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1、第十三章 状语 Adverbials 13.0 Introduction 1. 形式：状语可以是副词形容词名词，介词词组，副词词组，形容词&名词词组，分句等。2. 位置：可在句首，句中和句末。3. 语法构造：1）结合性状语（integrated)。2）分别性状语(peripheral)。 推断方法：把整句带入:“Its true that“ 里可以明显看出。 E.g.: John drove slowly. - its true that John drove slowly. (integrated，adjuncts )Fortunately, he came back just in tim
2、e. -Fortunately, Its true that he came back just in time. (Peripheral, disjuncts )However, it was a good meeting.- However, its true that it was a good meeting. (Peripheral, conjuncts) * Adjuncts: 修饰性状语，主要修饰动词* Disjuncts: 评注性状语， 对分句内容的评价。* Conjuncts: 连接性状语， 逻辑粘合剂，把新句子参加文章中。 Integrated adverbial（结合性状
3、语） Adjuncts修饰性状语Adverbials 状语 Disjuncts: 评注性状语 Peripheral adverbial (分别性状语) Conjuncts: 连接性状语13.1 Adjuncts 修饰性状语分时间状语(Time Adjuncts)，地点状语(Place Adjuncts)，过程状语(Process Adjuncts)，因果状语(Contingency Adjuncts)。13.1.1时间状语 Time Adjunctsa. Types of Time Adjuncts When-Adjuncts(何时状语) Duration-Adjuncts(持续状语) Fre
4、quency-Adjuncts(频度状语) We are going to the theatre tomorrow. (When adjuncts) They have lived here for 20 years.( Duration-Adjuncts) She sees the doctor twice a month.( Frequency-Adjuncts)n When-Adjuncts(何时状语)1. 可被When-question提问。（when are you going to the theater?）2. 特指的时间点或者时间段。（they arrived at 10 o
5、clock. / The war started on May 4,1952）3. 非特指的时间点或者时间段，在交谈中默认的时间。(theyll be back soon. / See you later.)4. 常以分句形式出现。被以下连词连接： after, as, before, once, since, till, until, when, whenever, while, now, as long as, as soon asI will call you as soon as I hear the news.5. 或者被名词从句作为连词链接。The moment, the minu
6、te, the instant, the first time, the next timeHe went to bed the moment he finished his homework. - No soonerthan, Hardly 表示一件事接着另一件，第一个从句要用过去完成时，假如放在句首则要倒装.He had no sooner asked the question than the answer came to him.No sooner had he asked the question than the answer came to him. n Duration-Adj
7、uncts(持续状语)1. 可被“how long”提问。How long have they been lived here?2. 有多种形式，最常见的形式是： for + 名词词组：for ten years, for a short whilen Frequency-Adjuncts(频度状语)1. 可被“How often, How many times”提问。2. 可由副词组成。（daily, weekly. Monthly, often, frequently, always, never）I pay my bills monthly. My father never goes t
8、o the cinema.3. 或者名词词组，介词词组或者分局组成。My uncle brought me gifts whenever he came. She visits her parents as often as she can.b. Position of Time Adjuncts1. 最好放在句首或者句中。2. 2个when-adjuncts在一起时，依次是 specific + general He was born on the morning of May 4, 1997.3. Duration Adjuncts + Frequency Adjuncts + When
9、Adjuncts She would stay with her parents for a couple of days once a month after she got married.13.1.2地点状语 Place Adjunctsa. Types of Place AdjunctsWhere Adjuncts (何地状语) Direction Adjuncts(方向状语) Distance Adjuncts(间隔 状语), Source Adjuncts(来源状语), Goal Adjuncts(目的状语) Outside the village Where Adjuncts (
10、何地状语) Down the hill Direction Adjuncts(方向状语)The ran a long away Distance Adjuncts(间隔 状语) From the school Source Adjuncts(来源状语) To the school bus. Goal Adjuncts(目的状语)n 最常见的是介词词组形式，其他形式有副词，名词词组，从句等。The children are playing outside.(adverb)The school is located 10 miles from downtown.(clause)She found
11、her umbrella where she left it. (infinite clause) b. Position of Place Adjuncts1. 一般句末。2. 假如在句首，则1) 设定场景；2) 着重强调反义；3)避开句末过于繁琐。In Los Angeles, a hot dry wind will remind people of forest fires.In the ring, two men were killing each other, and in the hall, men and women were screaming. In the garden t
12、he children were playing with their newly-arrived uncle.3. 2个place adjunct同时出现时，按凹凸依次排列。*留意， 不行以把低级的地点状语移到别处只留下高级时间状语，但是挪动高级地点状语时不受这个规则的约束。She sat on a table in a restaurant.In a restaurant she sat on a table. *On the table she sat in a restaurant. 4. Distance + Direction + Source + Goal + Position
13、They ran a long way down the hill from the school to the restaurant.13.1.3过程状语 Process Adjunctsa. Types of Process AdjunctsManner Adjuncts (方式状语) Instruments Adjuncts(工具状语) Agentive Adjuncts(执行者状语)n Manner Adjuncts 方式状语1. Definition： 描绘事情如何完成的状语。They plan the project carefully. 2. 可被 How, In what wa
14、y/manner 来提问。How do they plan the project?3. 一般用副词来当方式状语，其他方式显得比拟繁琐。n Instruments Adjuncts工具状语1. 方式状语指某事如何完成的，主观描绘，而工具状语则指在外部扶植下某事如何完成，很客观。Why not cut the bread with a knife?I used to go to work by bike.You can start the machine by pressing the button. 2. 最常见的形式是 with + 方式Agentive Adjuncts(执行者状语)1.
15、指执行动作的人，by + performer, 特殊会出如今被动语态中，执行者一般是人，或者把物体拟人化。 The flying object was seen by many people.The work can be easily done by a machine.当过程状语，时间状语，地点状语同时出现时，按以下规律排列：Process + Place + TimeHe told me in person at the meeting yesterday. (Process + Place + Time) 13.1.4因果状语 Contingency AdjunctsReason Ad
16、junct(缘由状语) Result Adjunct(结果状语) Purpose Adjunct(目的状语) Concession Adjunct(让步状语) Condition Adjunct(条件状语) n Reason Adjunct(缘由状语)1. 当想表示事物或某一行为的缘由时，用缘由状语从句2. 一般以because引导从句，或者since，as，forI asked her to stay, for I have something important to tell her.Because of his bad leg, he couldnt walk as fast as o
17、thers.3. 也可出如今不定从句中，省略连接词。Being unable to concentrate at home, he went to the library.Situated at the foot of the mountain, the village was very quiet.4. As构造的的缘由状语从句。Foolish as he was, he would defy any advice and continue to make the same mistakes. n Result Adjunct(结果状语)1. 表示结果，一般在句末，以so that引导出，非
18、正式形式时可被so引出。He went to the lecture early, so that he got a good seat.She must have been blind that she couldnt see he was a liar.n 其他连接词包括，such that, with the result that, so that, so as to, such thatI dont think he will be so stupid as to go around saying those things.n Purpose Adjunct(目的状语)1. 表示目的
19、或者意图被实现。 She stood up in order to see better.2. 可被-why提问. Why did she stand up?3. 连接词为 in order to, in order that, so, so as (to), so that.I need a ladder to put up the picture.4. 如今不常用的连词 lest（生怕）,常被 for fear that, in order thatnot等代替He ran away lest he could be seen. for fear that he could be seen
20、. In order that she should not be seen.*Purpose& Result adjunct 都可以用连接词 so that, 但是有以下区分：1. 在so that后的结果状语往往被逗号跟主句隔开，但是目的状语不用分开。2. 目的状语中倾向于接情态助词，结果状语则不是。3. 目的状语可以在句首，结果状语一般在句末。He works hard, so that the managed to pass the exam. (result)He works hard so that he could pass the exam.(purpose) So that
21、he could pass the exam he works harder.(Purpose)n Concession Adjunct(让步状语)1. 让步状语及主句的意思形成比照，表示一种不开心的状态，尽快这样，也不阻碍主句所描绘的事情或状态的发生。Though he has lived in HK for years, he still has difficulty understanding Cantonese. 2. 一般用though, although做连接词。3. 其他连接词包括，even if, while, despite, in spite of While he did
22、 well in chess, he was rather weak in math.In spite of his poor performance in class, he excelled sports. n Condition Adjunct(条件状语)1. 描绘了一种可能扶植主语实现状态的状况。1) If the sun shines, the room is very warm.2) If they are in mood, they will clean your car.3) If you werent here, theyd get rid of me in no time.
23、4) If you had been here, we wouldnt have had so much trouble.2. 条件状语从句依据分句的意思分为两种状况，open condition表示假设可能被实现，也可能不被实现（句子1，2）。closed condition表示不行能被实现或者干脆及现实相反（句子3，4）。下面是4种根本型式：1. Same tense in both clause. Open condition, invariable consequence 2. If + Present Tense, will (shall) in the main clause. Open condition, a likely consequence3. If + Past Tense, Would/should in the main clause. Rejected condition, unlikely consequence4. If + Past Tense, would have done in the main clause. Rejected condition, different consequence3. 条件状语中的Will不表示预料作用，只表示“willingness, intension”的意思