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1、 定语从句（复习课）一、 热点考点回忆一、根本概念（一） 定语从句在复合句中作定语，修饰名词或代词的从句叫定语从句。（二） 先行词被定语从句所修饰的名词或代词。一般状况下，定语从句紧跟先行词。但也有因各种缘由定语从句与先行词被分割的现象。（三）关系代词和关系副词定语从句的引导词。与先行词关系亲密，因此紧跟先行词，并在定语从句中充当一个成分。关系代词有：who, whom, which, that和whose, 另外，as也可充当关系代词。关系代词在定语从句中充当主语、宾语、表语和定语。关系副词有：when, where和why。在定语从句中充当状语。（四）分类：限制性定语从句和非限制性定语从句
2、 1，限制性定语从句：用来修饰和限制先行词，是复合句中不行缺少的组成局部。若将它去掉，先行词的意思就不明确，主句也不完好。 Eg: I know the girl that attened the party. 我知道参与聚会的那个女孩。 I met someone who said he knew you. 我遇到一个说相识你的人。 He came from a family which was very poor. 他来自一个贫困的家庭。 2，非限制性定语从句：对先行词的附加说明，说若省去也不影响主句的意思，它和主句之间常用逗号隔开。 Eg: His mother, who loves h
3、im very much, is strict with him. 他的妈妈很爱他，对他很严格。 China, which was founded in 1949, is becoming more and more powerful. 成立于1949年的中国变得越来越强大。二、关系代词的用法（一）根本用法依据先行词的不同，和在从句中所充当的成分不同，选用不同的关系代词。关系词先行词从句成分例句备注关系代词who人主语，宾语Do you know the man who is talking with your motherwhom, which和that在从句中做宾语时，常可以省略，但介词提
4、早时后面关系代词不能省略，也不行以用thatwhom人宾语Mr. Smith is the person with whom I am workingThe boy (whom) she loved died in the war.whose人，物定语I like those books whose topics are about history.The boy whose father works abroad is my classmate. that人，物主语，宾语A plane is a machine that can fly.She is the pop star (that)
5、I want to see very much.which物主语，宾语The book (which) I gave you was worth $10.The picture which was about the accident was terrible.as人，物主语，宾语He is such a person as is respected by all of us.This is the same pen as I lost yesterday. as做宾语一般不省略关系副词when时间时间状语I still remember the day when I first came t
6、o the school. 可用on whichwhere地点地点状语Shanghai is the city where I was born. 可用in whichwhy缘由缘由状语I dont know the reason why he looks unhappy today.可用for which例如：（留意关系代词在定语从句中所充当的成分） Do you know the professor who/that will give us a speech next week （作主语） I read a report about his new novel that/ which w
7、ill soon be published. （作主语） The plan that/which they argued about was settled at last. （作宾语） This is the new secretary (who/whom/that) I would like to introduce to you. （作宾语） The soldier whose legs were badly wounded was operated on without delay. （作定语）留意：关系代词在定语从句中充当宾语时可以省略，充当主语时则不能。（见上例）（二）关系代词th
8、at代替which的一些状况which, that 在代替物时，一般可以通用，但在有些状况下，只用 that。 先行词是最高级形容词或它的前面有最高级形容词修饰时。 This is the best that has been used against pollution. English is the most difficult subject that you will learn during these years. 先行词是序数词，或它前面有一个序数词时。 This is the last place (that) I want to visit. It is the first
9、American movie of this kind that Ive ever seen. 先行词是 all, much, little, something, everything, anything, nothing, none等代词时。 You should hand in all that you have. We havent got much that we can offer you. 先行词前面有the only, the very, any, few, little, no, all, much, every等修饰时。 The only thing that we can
10、 do is to give you some money. The little money (that) he had was stolen.（三）宜用who, 而不用that的一些状况 先行词是one, ones, anyone时。 One who has nothing to fear for oneself dares to tell the truth. Dont tell anyone about the news who oughtnt to know it.先行词是those时。 Those who were not fit for their work could not
11、see the beautiful clothes made of the magic cloth.（四）其它状况 先行词既有人又有物时。 Do you know the things and persons that they are talking about The bike and its rider that had run over an old man were taken to the police station. 主句已有疑问词who 或which时。 Which is the bike that you lost Who is the woman that was pra
12、ised at the meeting（五）与whose有关的问题 whose是代词的全部格，它既可以代人也可以代物。 I saw a woman whose bag was stolen. Please show me the book whose cover is red. 当whose表示物与物的全部格关系时，亦可用of which的形式。 The building whose roof you can see from here is a new restaurant. The building, the roof of which you can see from here, is
13、a new restaurant.或 The building, of which the roof you can see from here is a new restaurant.三、介词前提的问题关系代词在定语从句中充当介词宾语时，介词可以前提至关系代词前。Have you seen the pen (which) I wrote the note with just now （which作介词with的宾语）Have you seen the pen with which I wrote the note just now 但是，要留意的是： 介词前提后，先行词是人或物，关系代词分别
14、只能用whom和which，而不再用that或who。 介词前提后，关系代词不再能省略。 有些含有介词的短语动词中的介词不能前提，如：look for, look after, take care of等。 错误：Who is the old man to that you were talking to正确：Who is the old man to whom you were talking 或 Who is the old man (that/ whom) you were talking to 错误：These are the sheep of which the boy took c
15、are.正确：These are the sheep (which/that) the boy took care of.四、关系代词在从句中作主语时，从句中的主谓一样关系代词在定语从句中作主语时，从句的谓语动词在人称和数上应与先行词一样。 Who is the guy that is reading over there The number of people that are going to the exhibition is expected to be over 25,000. All that needs to be done has been done. He is one o
16、f the students who use computer a lot for study. Timmy is the only one of the pupils that has failed the exam.例中的all意为“一切”，作单数。例中没通过考试的学惹事实上只有一人，因此谓语动词也用单数。五、that与which, who, whom的用法区分：状况用法说明例句只用that的状况1 先行词为all, everything, anything, nothing, little, much,等不定代词时。2 先行词被all, any, every, each, much, l
17、ittle, no, some, few等修饰时3 先行词有形容词最高级和序数词修饰时4 先行词既指人又指物时5 先行词被the only, the very修饰时6 句中已经有who或which时，为了避开重复时1. He told me everything that he knows.2. All the books that you offered have been given out.3. This is the best film that I have ever read.4. We talked about the persons and things that we rem
18、embered.5. He is the only man that I want to see.6. Who is the man that is making a speech只用which, who, whom的状况1 在非限制性定语从句中，只能用which指代物，用who/whom指人2 在由“介词+关系代词”引导的定语从句中，只能用which指物，whom指人。3 先行词本身是that时，关系词用which, 先行词为those, one, he时多用who。1. He has a son, who has gone abroad for further study.2. I lik
19、e the person to whom the teacher is talking.3. Those who respect others are usually respected by others.二、典型例题1. We went through a period _communications were very difficult in rural areas. (2008上海)A. which B. whoseC. in whichD. with which2. Human facial expressions differ from those of animals in t
20、he degree _ they can be controlled on purpose. (2007重庆)A. with which B. to which C. of which D. for which3. Animals suffered at the hands of Man _ they were destroyed by people to make way for agricultural had to provide food for more people. (2008江西)A. in which B. for whichC. so that D. in that4. S
21、ome children want to challenge themselves by learning a language different from _ their parents speak at home. (2008浙江) A. what B. that C. which D. one5. You can only be sure of _ you have at present; you cannot be sure of something _ you might get in the future. (2007安徽) A. that; what B. what; / C.
22、 which; that D. /; that6. Women _ drink more than two cups of coffee a day have a greater chance of having heart disease than those _ dont. (2006北京)A. who, / B. /; whoC. who, who D. /; /7. The Beatles _ many of you are old enough to remembercame from Livepool.(2006) A. what B. that C. how D. as8. In
23、 an hour, we can travel to places _ would have taken our ancestors days to reach. (2006上海) A. where B. when C. which D. what9. I saw a woman running toward me in the dark. Before I could recognize who she was, she had run back in the direction _ she had come.（ 2006 重庆卷） A. of which B. by which C. in
24、 which D. from which10. Look out! Dont get too close to the house _ roof is under repair. (2006福建)A. whoseB. which C. of which D. thatKey : 1-5 CBDAB 6-10 CDCDA三、课堂练习1.The place _interested me most was the Childrens Palace. A. Which B. where C. what D. in which 2.Do you know the man _ A. whom I spok
25、e B. to who spoke C. I spoke to D. that I spoke 3.This is the hotel _last month. A. which they stayed B. at that they stayed C. where they stayed at D. where they stayed 4. Do you know the year _the Chinese Communist Party was founded A. which B. that C. when D. on which 5.That is the day _Ill never
26、 forget. A. which B. on which C. in which D. when 6.The factory _well visit next week is not far from here. A. where B. to which C. which D. in which 7.Great changes have taken place in the factory _we are working since then. A. where B. that C. which D. there 8.This is one of the best films _. A. t
27、hat have been shown this year B. that have shown C. that has been shown this year D. that you talked 9. Can you lend me the book _the other day A. about which you talked B. which you talked C. about that you talked D. that you talked 10.The pen _he is writing is mine. A.with which B.in which C.on wh
28、ich D.by which 11. Mom, what did your doctor sayHe advised me to live _ the air is fresher. (2006四川)A. in where B. in whichC. the place where D. where12. The schools themselves admit that not all children will be successful in the jobs _ they are being trained. (2005江西)A. in that B. for that C. in w
29、hichD. for which13. The English play _ my students acted at the New Years party was a great success. (2004全国)A. for which B. at which C. in which D. on which14. George Orwell, _ was Eric Arthur, wrote many political novels and essays. (2004全国) A. the real name B. what his real name C. his real name
30、D. whose real name15. The factory produces half a million pairs of shoes every year, 80% _ are sold abroad. (2004辽宁)A. of which B. which of C. of them D. of thatKey: 1-5 ACDCA 6-10 CAAAA 11-15 DDCDA四、课后作业1. If I had had enough time, I_ my work. A. would finish B. must have finished C. would have fin
31、ishedD. had finished 2.Ten minutes earlier, they _ the plane. A. will catchB. would catchC. would have caughtD. will have caught 3. Mr Green requires that the students _ a composition every other week. A. write B. written C. would write D. will write 4.Had he studied hard, he_ the exam. A. would pas
32、sB. could passC. had passedD. would have passed 5.I wish I _ what is happening there in his room. A. knowB. knownC. knewD. should know 6.It is important that you _ sports every day. A. haveB. would haveC. must haveD. will have 7.If there were no water in the world, everything _. A. will dieB. would
33、dieC. would have diedD. would have been dead 8. _ what was going to happen, I would never have left her alone. A. Had I knownB. If I knowC. If I knewD. If had I known 9.He ordered that the work _ right away. A. should finishB. finishedC. would be finishedD. be finished 10.Shall we go to the movie to
34、night No, Id rather _ at home with our baby. Youd better not leave it to the babysitter at night. A. you stayedB. you stayC. stayedD. stay Key: 1-5 CCADC 6-10 ABADA阅读下面短文，驾驭其大意，然后从 120 各题所给的 4 个选项中选出最佳选项。Entering the drama room I am immediately surrounded by the familiar sights, smells and sounds. S
35、treaks(条纹，线条) of light cast by the blinds of the tall _1_ send shafts(杆状物) of light through the dusty air. I take a _2_ and the concrete and paint _3_ tickle my nose. I _4_ everything about this room.Some of the _5_ times of my life have been spent here. Its ironic(挖苦的), but the _6_ is the only plac
36、e where I feel that I dont have to _7_ to be someone Im not. Like many teenagers, I almost _8_ think that people are judging me, but when I act, that feeling disappears. People only look at your _9_ ability, not your clothing, money, choice of friends, or any of the other ways people are usually _10
37、_.When Im on stage, everything else vanishes(消逝). All the worries and _11_ of the outside world are put on hold. Nervousness is still present, _12_ its the excited and tingly kind, not the queasy(不稳定的) _13_ of being different and alone.I _14_ love to work backstage and on lighting. I _15_ you could
38、find another girl who would work on a ladder _16_ her elbows in cables and dust and love every second of it. It makes me unique and gives me a sense of _17_ to know that I succeed in an area where _18_ othersand virtually(事实上) no girlsdo.High school is a difficult atmosphere, to put it _19_. Like ot
39、hers, Im often insecure(担忧的), not _20_ who I am or where Im going in life. Wherever that may be, I will always have the confidence I get from theater.1. A. doorsB. windowsC. roofsD. walls 2. A. last lookB. long walkC. short breath D. deep breath3. A. smellsB. tastesC. soundsD. looks4. A. hateB. love
40、C. missD. forget5. A. worstB. tiringC. bestD. better6. A. roomB. officeC. buildingD. stage7. A. pretendB. expectC. wantD. decide8. A. hardlyB. seriouslyC. constantlyD. happily 9. A. actingB. speakingC. movingD. repeating10. A. thought of B. judgedC. taken care of D. feeling11. A. happiness B. anxiet
41、iesC. chancesD. pressures12. A. andB. howeverC. butD. though13. A. feelingB. ideaC. hopeD. fact14. A. seldomB. almostC. relativelyD. absolutely15. A. hopeB. doubtC. thinkD. suspect16. A. up forB. out atC. up toD. down to17. A. prideB. dutyC. humorD. sight18. A. fewB. manyC. a fewD. some19. A. cruell
42、yB. tenselyC. friendlyD. mildly20. A. fond ofB. afraid forC. sure ofD. interested in 【答案与解析】1. B 句意为“阳光透过高大的窗户上的百叶窗，照耀到空气中的灰尘里，被分割成条状的光束”。故答案选 B。2. D take a deep breath 意为“深呼吸”，与下空有关。3. A 只有“气味”刺鼻(tickle my nose)，首句有提示。4. B 纵观下文和全文主题句(尾句)可知答案选 B。miss 意为“惦念”，作者已在现场，故不妥。5. C 依据上下文语境和上空可知答案应选 C。(from )
43、6. D 依据首句中的 the drama room 和第 3 段中的 when Im on stage 可知答案应选 D。7. A 舞台是假装(演戏)的地方，此处是转折句，故答案选 A。8. C 句意为“像许多年轻人一样，我不停地想到人们在评判我，但是当我演出时，这种感觉没有了”。but之后是时间状语，故其前也应是时间副词，故答案选 C。9. A 依据上文的 when I act 可知答案应选 A。10. B 依据前文的提示 people are judging me 可知答案选 B。11. D 句意为“我所担忧的和来自外界的压力都被制止了”，故答案选D。12.C / 13. A 这是一个意
44、义上发生转折的并列分句。句意为“惊慌是确定的，但是也很刺激，很让人兴奋，不是那种别出心裁的孤寂的感觉”。14. D relatively 意为“相对地，比拟地”，absolutely 意为“确定地，完全地”。依据下文可知应选 D。句意为“我特别喜爱在后台工作，还有上台表演”。15. B doubt 表示“疑心其无”，suspect 表示“疑心其有”。句意为“我估计没有别的女孩情愿在满是绳索和灰尘的梯子上工作，而我却特别喜爱”。故答案选 B。16.C elbow 意为“肘”。be up to the elbow in 意为“埋头于，用心于”，out at elbows 意为“衣衫褴褛的；贫困的”
45、。故答案选 C。17. A / 18. A 句意为“我可以在一个很少有人(尤其女孩)能胜任的领域里很胜利，这让我觉得自己很独特，让我很骄傲”。故答案选 A。19. D cruelly 意为“残忍地”，tensely 意为“惊慌地”，friendly 意为“友好的”，mildly 意为“温顺地”。故答案选 D。20. C 句意为“跟其别人一样，我也常常觉得担忧，不知道我是谁，不知道将来会发生什么”。故答案选 C。 Museums have changedThey are no longer places that one “should”go but to enjoy At a science museum in Canada，you can feel your h