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1、The Hidden Side of Happiness1、Hurricanes, house fires, cancer, white-water rafting accidents, plane crashes, vicious attacks in dark alleyways. Nobody asks for any of it. But to their surprise, many people find that enduring such a harrowing ordeal ultimately changes them for the better. Their refra
2、in might go something like this: I wish it hadnt happened, but Im a better person for it.飓风、房屋失火、癌症、激流漂筏失事、坠机、昏暗小巷遭歹徒攻击，没人想找上这些事儿。但出人意料是，很多人觉察遭遇这样一次苦痛磨难最终会使他们向好方面转变。他们可能都会这样说:“我盼望这事没发生，但因为它我变得更完备了。2、We love to hear the stories of people who have been transformed by their tribulations, perhaps becaus
3、e they testify to a bona fide psychological truth, one that sometimes gets lost amid endless reports of disaster: There is a built-in human capacity to flourish under the most difficult circumstances. Positive reactions to profoundly disturbing experiences are not limited to the toughest or the brav
4、est. In fact, roughly half the people who struggle with adversity say that their lives have in some ways improved.我们都爱听人们经验苦难后发生转变故事，可能是因为这些故事证明了一条真正心理学上真理，这条真理有时会湮没在多数关于灾难报道中:在最困难境况中，人所具有一种内在发奋向上实力会进发出来。对那些令人极度恐慌经验作出 主动回应并不仅限于最坚毅或最英勇人。事实上，大约半数与逆境抗争过人都说他们生活从今在某些方面有了改善。3、This and other promising find
5、ings about the life-changing effects of crises are the province of the new science of post-traumatic growth. This fledgling field has already proved the truth of what once passed as bromide: What doesnt kill you can actually make you stronger. Post-traumatic stress is far from the only possible outc
6、ome. In the wake of even the most terrifying experiences, only a small proportion of adults become chronically troubled. More commonly, people reboundor even eventually thrive.诸如此类有关危机变更一生觉察有着可观探讨前景，这正是创伤后成长这一新学科探讨领域。这一新兴领域已经证明了曾经被视为陈词滥调一个真理:大难不死，意志弥坚。创伤后压力绝不是唯一可能结果。在遭遇了即使最可怕经验之后，也只有一小部分成年人会受到长期心理熬煎
7、。更常见状况是，人们会复原过来甚至最终会胜利兴盛。4、Those who weather adversity well are living proof of one of the paradoxes of happiness: We need more than pleasure to live the best possible life. Our contemporary quest for happiness has shriveled to a hunt for blissa life protected from bad feelings, free from pain and c
8、onfusion.那些经受住苦难打击人是有关华蜜悖论生动例证:为了尽可能地过上最好生活，我们所须要不仅仅是愉悦感受。我们这个时代人对华蜜追求已经缩小到只追求福气:一生没有苦恼，没有苦痛和困惑。5、This anodyne definition of well-being leaves out the better half of the story, the rich, full joy that comes from a meaningful life. It is the dark matter of happiness, the ineffable quality we admire i
9、n wise men and women and aspire to cultivate in our own lives. It turns out that some of the people who have suffered the most, who have been forced to contend with shocks they never anticipated and to rethink the meaning of their lives, may have the most to tell us about that profound and intensely
10、 fulfilling journey that philosophers used to call the search for the good life.这种对华蜜平淡定义忽视了问题主要方面种富有意义生活所带来那种丰富、完好愉悦。那就是华蜜背后隐藏那种本质是我们在明智男男女女身上所观赏到并渴望在我们自己生活中培育那种不行言喻品质。事实证明，一些遭遇苦难最多人-他们被迫全力应付他们未曾意料到打击，并重新思索他们生活意义或许对那种深入、给人以猛烈满意感人生经验(哲学家们过去称之为对“美妙生活探寻)最有发言权。6、This broader definition of good living b
11、lends deep satisfaction and a profound connection to others through empathy. It is dominated by happy feelings but seasoned also with nostalgia and regret. Happiness is only one among many values in human life, contends Laura King, a psychologist at the University of Missouri in Columbia. Compassion
12、, wisdom, altruism, insight, creativitysometimes only the trials of adversity can foster these qualities, because sometimes only drastic situations can force us to take on the painful process of change. To live a full human life, a tranquil, carefree existence is not enough. We also need to growand
13、sometimes growing hurts.这种对美妙生活更为广泛定义把深深满意感和一种通过移情与别人建立深切联络交融在一起。它主要受愉悦情感支配，但同时也夹杂着惆怅和懊悔。密苏里高校哥伦比亚分校心理学家劳拉 金认为:“华蜜仅仅是许很多多人生价值中一种。慈善、才智、无私、.洞察力及创建力有时只有经验逆境考验才能培育这些品质，因为有时只有极端情形才能迫使我们去承受苦痛变更过程。只过安静、无忧无虑生活是缺乏以体验一段完好人生。(此文来自袁勇兵博客)我们也须要成长-尽管有时成长是苦痛。7、 In a dark room in Queens, New York, 31-year-old fashi
14、on designer Tracy Cyr believed she was dying. A few months before, she had stopped taking the powerful immune-suppressing drugs that kept her arthritis in check. She never anticipated what would happen: a withdrawal reaction that eventually left her in total body agony and neurological meltdown. The
15、 slightest movementtrying to swallow, for examplewas excruciating. Even the pressure of her cheek on the pillow was almost unbearable.在纽约市皇后区一间漆黑房间里，31岁时装设计师特蕾西 塞尔感到自己奄奄一息。就在几个月前，她已经停顿服用限制她关节炎强效免疫抑制药。她从没预见到接下来将要发惹事:停药之后反响最终使她全身猛烈难受，神经系统出现严峻问题。最稍微动作比方说试着吞咽对她来说也苦痛不堪。甚至将脸压在枕头上也几乎难以忍受。8、Cyr is no wimpdi
16、agnosed with juvenile rheumatoid arthritis at the age of 2, shed endured the symptoms and the treatments (drugs, surgery) her whole life. But this time, she was way past her limits, and nothing her doctors did seemed to help. Either the disease was going to kill her or, pretty soon, shed have to kil
17、l herself.塞尔并不是软弱人。她在两岁时就被诊断得了幼年型类风湿性关节炎，一生都在忍 受着病症和治疗(药物、手术)熬煎。但是这一次，她实在不堪忍受了，她医生所做一切好像都不起作用。要么让疾病完毕她生命，要么她就得很快了结自己生命了。9、As her sleepless nights wore on, though, her suicidal thoughts began to be interrupted by new feelings of gratitude. She was still in agony, but a new consciousness grew stronger
18、 each night: an awesome sense of liberation, combined with an all-encompassing feeling of sympathy and compassion. I felt stripped of everything Id ever identified myself with, she said six months later. Everything I thought Id known or believed in was uselesstime, money, self-image, perceptions. Re
19、cognizing that was so freeing.然而，在经验了假设干个不眠之夜后，她想自杀念头开始被新感谢之情所打断。虽然她仍旧感到苦痛，但一种新意识每一夜都变得更加猛烈:一种令人惊羡解脱感，结合着一种包涵一切怜悯和怜悯情感。“我感到一切我曾经用来认同 自己身份东西都被剥夺了，六个月后她这样说道，“一切我认为我知道或信任事物时间、金钱、自我形象、对事物看法都毫无价值了。意识到这一点真是让我感到解脱。10、Within a few months, she began to be able to move more freely, thanks to a cocktail of ste
20、roids and other drugs. she says theres no question that her life is better now. I felt I had been shown the secret of life and why were here: to be happy and to nurture other life. Its that simple.在几个月内，得益于类固醇加其他药物鸡尾酒疗法，她开始可以更加自如地活动了。她说，毫无疑问她如今生活状况有了好转。“我感觉我窥探到了生命隐私以及我们生存意义，那就是欢乐地生活，同时扶持别人。就这么简洁!11、
21、Her mind-blowing experience came as a total surprise. But that feeling of transformation is in some ways typical, says Rich Tedeschi, a professor of psychology at the University of North Carolina in Charlotte who coined the term post-traumatic growth. His studies of people who have endured extreme e
22、vents like combat, violent crime or sudden serious illness show that most feel dazed and anxious in the immediate aftermath. They are preoccupied with the idea that their lives have been shattered. A few are haunted long afterward by memory problems, sleep trouble and similar symptoms of post-trauma
23、tic stress disorder. But Tedeschi and others have found that for many peopleperhaps even the majoritylife ultimately becomes richer and more gratifying.她这种不行思议经验完全是个惊喜。但是北卡罗来纳高校夏洛特分校心理学教授里奇 特德斯基认为，这种转变感觉从某些方面看却是很典型。里奇 特德斯基教授首创了“创伤后成长一词。他对那些经验了诸如搏斗、暴力犯罪、突患重病等极端事务人群进展了探讨，这些探讨说明，在刚经验不幸后大多数人随即都会感到茫然和焦虑。
24、他们一心想就是，自己生活完全被毁了。有少部分人事后很久了还不断被记忆问题、失眠以及类似创伤后应激障碍所熬煎。但特德斯基和其他学者觉察，对很多人(可能甚至是绝大多数人)来说，生活最终会变得更加丰富和更加令人满意。12、something similar happens to many people who experience a terrifying physical threat. In that moment, our sense of invulnerability is pierced, and the self-protective mental armor that normall
25、y stands between us and our perceptions of the world is torn away. Our everyday life scriptsour habits, self-perceptions and assumptionsgo out the window, and were left with a raw experience of the world.很多经验过恐惊人身威逼人会遇到类似状况。在事情发生那一瞬间，我们平安感被冲破了，平常处于我们与我们对世界种种看法之间自我爱护精神盔甲被剥离了。我们日常生活轨迹(我们习惯、自我相识和主观意念)全
26、部被抛到九霄云外，只剩下对世界原始体验。13、Still, actually implementing these changes, as well as fully coming to terms with the new reality, usually takes conscious effort. Being willing and able to take on this process is one of the major differences between those who grow through adversity and those who are destroye
27、d by it.the people who find value in adversity arent the toughest or the most rational. Instead, they tend to be ordinaryneither the best- nor the worst-adjusted. What makes them different is that they are able to incorporate what happened into the story of their own life. 尽管如此，要实际实现这些转变并完全承受新现实，通常须
28、要有意识地付出努力。是否情愿并有实力承担这个过程，就是那些在灾难中成长和那些被灾难所摧毁人之间主要区分之一。认为灾难有价值人并不是最坚毅或最理性人。使他们别出心裁是他们可以将所遭遇事融入他们自己人生历程中。14、Eventually, they may find themselves freed in ways they never imagined. Survivors often say they become more tolerant and forgiving of others, capable of bringing peace to formerly troubled rela
29、tionships. They say that material ambitions suddenly seem silly and the pleasures of friends and family paramountand that the crisis allowed them to reorganize life in line with the new priorities.最终，他们可能会觉察自己以从未想到过方式获得理解脱。生还者往往说他们变得更加宽容，也更能宽恕别人，可以缓和本来糟糕关系。他们说物质追求突然间变得很无聊，而挚友和家庭带来欢乐变得极为重要，他们还说危机使他们可
30、以依据这些新优先之事来重新相识生活。15 、People who have grown from adversity often feel much less fear, despite the frightening things theyve been through. They are surprised by their own strength, confident that they can handle whatever else life throws at them. People dont say that what they went through was wonder
31、ful, says Tedeschi. They werent meaning to grow from it. They were just trying to survive. But in retrospect, what they gained was more than they ever anticipated.从灾难中成长起来人尽管经验过恐惊事情，但他们恐惊感往往大为削减。他们对自己力气感到惊讶，信任不管今后生活中将要遭遇什么，他们都能应付。特德斯基说:“人们不会说他们所经验是美妙。他们并不是特意要通过这样经验来成长。他们只是尽其所能生存下来。但回忆起来，他们收获远远大于他们所意
32、料。16、In his recent book Satisfaction,Emory University Gregory Berns points to extreme endurance athletes who push themselves to their physical limits for days at a time. They cycle through the same sequence of sensations as do trauma survivors: self-loss, confusion and, finally, a new sense of maste
33、ry. For ultramarathoners, who regularly run 100-mile races that last more than 24 hours, vomiting and hallucinating are normal. After a day and night of running without stopping or sleeping, competitors sometimes forget who they are and what theyre doing.埃默里高校精神病学家格列高利 伯思斯在他近作满意中指出，极限耐力运发动每次训练都要使自己身
34、体连续数天处于极限状态。他们和经验创伤生还者所经验感觉过程一样:自我失落，困惑，最终获得一种新驾驭感。对于常常跑超过24小时l00英里竞赛超级马拉松运发动来说，呕吐和产生幻觉是常事。在一昼夜不停留不睡觉地跑步之后，竞赛者有时会忘了自己是谁，忘了自己在干什么。17、For a more common example of growth through adversity, look to one of lifes biggest challenges: parenting. Having a baby has been shown to decrease levels of happiness.
35、 The sleep deprivation and the necessity of putting aside personal pleasures in order to care for an infant mean that people with newborns are more likely to be depressed and find their marriage on the rocks. Nonetheless, over the long haul, raising a child is one of the most rewarding and meaningfu
36、l of all human undertakings. The short-term sacrifice of happiness is outweighed by other benefits, like satisfaction, altruism and the chance to leave a meaningful legacy.更普遍在逆境中成长例子要数生命中最大挑战之一:为人父母。生育孩子始终被认为会降低华蜜程度。为了照看婴儿而睡眠缺乏并且必需将自己消遣撇到一边，意味着有了新生儿人更有可能感到抑郁并且面临婚姻危机。然而，长远看来，哺育孩子是全部人类活动中最有意义、最值得去做一件
37、事情。短时间内牺牲了华蜜，却有了更多收获，比方满意感、无私以及有时机留下一笔意义深远遗产。18、Ultimately, that emotional reward can compensate for the pain and difficulty of adversity. This perspective does not cancel out what happened, but it puts it all in a different context: that its possible to live an extraordinarily rewarding life even w
38、ithin the constraints and struggles we face. In some form or other, says King, we all must go through this realization. Youre not going to be the person you thought you were, but heres who you are going to be insteadand that turns out to be a pretty great life.总之，情感上回报可以弥补灾难带来苦痛和困难。这种精神收获并不能抵消所发生苦难，
39、但是它可以把这些苦难全部放在另一个不同背景中来对待，.那就是即使我们面临约束和挣扎，我们仍旧可以生存得极有价值。金指出，我们全部人都必需以这样或那样形式经验这种觉悟。“你将不再是自己心目中曾经你，取而代之是一个新你而事实会证明生活从今将特别美妙。Unit 21、Throughout history sports have been used as forms of public entertainment. However, sports have been never been so heavily packaged, promoted, presented and played as co
40、mmercial products as they are today. Never before have decisions about sports and the social relationships connected with sports been so clearly influenced by economic factors. The bottom line has replaced the goal line for many people, and sports no longer exist simply for the interests of the athl
41、etes themselves. Fun and good games are now defined in terms of gate receipts, concessions revenues, the sale of media rights, market shares, rating points, and advertising potential. Then, what happens to sports when they become commercialized Do they change when they become dependent on gate recei
42、pts and the sale of media rights 在整个历史长河中，人们都是把体育当做某种形式公众消遣。然而，体育从未像今日这样作为一种商业产品被如此浩大地包装、推广、呈现和开展，有关体育决策以及与体育相关社会关系也同样从未如此明显地受到商业因素影响。对很多人来说，账本底线已取代了球门线，体育不再只是为了运发动们自身爱好而存在。今日，乐趣和“好竞赛定义取决于门票收入、特许权收入、媒体转播权出售、市场份额、收视率以及广告潜力。那么，当体育变得商业化时，它会怎样当体育变得依靠于门票收入和媒体传播权出售时，它会发生变更吗2、We know that whenever any spor
43、t is converted into commercial entertainment, its success depends on spectator appeal. Although spectators often have a variety of motives underlying their attachment to sports, their interest in any sporting even is usually related to a combination of three factors: the uncertainly of an events out
44、come, the risk or financial rewards associated with participating in an event, and the anticipated display of excellence or heroics by the athletes. In other words, when spectators refer to a good game or an exciting contest, they are usually talking about one in which the outcome was in doubt until
45、 the last minutes or seconds, one in which the stakes were so high that athletes were totally committed to and engrossed in the action, or one in which there were a number of excellent or heroic performances. When games or matches contain all three of these factors, they are remembered and discussed
46、 for a long time.我们知道，每当任何一项体育运动被转化为商业性消遣活动时，它胜利就依靠于观众爱好。尽管观众对于体育拥护背后潜藏着多种动机，但他们对体育竞赛爱好通常与三种相结合因素有关：竞赛结果不群定性，参与一项竞赛相关风险或经济回报，以及预期中运发动卓越、英勇表现。换句话说，当观众提及一场“不错竞赛或一场“冲动人心竞赛时，这场竞赛，通常在竞赛即将完毕最终几分钟甚至几秒钟，结果仍旧扑朔迷离；或者竞赛涉及高额奖金，因此运发动们都全身心地投入竞赛；或者竞赛展示了很多精彩或者“英雄式表现。只要运动竞赛包含全部这三方面因素，人们就会长时间记得并探讨这场竞赛。3、Commercializa
47、tion has not had a dramatic effect on the format and goals of most sports. In spite of the influence of spectators, what has occurred historically is that sports have maintained their basic format. Innovations have been made within this framework, rather than completely dismantling the design of a g
48、ame. For example, the commercialization of the Olympic Games has led to minor rule changes in certain events, but the basic structure of each Olympic sport has remained much the same as it was before the days of corporate endorsements and the sale of television rights.商业化对于大多数体育运动构造和目的没有太大影响。尽管观众会对其
49、产生影响，但在历史上，运开工程保持了它们根本构造。创新也是在这一个框架内进展，并不会完全废除这项运动根本设计。例如，奥运会商业化导致了某些赛事规那么微小变更，但其每项运动根本构造还是和商家赞助及电视转播权出售之前根本一样。4、Commercialization seems to affect the orientations of sport participants more than it does the format and goals of sports. To make money on a sport, its necessary to attract a mass audience to buy tickets or watch the events on television. Attracting and entertaining a mass audience is not easy because its