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1、Lesson One1. And it is an activity only of humans. And conversation is an activity found only among human beings.2. Conversation is not for making a point.Conversation is not for persuading others to accept our ideas or points of views.3. In fact, the best conversationalists are those who are prepar
2、ed to lose.In fact , people who are good at conversation will not argue to win or force others to accept his ideas.4. Bar friends are not deeply involved in each others lives.People who meet each other for a drink in the bar of a pub are not close friends for they are not deeply absorbed in each oth
3、ers private lives. 5. .it could still go ignorantly on .The conversation could go on without anybody knowing who was right or wrong.6. There are cattle in the fields ,but we sit down to beef.These animals are called cattle when they are alive and feed in the fields , but when we sit down at the tabl
4、e to eat, we call their meet beef.7. The new ruling class had built a cultural barrier against him by building their French against his own language.The new ruling class by using French instead of English made it hard for the English to accept or absorb the culture of the rulers.8. English had come
5、royally into its own.English received proper recognition and was used by the King once more.9. The phrase has always been used a little pejoratively and even facetiously by the lower classes.The phrase , the Kings English ,has always been used disrespectfully and jokingly by the lower classes.(The w
6、orking people often mock the proper and formal language of the educated people.)10. The rebellion against a cultural dominance is still there.As the early Saxon peasants , the working people still have a spirit of opposition to the cultural authority of the ruling class. 11. There is always a great
7、danger that “ words will harden into things for us. “There is always a great danger , as Carlyle put it , that we might forget that words are only symbols and take them for things they are supposed to represent.a. However intricate the ways in which animals communicate with each other, they do not i
8、ndulge in anything that deserves the name of conversation. 不管动物之间的沟通方式多么困难，它们不能参与到称得上是交谈的任何活动中。b. Argument may often be a part of it, but the purpose of the argument is not to convince. There is no winning in conversation.争辩会常常出现于交谈中，但争辩的目的不是为了劝服。交谈中没有输赢之说。c. Perhaps it is because of my upbringing i
9、n English pubs that I think bar conversation has a charm of its own.或许我从小就混迹于英国酒吧原因，我认为酒吧里的闲聊别有韵味。d. I do not remember what made one of our companions say it -she clearly had not come into the bar to say it , it was not something that was pressing on her mind-but her remark fell quite naturally into
10、 the talk.我不记得是什么使得我的一个同伴说起它来的-她明显不是来酒吧说这个的，这不是她事先想好的话题-但她的话相当自然地插入到了交谈中。e. There is always resistance in the lower classes to any attempt by an upper class to lay down rules for “English as it should be spoken .”下层社会总会抵抗上层社会企图给“标准英语”制定得规则。f. Words are not themselves a reality ,but only representati
11、ons of it ,and the Kings English ,like the Anglo-French of the Normans , is a class representation of reality.词语本身并不是现实。正如诺曼底人讲的英格鲁-法语一样，标准英语是一个阶层用来表达现实的形式。g. Perhaps it is worth trying to speak it, but it should not be laid down as an edict , and made immune to change from below.或许试着去说它还是值得的，但是它不能被
12、制定成法令，从而回绝来自下层的变更。h. There is no worse conversationalist than the one who punctuates his words as he speaks as if he were writing , or even who tries to use words as if he were composing a piece of prose for print.假如一个人说出的话就像写出来的文字，或者试图运用那些创作书面散文的文字，那么没有比这样的交谈者更糟糕的了。i. When E.M. Forster writes of “
13、the sinister corridor of our age,” we sit up at the vividness of the phrase , the force and even terror in the image.当E.M.福斯特写到“我们这个时代的险恶长廊”时，其用语之生动及由其所产生的生动有力，甚至可怖的形象苦令我们拍案叫绝。j. There would have been no conversation the other evening if we had been able to settle at once the meeting of “ the Kings
14、English.”那天晚上假如我们立即解决了“标准英语”的含义，就不会有第二天晚上的谈话了。 Lesson Two1. The burying-ground is merely a huge waste of hummocky earth, like a derelict building-lot. The buring-ground is nothing more than a huge piece of wasteland full of mounds of earth looking like a deserted and abandoned piece of land on which
15、 a building was going to be put up. 2. All colonial empires are in reality founded upon that fact. All the imperialists build up their empires by treating the people in the colonies like animals (by not treating the people in the colonies as human beings). 3. They rise out of the earth, they sweat a
16、nd starve for a few years, and then they sink back into the nameless mounds of the graveyard.They are born. Then for a few years they work, toil and starve. Finally they die and are buried in graves without a name. 4. A carpenter sits cross-legged at a prehistoric lathe, turning chair-legs at lightn
17、ing speed. Sitting with his legs crossed and using a very old-fashioned lathe, a carpenter quickly gives a round shape to the chair-legs he is making. 5. Instantly, from the dark holes all round, there was a frenzied rush of Jews .Immediately from their dark hole-like cells everywhere a great number
18、 of Jews rushed out wildly excited. 6. every one of them looks on a cigarette as a more or less impossible luxury Every one of these poor Jews looked on the cigarette as a piece of luxury which they could not possibly afford. 7. Still, a white skin is always fairly conspicuous. However, a white-skin
19、ned European is always quite noticeable.8. In a tropical landscape ones eye takes in everything except the human beings. If you take a look at the natural scenery in a tropical region, you see everything but the human beings. 9. No one would think of running cheap trips to the Distressed Areas. No o
20、ne would think of organizing cheap trips for the tourists to visit the poor slum areas10. for nine-tenths of the people the reality of life is an endless, backbreaking struggle to wring a little food out of an eroded soil.Life is very hard for ninety percent of the peopleWith hard backbreaking toil
21、they can produce a little food on the poor soil11. She accepted her status as an old woman, that is to say as a beast of burden. She took it for granted that as an old woman she was the lowest in the community，that。she was only fit for doing heavy work like an animal12. People with brown skins are n
22、ext door to invisible. People with brown skins are almost invisible13. Their splendid bodies were hidden in reach-me-down khaki uniforms.The Senegales soldiers were wearing readymade khaki uniforms which hid their beautiful wellbuilt bodies14. How long before they turn their guns in the other direct
23、ion How much longer before they turn their guns around and attack us。15. Every white man there had this thought stowed somewhere or other in his mind. Every white man there had this thought hidden somewhere or other in his mindl When you walk through a town like this - two hundred thousand inhabitan
24、ts of whom at least twenty thousand own literally nothing except the rags they stand up in - when you see how the people live, and still more how easily they die, it is always difficult to believe that you are walking among human beings.当你穿行于这样的城镇中20万居民中至少有2万人除了一身牵强蔽体的破衣烂衫外，一无全部当你看到这些人是如何生活，又如何轻易死亡时
25、，你总是很难信任自己是行走在人类之中。l When you go through the Jewish quarters you gather some idea of what the medieval ghettoes were probably like.当你穿过犹太人聚居区时，你就会理解中世纪的贫民区也许是个什么样子。l Many of the streets are a good deal less than six feet wide, the houses are completely windowless, and sore-eyed children cluster ever
26、ywhere i unbelievable numbers, like clouds of flies.很多街道远远缺乏6英尺宽，房屋根本没有窗户，眼睛肿痛的孩子成群结队 ，随处可见，像成群的苍蝇，数也数不清。l Even a blind man somewhere at the back of one of the booths heard a rumour of cigarettes and came crawling out, groping in the air with his hand.甚至在后面的窝棚里的一个盲人听到要烟的吵嚷声也爬了出来，伸手在空中乱摸。l 5.Ah, that
27、s only for show! Theyre all money lenders really.噢！那只不过是装样子罢了。事实上他们都是些放贷获利的人。l 6.In just the same way, a couple of hundred years ago, poor old women used to be burned for witchcraft when they could not even work enough magic to get themselves a square meal.颇为相像的是，几百年前，有些可怜的老妇人常常被当成巫婆活活烧死，但事实上她们连为自己变
28、出一顿像样的饭菜的巫术都没有。l 7.It takes in the dried-up soil, the prickly pear, the palm tree and the distant mountain, but it always misses the peasant hoeing at his patch.那干巴巴的土地，仙人掌，棕榈树与远方的山岭被尽收眼底，但在地里耕作的农夫却往往没人看见。l 8.Most of Morocco is so desolate that no wild animal bigger than a hare can live on it.摩洛哥大局部
29、土地都很荒芜，以致于那里生存的最大的野生动物就是野兔。l 9.Except for a day or two after the rare rainstorms there is never enough water.除了难得的暴雨之后的一两天之外，这里总是缺水。l 10.It seems to be generally the case in primitive communities that the women, when they get beyond a certain age, shrink to the size of children.在原始社会里，妇女超过了肯定的年纪身材便会
30、萎缩得如孩子般大小，这好像是一个普遍现象。Lesson Three1. And yet the same revolutionary belief for which our forebears fought is still at issue around the globe.Our ancestors fought a revolutionary war to claim all men were created equal and God had endowed them with certain unalienable rights which no state or ruler co
31、uld take away from them. However ,today this issue has not yet been settled in many countries around the world .2. This much we pledge- and more.This much we promise to do and we promise to do more.3. United, there is little we cannot do in a host of cooperative ventures.United and working together
32、we can accomplish a lot of things in a large number of joint undertakings.4. .our last best hope in an age where the instruments of war have far outpaced the instruments of peace.The United Nations is our last and best hope of survival in an age where the instruments of war have far surpassed the in
33、struments of peace.5. .to enlarge the area in which its writ may run.We pledge to help the United Nations enlarge the area in which its authority and mandate would continue to be in force.6. .before the dark powers of destruction unleashed by science engulf all humanity in planned or accidental self
34、-destruction.Before the terrible forces of destruction, which atomic bombs can now release,overwhelm mankind, which may be planned or brought about by an accident7. .yet both racing to alter that uncertain balance of terror that stays the band of mankinds final war.Yet both groups of nations are att
35、empting to change as quickly as possible this uncertain balance of terrible military power that restrains each group from launching mankind;s final war.8. So let us begin anew, remembering on both sides that civility is not a sign of weakness.So let us start once again , bearing in mind that being p
36、olite is not a sign of weakness.9. Let both sides seek to invoke the wonders of science instead of its terrors.Let both sides try to call forth the wonderful things that science can do for mankind instead of the frightful things it can do.10. .each generation of Americans has been summoned to give t
37、estimony to its national loyalty.Americans of every generation have been called upon to prove their loyalty to their country by frighting and dying for their countrys cause.11. With a good conscience our only sure reward, with history the final judge of our deeds, let us go forth to lead the land we
38、 love.Let us lead the country we love , knowing our sure reward will be a good conscience and history will finally judge whether we have done our task well or not. l We observe today not a victory of party but a celebration of freedom, symbolizing an end as well as a beginning , signifying renewal a
39、s well as change.我们今日庆贺的不是一个政党的成功，而是一个自由的盛会，它代表这一个时代的完毕与另一个时代的开端，它代表着重生与变更。l Let the word go forth from this time and place , to friend and foe alike, that the torch has been passed to a new generation of Americans, born in this century,tempered by war, disciplined by a hard and bitter peace, proud
40、of our ancient heritage, and unwilling to witness or permit the slow undoing of these human rights to which this nation has always been committed , and to which we are committed today at home and around the world.此时此地我向挚友与敌人宣布：火炬已经传递给了新一代的美国人，他们诞生于本世纪，经受过斗争的洗礼，受过冷峻而苦涩的与平的考验，以我们的古代遗产为傲，不情愿见到或者允许这些人权被
41、渐渐取消。这个国家始终致力于维护这些人权，如今我们在国内与全世界也在维护这些人权。l Let every nation know, whether it wishes us well or ill, that we shall pay any price , bear any burden, meet any hardship , support any friend, oppose any foe to assure the survival and the success of liberty.让世界上每一个盼望我们成功或窘迫的国家知道：我们将不惜任何代价，担当任何责任，应对任何困难，支持
42、一切挚友，反对一切敌人，以确保自由的幸存与成功。l United , there is little we cannot do in a host of cooperative ventures. 只要我们团结起来，我们将在大量的合作型事业中战无不胜。l Divided, there is little we can do ,for we dare not meet a powerful challenge at odds and split asunder.假如分裂开来，我们将一事无成，因为我们不能在争吵中去应对宏大的挑战，我们的关系会崩裂。l If a free society canno
43、t help the many who are poor, it cannot save the few who are rich.假如自由的社会不能扶植多数穷人，它就不能挽救少数的富人。l We dare not tempt them with weakness. For only when our arms are sufficient beyond doubt can we be certain beyond doubt that they will never be employed.我们不敢以懦弱来诱惑它们。因为只有当我们的军备力气无疑是特别足够的时候，我们才能确保不会运用武力。l
44、In your hands, my fellow citizens, more than mine,will rest the final success or failure of our course.我们的同胞们，我们事业成败的关键与其说驾驭在我的手中，不如说驾驭在你们的手中。l Now the trumpet summons us again-not as a call to bear arms, though arms we need; not as a call to battle , though embattled we are; but a call to bear the
45、burden of a long twilight struggle , year in and year out , “rejoicing in hope , patient in tribulation,” a struggle against the common enemies of man: tyranny , poverty disease and war itself.如今号角再次向我们吹响-不是号召我们扛起武器，虽然我们须要武器；不是号召我们去参与战斗，虽然我们严阵以待；而是号召我们为迎接黎明而肩负起漫长斗争的责任，年复一年，”从盼望中得到快乐，在苦难中保持坚韧“， 去反对人类
46、共同的敌人：专制、贫困、疾病与斗争本身l With a good conscience our only sure reward, with history the final judge of our deeds,let us go forth to lead the land we love , asking His blessing and His help, but knowing that here on earth Gods work must truly be our own.良心是我们唯一牢靠的酬劳，历史是我们行为的最终裁判，让我们动身去指导我们所酷爱的国家，祈求上帝的祝愿与扶
47、植，但是要明白上帝在人间的工作终归就是我们自己的工作。Lesson Four1. A nice enough young fellow, you understand ,but nothing upstairs.He is a nice enough young fellow,you know , but he is empty-headed.2. Fads, I submit, are the very negation of reason.A passing fashion or craze ,in my opinion, shows a complete lack of reason.3
48、. I should have known theyd come back when the Charleston came back.I should have known that raccoon coats would come back to fashion when the Charleston dance, which was popular in the 1920s,came back.4. “All the Big Men on Campus are wearing them. Where ve you been”All the important and fashionable men on campus are wearing them. How come you dont know5. My brain , that precision instrument, slipped into high gear.My brain, which is precision instrument, began to work at high speed.6. With one omission, Polly fitted thes