作正在发生，其中一个在由when或while引导的时间状语从句中。长动作作 为背景，被一个短动作打断，长动作往往用进行体，短动作用一般体。The reporter said that the UFO was traveling east to west when he saw it.我哥哥在骑车的时候摔伤了。My brother fell while he was riding h
28、is bicycle and hurt himself.当Miss Brown去拿她落在办公室的书时学生正在忙于书写。The students were writing busily when Miss Brown went to get a book she had left in the office.在没人注意的情况下Tom溜进了那座房子。Tom slipped into the house when no one was looking.奶奶在读报纸的时候睡着了。As she was reading the newspaper, Granny fell asleep. 表示动作的未完成
29、性、暂时性。如：去年Shirly在写一本关于中国的书但是我不知道她是否完成了。Shirly was writing a book about China last year but I dont know whether she has finished it.派（5） 一般将来时考点分析。表示未来的动作或状态常用will / shall +动词（常与表示将来的时间状语用如tomorrow、next week 等）。下个星期我们要开个圣诞晚会。Next week, we will hold a Christmas Party.表示一种趋向或习惯动作。Well die without air o
30、r water.表示趋向行为的动词如come、go、start、begin leave等词常用进行时的形式表示将来时。新年即将来临了。The new year is coming.be going to 与 will / shall, be to do, be about to do 用法及区别:be going to表示现在打算在最近或将来要做某事，这种打算往往经过事先考虑，甚至已做了某种准备; shall /will do表示未事先考虑过，即说话时临时作出的决定。be going to表将来，不能用在条件状语从句的主句中；而will贝U能，表意愿。如：If it is fine, weUl
31、 go fishing.（正确）If it is fine, we are going to go fishing.（错误）注意：（A） be to do sth,表按计划、安排即将发生的动作，还可表示吩咐、命令、禁止，可能性等。今天下午三点要开一个会。A meeting is to be held at 3:00 oclock this afternoon.你何时奔赴纽约？When are you to leave for New York?She is to get married next month.（B）表示指令，相当于 should, ought to , must, have t
32、o.你应该报警。You are to report to the police.应该怎么办呢？What is to be done?这种药一天要服三次。This is medicine is to be taken three times a day.这个室内的书籍不得带出室外。The books in this room are not to be taken outside.(C)表示“想，打算”，相当于intend, want.如：如果我们想在十点前到，我们现在就得走。If we are to be there before ten, well have to go now.(D)用于第
33、一人称疑问句，表示征求对方意见。如：Am I to go on with the work?我们下一步该怎么办？What are we to do next?(E)在与be连用的结构中，see, find, congratulate的不定式被动式有特殊的用法。如：The news is to be found in the evening paper.在哪里也见不到他。He is nowhere to be seen.应该向您表示祝贺。You are to be congratulated.(am, is, are) about to do sth.表示“即可，就要“，后面不能接时间状语或状语
34、从句。(was/were about to do sth后可以加when引导的时间状语)Autumn harvest is about to start.X (6)过去将来时考点分析。参照一般将来时比照：用 would do、was / were going to do sth.表过去将来；(A) would do可以表示过去经常性或习惯性的动作与used to可以互换。When we were boys we used to / would go swimming every summer.(B)would do表示反复发生的动作。如果没有反复性只能用used toFrom that day
35、 on, as soon as the table was cleared and the dishes were gone, Mother would disappear into her sewing room to practice.I used to live in Beijing.我过去住在北京。(C) would之后要接表示动作的动词，不接表示认识或状态的动词，而used to那么无此限。I used to like football when I was at middle school.He used to be nervous in the exam.(D) would只表示
36、说话者对过去的一种回想心情，有可能再发生。而used to表示过去经常性或习惯性的动 作或状态，现在已经结束(含有较强的“今非昔比”的意思)People used to believe that the earth was flat.He would go to the park as soon as he was e、go、leave等过去进行时表过去将来时；was / were to do sth.和 was / were about to do sth.表过去将来。I was about to go out when the telephone rang.Was/were to do s
37、th.表示曾经计划要做某事，但不说明计划是否被执行，或表示命运，而非计划；如：T felt excited because I was soon to leave home for the first time.was/were to have done sth.表示未曾实现的计划。我本来想告诉你的，但是你不在家。We were to have told you, but you were not in.X (7)现在完成时考点分析。现在完成时除可以和for、since引导的状语连用外，还可以和下面的介词短语连用：during / in /over the last(past)few year
38、s (months, weeks) in recent years 等。在过去的10年里，我们的学校发生很大的变化。Great changes have taken place in the past 10 years in our school.以下句型中常用现在完成时It is (has been) + 一段时间 + since 从句This(That / It)is the first(second. .)time that + 完成时This(That / It)is the only . + that + 完成时This(that / It)is the best / finest
39、/ most interesting . + that 从句 + 完成时这是我看过的最好的电影。This is the best film that I have ever seen.在时间或条件状语从句中，现在完成时可以代替一般将来时。如：I shall post the letter as soon as I have written it.If you have done the experiment, you will realize the theory better.Dont get off the bus until it has stopped.(8)现在完成进行时Have/
40、has been doing,表示从过去某一时刻发生的动作，一直延续到现在。 延续性动词，如live, teach, work, study, learn, stay的现在完成时与现在完成进行时差异不大。如I have lived here for ten years.I have been living here for ten years.现在完成进行时带有持续性、暂时性和未完成性的含义，这种情况下，就不可以与现在完成时互换使用。比拟：Whos been eating my dinner?Whos eaten my dinner?前一例的含义是“还有些剩下”，后一例那么表示“全给吃光了”。
41、I have written an article.I have been writing an article. 表短暂动作的动词：行nish, marry, getup, come, go等，一般不能用现在完成进行时。(9)将来完成时表示将来某一时刻之前就已经完成的动作will/shall +have doneYou will have gone to college by this time next year.ril have finished my work by five this afternoon.Before long he will have forgotten all a
42、bout it.这雪将在三月底之前消失The snow will have disappeared before the end of March.X (10)过去完成时考点分析(考核重点)。常用过去完成时的几种情况：(A)在by、by the end、by the time until before后接表示过去某一时间的短语或从句以前发生的动作。如：截止到去年年末我们已经生产了 20, 000辆汽车。By the end of last year, we had produced 20,000 cars.火车在我们到站之前就离开了。The train had left before we r
43、eached the station.(B)表示未曾实现的希望、打算、意图、诺言等。常用 had hoped / planned / meant / intended/thought / wanted / expected 等或用上述动词过去式接不定式 完成式表示艮卜 hoped / planned . + to have done。我本来打算要去夏威夷旅游的。I had planned to travel to Hawaii.我本想去帮你的，但当时确实太忙了。I had meant to help you, but I was too busy at the moment.(C) “时间名词
44、+ before”在句子中作状语，谓语动词用过去完成时；“时间名词+ ago”在句中作状语，谓 语动词用一般过去式。如： He said his first teacher had died at least 10 years before.Xiao Hua left school 3 years ago.(D)表示“一.就”的几个句型：HardlywhenScarcely |had +主语+过去分词+ (than + 一般过去时。No sooner J如：我们一坐下来汽车就开动了。We had no sooner been seated than the bus started.No soo
45、ner had we been seated than the bus started.在before或after引导的时间状语从句中用一般过去时态代替过去完成时。After he (had)left the room, the boss came in.We arrived home before it snowed.It was + 一段时间+since从句用过去完成时。It was + the (序数词)time +(that)过去完成时。那是第三次他犯同样的错误了。It was the third time that he had made the same mistake.(11)注
46、意几组时态的区别：一般过去时与现在完成时：时间上有差异：凡有过去时间的均用过去时态，不能用完成时态，如含有ago、last year、just now、the other day 等。结果上有差异：现在完成时强调的是对“现在”的影响和结果，动作到现在刚完成或还在继续；一般过 去时强调的是动作发生在“过去”，和现在毫无关系。(He worked in this school from 1995 to 2000.He has worked in this school for 5 yearsfHe wrote many plays when he was at college.一 He has w
47、ritten many plays.一般过去时和过去完成时的用法区别。A两种时态建立的时间参照点不同：过去完成时强调的是“过去的过去”，是对过去某一时刻而言的； 一般过去时是对现在说话而言的。如出现同一主语连续几个动作(“连谓”)形式那么只用一般过去时即可。B过去完成时的时间状语常用by和before引导的短语表示，如by that time, by the end of，before 2000, by the time + 句子。一般过去时的时间状语常用 yesterday, last year , last night, the other day, just now, then, two days ago, in 1998, at that time 等注：如出现同一主语连续几个动作(“连谓”)形式那么只用一般过去时即可。